                     Interactive Multi-User Computer Games

                              Dr Richard Bartle,
                                  MUSE Ltd.,
                              34, Grantham Road,
                      Great Horkesley, Colchester, Essex.
                                 CO6 4TU, UK.
                                       
                     email:  Richard%tharr.UUCP@ukc.ac.uk
                                       
                 Copyright (c) MUSE Ltd, British Telecom plc.
                                December, 1990.


        Abstract:

        This is a short research report covering the field of
        interactive, multi-user computer games.  Its main component is
        a comprehensive overview of what presently constitute the most
        important products in this category.  The report ends in a
        discussion of ways by which existing services may be improved
        to the benefit of both the user and the vendor.

        Author's note: this document grew from a longer report
        commissioned by British Telecom plc.  It is commercially
        oriented, so was delayed for six months after delivery prior to
        being made publicly available.  Certain commercially sensitive
        details have still had to be struck out, in particular a
        comprehensive contact list of leading people in the field.
        Furthermore, some of the information (particularly that
        concerning game access) has been superseded since it was
        written. I hope that what remains is nevertheless of some use.


                               Table of Contents


        1. Introduction.                                  4

           1.1 The Field of Study.                        4
           1.2 Narrowing the Field of Study.              4
           1.3 Acceptance Criteria.                       5
           1.4 Categories of IMPCGs.                      5
           1.5 Brief History (Industry).                  6
           1.6 Brief History (Academia).                  7

        2. Game Architecture.                             8

           2.1 Technical Aspects.                         8
           2.2 Operational Aspects.                       8
           2.3 Managerial Aspects.                       10
           2.4 Scenarios.                                11
           2.5 Clients.                                  12
           2.6 Bots.                                     12
           2.7 Indicators.                               13
                 Breadth                                 13
                 Depth                                   13
                 Size                                    14
                 Parser                                  15
                 Players                                 15
                 Role-playing                            16
                 Wiz Powers                              16
                 Age                                     18
                 Gameplay                                18
                 Atmosphere                              19

        3. Reviewing Strategy.                           20

           3.1 Review Format.                            20
           3.2 Accuracy.                                 20
           3.3 Locations.                                20
           3.4 Genealogy.                                22

        4. Reviews - UK.                                 24

           4.1     Federation II.                        24
           4.2     Gods.                                 26
           4.3     MirrorWorld.                          29
           4.4     MUD2.                                 32
           4.5     Shades.                               36
           4.6     AberMUG.                              41
           4.7     Avalon.                               41
           4.8     Bloodstone.                           44
           4.9     Empyrion.                             47
           4.10    MIST.                                 48
           4.11    Mosaic.                               49
           4.12    Prodigy.                              51
           4.13    Quest.                                53
           4.14    Realm.                                54
           4.15    Trash.                                55
           4.16    Void.                                 57
           4.17    Zone.                                 59
           4.18    Chaos World of Wizards.               62
           4.19    Rock.                                 64
           4.20    Sector 7.                             64
           4.21    Other MUAs.                           65

                         Table of Contents (continued)


        5. Reviews - Rest of the World.                  71

           5.1 British Legends.                          71
           5.2 Gemstone III.                             72
           5.3 Other Commercial MUAs.                    73
           5.4 AberMUD.                                  75
           5.5 LPMUD.                                    77
           5.6 TinyMUD.                                  79
           5.7 TinyMUCK.                                 83
           5.8 TinyMUSH.                                 84
           5.9 TinyMOO.                                  85
           5.10 UberMUD.                                 86
           5.11 Other InterNet MUAs.                     87

        6. Reviews - Non-MUAs.                           92

           6.1 Fantasy Sports.                           94
           6.2 Island of Kesmai.                         94
           6.3 Sniper!                                   98
           6.4 The Spy.                                  99

        7. Discussion.                                  101

           7.1 Organisation.                            101
           7.2 Why Do People Play?                      101
           7.3 Why Do People Not Play?                  107
           7.4 Why Do People Stop Playing?              109
           7.5 What Does the Future Hold?               112
           7.6 Conclusion.                              114

1.      Introduction.

1.1     The Field of Study.

        "Interactive, multi-user computer games": despite containing three
adjectives, the phrase is wide-ranging in its coverage.  The first task in
reviewing the area must therefore be to formulate a set of criteria that can be
used to determine whether a system should, or should not, be the object of
study.

        The term 'games' refers to those pastimes which are undertaken
primarily for the purpose of entertaining the user (or, in this context,
player).  Although games can be designed for business or educational use,
rather than solely for leisure-time activity, nevertheless to qualify they must
somehow be "fun".  They also need a set of rules, and, if competitive, some
means of gauging how close the player is to "winning" (ie.  meeting a
predefined overall objective). Additionally, most require some skill on the
part of the players.  In cases where modelling the real world is a significant
aspect of a game, it may be referred to as a 'simulation' (although not all
simulations are games).

        'Computer games' are games which are played against, moderated by, or
played using, a computer. In rare cases, they can be played between computers.

        'Multi-player computer' games are computer-run games that several
individuals can play simultaneously.

        'Interactive, multi-player computer games' are those computer-run games
where the individual players can issue commands which affect the way the game
treats other players.

        This specific-seeming definition nevertheless admits such activities as
two friends playing a pinball down at the local pub. It's a game, there's a
computer inside it controlling everything, it'll entertain up to four players
taking turns, and one player's score affects the extent to which the other
players will take risks (and, hence, is a means of interaction).  Nevertheless,
a pinball is not what is generally regarded as an interactive, multi-player
computer game; indeed, if it were, then the range of other games that also fit
the definition would reduce any overall analysis to a level of vague
generalities.

1.2     Narrowing the Field of Study.

        It is necessary to discard from consideration those games which lie
outside the spirit of the definition. 'Computer games' in this context are
those games which run solely on general-purpose computers.  This excludes
machines hard-wired to play one game (chess, space invaders, pinball), but
still includes certain categories of games machine (Sega, Nintendo, modern
video games).

        If a game is to be 'multi-player', there are three alternatives:
several people playing on the same machine in the same room; several people
playing over a LAN; several people playing over a public network. In practice,
only the latter is worth considering: games in the first category tend to be
commercial flops unless the multi-player facility is merely a gimmicky
extension to an essentially single-player game; games in the second category
rarely sell, because most LANs are company-owned and are unavailable for
leisure activities (although within the next few years they may be introduced
into amusement arcades).

        Thus, 'multi-player computer games' can be reduced to those which
individuals contact over some public network, eg.  that of the telephone.
However, this further constrains the architecture of such games, in that unless
users all have similar, tamper-proof machines, the bulk of processing must be
centralised within a single computer (or a cluster). Otherwise, system security
would be compromised.  Although some processing can be done locally (graphics,
sound effects, parsing etc.), nothing multi-user can be trusted to a user's
home machine.  Even in situations where all players are known to have identical
hardware and software (as is the case with games consoles), unless one machine
is in overall control there is a dangerous susceptibility to the sudden system
failure of a component machine. Distributed games are not, for the moment at
least, viable.

        A special case is that of two-player games.  With players who can trust
one another not to cheat, modem-to-modem games can be played in distributed
fashion. If finding a player is difficult, contact agencies can pair people up
(CompuServe in the USA, for example, has a "Challenge Forum" for people wishing
to find opponents for tandem games such as Falcon, Flight Simulator 3, Modem
Wars, 'Vette and Omega). In this instance, the host machine is merely acting as
a bulletin board or matchmaker.  However, there do exist two-player games where
major processing is done on the contact machine itself.

        This leaves us with a set of games where the players have computers
which they use as front-ends to access a (usually larger) computer, upon which
the games themselves run. There are some games of the FIST variety where the
user can dial telephone numbers to issue commands, but no such games have
anything that is not subsumed by some aspect of play-by-modem games; not even
the emerging voice-activated telephone games are much of an advance.

        Finally, what is meant by the term 'interactive' when applied to
multi-player computer games? Actually, the word is ambiguous: it can mean
"allowing players to act upon one another", but also merely "on-line" (in a
computer sense).  Both these meanings are, to some extent, already implied.
Although being multi-player indicates that there is some degree of awareness of
other individuals playing at the same time (if you can't tell by playing that
it's multi-player, it may as well not be), 'interactive' emphasises the
requirement that players be able to do things with and to each other.  This is
exemplified by the ability to communicate freely.  Limited forms of
communication using standard protocols are possible in certain games (eg.
bridge), but in general the players have to be able to send messages to one
another in free-form natural language if they are to communicate effectively.

        Inter-player communication not the end of it, however, because an
ordinary chatline program can perform such a function; a chatline, though, is
not a game.  There may be conventions observed by participants, but there are
no formal rules of play, and there is no way to "win" - or even advance in
status - on a chatline.  To be an interactive, multi-player game,
communication between players is necessary, but not sufficient; players need to
be able to do things to one another that, within the framework of the game,
will have a tangible effect.

1.3     Acceptance Criteria.

        To summarise, then, for the purposes of the remainder of this report,
an interactive, multi-player computer game (IMPCG) is something which satisfies
the following criteria:

    - It is played by people primarily for fun.
    - It has a set of rules, and an overall game-dependent objective.
    - You need a general-purpose computer to play it.
    - It runs primarily on a central computer, connected to the players'
      computers over a public network.
    - More than one person can play it simultaneously.
    - Players can communicate with one another in real time, using a natural
      language (eg. English).
    - Players can issue commands independently which may affect the status
      of other players within the game.

1.4     Categories of IMPCGs.

        Existing interactive, multi-player computer games satisfying the above
criteria are, in the main, programs sharing a common heritage known variously
as MUGs (Multi-User Games), MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons, Multi-User Dimensions)
and MUAs (Multi-User Adventures).  Although the terms are often used
interchangeably, there are technical distinctions:

    MUG - Used mainly by journalists and people who don't know any better.
          A UK-only term. Vague - soccer is a "multi-user game" - but
          employed in the present context the term refers to any on-line
          computer game, whether interactive or not.  Scrabble by modem is
          a MUG (and, on Minitel, a very popular one).

    MUD - Ambiguous in that it can refer not only to a class of
          interactive, multi-player computer games, but also to a
          particular game (the first one of this genre). In the UK,
          normally the specific form is used, but elsewhere 'MUDs' is
          generic.

    MUA - Perhaps the most accurate description.  Multi-user adventures
          are, simply, adventure games for more than one player. Adventure
          is a term already used to refer to a popular form of
          single-player computer game, such as those produced by Infocom,
          Level 9 and Magnetic Scrolls. The very first adventure game (now
          called Colossal Cave) was originally entitled Adventure. MUA is
          used by purists, but rarely appears in non-technical magazine
          articles due to its being hard to incorporate into witty
          headlines.

        However, for the remainder of this report the acronym MUA will be used
to refer to this kind of IMPCG. This is because MUG is too general (and unused
outside the UK), and MUD is ambiguous.

        MUAs are not the only IMPCGs, just the dominant form. There are other
games which satisfy our adopted criteria, but they are one-off individuals, not
classes of games. Examples are Island of Kesmai, You guessed it! and Sniper on
CompuServe.  All are characterised by communication and interaction, and they
do not play the same as MUAs. They can, however, each be seen as a specialised
form of MUA, and could, for example, readily be programmed in the better MUA
definition languages.

        This report will therefore concentrate on MUAs as best exemplifying
IMPCGs, while making reference to other games that also qualify when
appropriate.

1.5     Brief History (Industry).

        Present day MUAs are all descendents of a single game known as MUD
(Multi-User Dungeon; to avoid confusion with the generic term, the game will be
referred to as MUD1 for the remainder of this report).  Although there were
early attempts to turn single-player adventures such as Colossal Cave and Zork
into multi-player adventures, and there may have been attempts to write MUAs
from scratch, these came to nothing or petered out.  MUD1 was the first proper,
workable multi-user adventure game.

        MUD1 was written by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at Essex University
on a DECsystem-10 mainframe.  Trubshaw began in Autumn 1979, and Bartle took
over in Summer 1980. Initially, the game was playable only by students at the
university and guests using (what was then) EPSS.  After a year or so, however,
external players began to direct-dial from home using modems, and the game's
popularity grew.

        Many of MUD1's players found it difficult to get a slot in the game,
since the number of dial-up ports on the university machine was limited, and
because the game was only available late at night when there was spare
processing capacity.  Some of these players wrote their own MUAs, based on MUD1
and using similar commands.  Among these were AMP, Gods and Shades.

        After a flurry of articles in computer hobby magazines around 1984,
MUD1's fame spread even wider.  Bartle and Trubshaw formed MUSE Ltd to rewrite
the game as MUD2, and run it on VAXes owned by a division of BT then known as
NIS (Network Information Services). Due to an internal dispute between NIS and
Prestel, Prestel declined to take MUD2 as "their" MUA, and chose the lookalike
game Shades instead. MUD1 was, for two years, available on the CompuNet network
in the UK, but it was removed when CompuNet discarded their DECsystem-10s. A
version of MUD1 still runs on CompuServe in the USA, and, despite its venerable
age, continues to be one of their most profitable leisure products.

        After a time, people who had played games based on MUD1 wrote their own
MUAs, and the process snowballed. Nowadays, there are some twenty or more MUAs
in the UK of varying degrees of sophistication, six of which (MUD2, Shades,
Gods/The Zone, Federation II, AberMUG and Bloodstone) are run on a commercial
basis. The UK leads the world in this technology, despite the constraints of
high communications charges (even using PSS, it costs over 5 times more per
hour to call MUD2 than the game itself charges for playing).

        This, then, is the state of the "industry" in the UK. However, there
are two almost disjoint streams to the development of MUAs, the other one being
based in academia.

1.6     Brief History (Academia).

        With the publicity of the mid-1980's and the advent of JANet (Joint
Academic Network - free inter-university networking), students at other
universities continued to play MUD1 at Essex (along with other games written
using the same shell, MIST being the main one).  These students also wrote
their own MUD1-like games.  The first, AberMUD, was programmed at Aberystwyth,
and made available to other sites over JANet and InterNet.  This in turned
spawned other MUAs based on it (TinyMUD, LPMUD), which were distributed freely
to (mainly Unix) sites around the network.  There are now some fifty sites
running versions of these games, and the sources are available free to anyone
who wants them. There is a thriving NewsNet section dedicated to these games
(which are called "MUDs" by everyone), and new sites are coming on stream all
the time. They're mainly in the USA, but can be found in many other countries
as well. Only one game is run commercially, an incarnation of AberMUD called
AberMUG, which was mentioned earlier; a version of TinyMUD has appeared
alongside Gods, but as a test and without any publicity.

        It can thus be seen that at present there are two almost completely
disjoint MUA camps. Few people in one group are aware of people in the other.
At present, the best games are the top-notch UK professional MUAs, but with the
huge number of US academics presently engaged in MUA activity, it is only a
matter of time before players over there start writing their own versions and
marketing them commercially. Unless the UK can maintain the lead that history
has given it, these American MUAs will doubtless come to dominate the scene
over the coming years.

2.      Game Architecture.

2.1     Technical Aspects.

        To gain the most from reviews of MUAs, some understanding is required
of how such games work. In essence, they can be regarded as high-level
operating systems.  Players log in to a host computer interactively over an
appropriate network.  The host computer usually has a fast processor and lots
of disc space, because MUAs are computationally expensive.  Players type
commands on their own home micro, which are passed through the network to the
host computer.  This takes commands from all players, executes these commands
(usually asynchronously - ie.  in turn - but sometimes synchronously under
timesharing), and sends information back based on how the commands were
interpreted in the game context.  This information is then displayed on the
players' computers. Thus, it can be seen that players' own computers act as
'front-end' processors for the host, handling all i/o. Although most front-ends
are dumb, in that they send raw commands and print raw output, some are
intelligent enough that they can draw pictures when instructed, word-wrap,
produce sound effects, and so on.

        The game running on the host computer will be either 'Interpreted' or
'compiled'.  Interpreted games are written in a MUA-specific definition
language of the programmer's own design, and are flexible, easy to modify,
robust and slow.  Compiled games are hard-coded in a standard implementation
language such as C, and are inflexible, hard to make changes to, fragile and
fast. The better games are interpreted and use fast hardware.

        The way games behave is determined by a definition file, commonly
called a 'database'.  For interpreted games, it is rarely a database in the
conventional sense of the word, being more akin to a program. It becomes a
database when converted into internal data structures and loaded into memory.
Even compiled games rarely use a true database for definition purposes.

        Interpreted games can behave radically different given contrasting
databases as input.  Compiled games will generally use the database only for
text. Interpreted games are managed by an interpreter program, which can take
as input the database of any game written in the appropriate definition
language.  Thus, having written an interpreter for one target machine, any MUA
written for it will automatically run on all other machines for which
interpreters exist.  This is not the case for compiled games, which must be
written virtually from scratch for each game.

        In executing players' commands, the process is one of database
management. Players issue commands in a stylised form of (usually) English.
This is parsed into a tuple normally of the form verb/object/instrument.  The
game uses these tuples to look up instructions in an internalised database
query language, and those instructions are then executed to interrogate or
modify the database. Success/failure messages are passed back to the player who
issued the command, and to other players entitled to receive them.

2.2     Operational Aspects.

        From the players' point of view, the underlying mechanisms are of
little or no interest. To them, MUAs are environments where things happen.
Players have 'personae', which exist in a world elsewhere.  The computer is
their interface to this otherworld, carrying out their orders and reporting
back to them what has happened.  MUAs are sprawling landscapes, richly
described, and you can try anything (within reason) that you like.

        Taking a less poetic view, MUAs are made up of 'objects', which have
properties.  Some of the objects represent rooms, others represent players, and
others represent ordinary/non-special objects.  Rooms are linked together in a
network by means of 'exit' properties, and each has a 'contents' property (ie.
a list of objects the room contains - it can be the empty list).  If a player
object is in one room, then executing for that player a movement command (eg.
"north") involves taking the following steps:

    1) Find the room which has, in its contents property list, the object
       that represents the player who issued the command.
    2) On the inter-room network (the 'travel table'), follow the north
       exit property for this room to find another room.
    3) Remove from the contents property list of the first room the object
       representing the player who issued the command.
    4) Add that object to the contents property list of the second room.
    5) Check through all other objects in the contents property list of the
       first room: for any that represent a player, send the message
       "<name> has left."  to that player's front-end, where <name> is a
       string property associated with the persona of the player who issued
       the command.
    6) Check through all other objects in the contents property list of the
       second room: for any that represent a player, send the message
       "<name> has arrived." to that player's front-end.
    7) Send to the front-end of the player who issued the command the
       description property of the second room.

        From this example, it can be seen that MUAs are really little more than
a framework of discrete objects which players can manipulate by commands, with
an additional facility for persona-directed message-sending. In a
well-designed game, the ways in which objects can be manipulated bear a close
resemblance to the real world, so that when a player uses a command like "drop"
the result can be predicted relatively easily. Poorer games may not allow
objects to be handled in ways that one might expect they should be, eg. it
might be impossible to place one object inside another.  Some MUAs are
underconstrained in this respect, eg. you can place a large object inside a
smaller one.

        In addition to objects representing players and rooms, there is a third
category of special object in many games, 'mobiles'.  These objects represent
"intelligent" inhabitants of the MUA's environment, but rather than being
controlled by players, instead they act under the instructions of the game
itself. At worst, this means they act mindlessly, moving around on a fixed
course and attacking things at random. At best, they can communicate, pick up
and drop objects, and have at their disposal the full set of commands available
to "real" players.

        To become games, rather than clever but boring world modelling systems,
players have to be given a goal.  The commonest way to implement this is by
associating with players a score property that can be incremented if the player
performs the right series of actions. Normally, this involves seeking out
objects designated as treasure, and depositing them in some given location.
However, in most games such points can also be gained for solving puzzles, or
for winning fights against mobiles or other players. When players have
accumulated enough points, they go up a level of experience, and gain more
powers.  Reaching the final level is the overall goal, and at that stage powers
are granted which are so considerable that the player can use them to change
the very character of the game, hopefully to its benefit.  This top level is
usually 'wiz' (short for 'wizard/witch'), but recently the word 'god' has
become increasingly popular in newer games whose authors want to emphasise the
rewards of reaching the top. There is sometimes an 'arch-wiz' level, which is
invitation-only and used for game-management purposes.

        Fighting is part and parcel of most MUAs, although some deliberately
omit the concept, either for programming reasons, moral reasons, or both. In
fights, a player or mobile attempts to cause damage to another player or
mobile.  If more damage is given than the victim can receive in total, then the
fight finishes and the victim "dies".  What happens to their persona then
depends on the game: it is either eliminated, or it is allowed to return (but
usually at a lower points total). The loser's fate may also depend on who
started the fight. Fights proceed either automatically, with blows occurring
until one player flees or is killed, or on a blow-by-blow basis. The former is
fairer in fights against players with fast comms links or against mobiles, but
the latter is more realistic.

        The concept of the 'reset' is central to many MUAs. With several people
in the game, puzzles will rapidly be solved and objects swiftly removed from
play. After a time, there is nothing left to do. At this point, the game
resets, ie. it starts afresh, with only players' personae remaining as they
were previously. Doors that were opened are closed, dead mobiles are
resurrected, and objects are arranged in their original places.  In some games,
players can continue to play earlier sessions until they quit, and in others
everyone is ejected.  With 'rolling resets', objects are replaced individually
without disrupting the flow of the game.  Although this is less harsh on the
players, it can make planning your future actions difficult, and the game is
usually lacking in complex puzzles as these can be hard to invert. Games that
don't have any sort of reset either exist around the concept of performing
quests of some kind, are primarily for building your own worlds, or are
incredibly boring to play.

        A recent trend has emerged for MUAs which do not place much emphasis on
puzzle-solving, but instead focus on world-design issues.  Players are allowed
to add rooms and objects (rarely commands) indiscriminately.  Other players
then explore these areas.  Little goes on here that could be called "gaming",
and the whole exercise can be seen as a means of providing common subject
matter for people to talk about in what is really just a thinly-veiled
chatline.  Nevertheless, there are conventional MUAs where object-creation by
wizzes is encouraged as a means of providing new and original puzzles for
non-wizzes (mortals) to solve.  As this is a post-MUD1 concept, however, most
of the older games and their descendents are not specified highly enough to be
able to implement it.

        Since they are all descended from MUD1, MUAs have a common core of
commands, the following of which are the bare minimum necessary: movement
commands, 'get', 'drop', 'quit', 'say', 'inventory', 'score' and 'help'.  Most
also have 'kill', although some do not (by design).

2.3     Managerial Aspects.

        Running a MUA is not simply a case of mounting a game on a computer and
inviting all-comers to play.  MUAs arouse such emotions in their players that
they will often resort to lying, cheating and vitriolic abuse to achieve
whatever goals they have set themselves.  Many games have suffered from poor
management; what seems good in the short term can have serious long-term
consequences concerning the game's playability and its attractiveness to
players.

        As well as the rules which are encapsulated by what the game will allow
players to do, MUAs also have a set of (usually unwritten) rules that define
the boundaries of reasonable behaviour.  Although some MUAs may allow swearing,
for example, others will not. Many MUAs disallow a practice known as
'looby-looing', where one persona takes all the risks to gain points for
another persona (normally owned by the same player).  MUAs with fighting will
generally take a grim view of players who 'pslam' (ie.  hang up the phone)
during combat. When people reach wiz level, they have powers to harass and
victimise mortals beyond all endurance, and should keep themselves in check.
What happens if they don't, though?  Should they be punished? If so, how?

        Answering these questions is the essence of game management. Good
managers with years of experience behind them are rare in MUAs - most new MUA
managers have little or no idea of this aspect of the game when they start up.
Once they have gained the required expertise, it's often too late to do
anything about it, especially in a pay MUA where customers would lose the
results of years of effort were the persona file to be reinitialised (the last
resort!).

        Although under-management is the most common fault in MUAs,
over-management (when it happens) is worse. The consequences of accusing
innocent players of doing things they haven't will drive away more players than
will allowing a guilty player to play unchallenged.

        It is beyond the brief of this report to go into details of how a MUA
should properly be managed; it is sufficient to point out that games can be
wrecked by the antics of the people in overall control (however well-meaning
they are). To give some flavour of what can and does go wrong, though, here is
a list of common mistakes:

    - Granting too much power to inexperienced people. Players who are
      given the ability to interfere with other players without fear of
      repercussions will do so unless they have learned already the full
      consequences of such actions.

      Usual cause: too few points required to reach wiz.

    - Giving too much power to stupid people. As above, except that the
      player is too dim to realise they're doing wrong. Sad, because some
      dim people plod on for years striving to make wiz.

      Usual cause: no way for non-stupid people to eliminate the stupid
      people, eg. death by fighting.

    - Reinstating people who "lose" points through no fault of the game's.
      What happens is that people take advantage, claiming for "lost"
      points they never had in the first place. Points should only be given
      back if they were lost through a game fault, and then only if a small
      number of players were affected.

      Usual cause: belief that no-one would lie to you.

    - Failing to remove persistent offenders. If you allow disruptive
      elements to continue playing, they'll just push the limits of
      acceptable behaviour back even further the next time. Getting rid of
      one bad guy and ten hangers-on will net more good guys in the long
      run.

      Usual cause: giving "one last chance" too often.

    - Favouring some players over others, and letting them off when they
      make a mistake because you know they didn't mean it, or they're
      friendly, or they were drunk, or they have twenty messages of support
      from friends. The majority of players may remain silent, but they
      won't forget the inconsistency when you hammer someone else for
      committing basically the same offence.

      Usual cause: believing the flattery of others.

2.4     Scenarios.

        MUAs implement an imaginary world. There are no constraints on this at
all, except those imposed by the operations allowed on the database and the
objects the database can represent.

        MUD1 was set in a fantasy environment, ie. a vaguely medieval world
where magic works and dragons are real. Most of the first generation of
lookalike games stayed in the genre, partly because the authors liked that kind
of game (or they wouldn't have played MUD1), and partly because MUD1 could be
used as a source of ideas for commands, spells, monsters and so forth.

        As MUD1 was interpreted, it was possible to use the same shell to
interpret alternative databases, and experiments were done into other domains.
These included ITV's Fraggle Rock, Essex University's computing department,
various aborted science fiction worlds, and more assorted fantasy environments.

        Nowadays, although fantasy still predominates, MUAs are set in the
whole range of scenarios popular among face-to-face role-playing games players
(cyberpunk, 1920's Lovecraftian horror, Arthurian Britain) plus others beside.
Some of the DIY-style MUAs have all of them together in a colourful tapestry
(or hotch-potch, depending on your degree of cynicism) of intermingled milieux.

        The setting of a MUA is one of the most important things about it.  In
choosing between two competing MUAs, players will select the one with the
atmosphere they like the best, be it a gloomy, dark future, mystique-laden high
fantasy, or dreamy spirit-world. Although the other players contribute greatly
to this, the primary source of atmosphere is the game itself. For text-based
MUAs (which almost all are), the impact of well-written room and objects
descriptions on new players cannot be understated.  However, writing these
descriptions is no easy thing - an average sized game can easily have a novel's
worth of material embedded in the way it describes locations.

2.5     Clients.

        Although they are not strictly part of a game, clients can greatly
enhance its attractiveness to players. Authors of these programs command
respect from the MUA-playing community commensurate with that of MUA authors.

        Clients are programs that are run on the front-end of a MUA, and their
purpose is to make playing the game easier. They are basically comms programs,
and although they preponderate in the academic MUA world, nevertheless there
are clients for commercial games.  Usually, a client is written specific to one
MUD, but some function adequately with others.

        As well as basic i/o and network management, clients let you do things
like:

    - gag a player (not print any lines containing that player's persona
      name)
    - highlight a player (print that player's persona name in reverse video
      or a stronger colour)
    - log all i/o to a file for later perusal
    - define macros, so a few keystrokes can expand into a longer command
      string
    - load files and transmit them as if they had been typed directly
    - perform screen functions, directing text of different origin to
      different windows
    - log in to a MUA automatically (sometimes also concurrently)
    - set trigger commands to be executed automatically when a given event
      occurs
    - use command buffering to pull back previous command lines, edit them
      them, and transmit them to the MUA
    - repeat commands any number of times
    - fork a shell process to gain access to the operating system

        Clients can also be used to do sound effects and graphics, but are
always MUA-specific in such cases.

2.6     Bots.

        Bots ("robots") are programs which play MUAs using the same interface
as players. Like clients, they are not part of the MUA per se, but their
programmers are considered important individuals in the MUA field.  Apart from
some experimental versions in the commercial sector, all present-day bots run
on academic MUA sites.  On the face of it, bots are indistinguishable from
players, although from their reaction to events and communication they can
invariably be recognised for what they are. Bots predominate on MUAs which are
not sophisticated enough to have intelligent mobiles, however in the future
there may be some mobiles that evolve into bots so they can be run on another
CPU.

        Bots are not as popular now as they were at first, because after the
novelty wore off they lacked any real lustre, and people became bored with
them.  Also, they tend to crash the (surprisingly fragile) academic MUAs upon
which they run, and can generate lots of background "noise" that irritates
players. When several bots were run at once on individual MUAs, that also
angered human players.

        Bots are usually able to perform the following types of action:

    - mapping
    - reaction to keywords
    - the registering and forgetting of players over time
    - liking and disliking players
    - obeying commands from authorised players (including repeat-until
      commands)
    - the ability to log data to disc
    - the ability to give help to players
    - movement
    - the creation and use their own macros
    - communication with players (usually not too well, but sometimes using
      an expert system interface)

2.7     Indicators.

        To compare MUAs against one another scientifically, some means of
assessing their strengths and weaknesses in important areas must be
established.  It is beyond the scope of this report to suggest a formal
approach to this; however, the main parameters by which a MUA is commonly
judged should be expressed, so as to help place the reviews of individual MUAs
in a wider context.

        When considering a MUA, then, experienced players and reviewers look at
the following indicators:

    'Breadth'

        The breadth of a MUA is the extent to which it is able to deal with
things the players want to do. If a game has trees and an axe, then it is
reasonable to assume that players will attempt to fell the trees.  Likewise, if
it has water then players will try to swim, and if it has a spade they will try
to dig. They will also try to write, sing, throw, sleep, and perform similar
"reasonable" actions. The more commands a game is able to cope with, the
greater its breadth. Giving a stock "I don't understand that" or "You can't do
that" response shows a lack of robustness.  Games with the greatest breadth
cover eventualities most players would never consider, such as trying to open a
door with a skeleton, trying to read a "guardian" mobile as if it were a
newspaper, or hitting a sack and expecting to fall asleep.

    'Depth'

        Depth expresses a sense of the level of detail to which a MUA descends;
it is sometimes called 'sophistication'. It is a dependent upon the physics of
the world which the MUA manages. Games with good depth generally treat objects
in a way which approximates the real world. Games with bad depth will omit
certain concepts, or misimplement them. Dropping a glass object on a hard
surface "should" break it (unless there's a game-related reason why not, eg.
it's magic); dropping it on a soft surface "shouldn't" break it. Placing a
small box inside a sack "should" be allowed; placing it inside a sack which the
box itself contains "shouldn't" be allowed.

        'Selective depth' is where the system can handle a concept when applied
to one kind of object, but not to another. For example, rooms may be able to
contain objects, but boxes might not; players may be able to carry objects but
mobiles might not; a box may be able to contain another box, but not if that
second box contains another object; players may be able to enter a vehicle, but
not drop things into it from outside. Selective depth problems are usually
caused by omissions in the initial design of a MUA or by having parts of the
database designed by different people.

        All MUAs are based on discrete objects, and are consequently pressed
when obliged to represent continuous quantities such as fluids.  Most MUAs can
handle containers, but almost all MUAs are unable to model what happens when a
jug containing 5 litres of water is poured into a bowl with a 3 litre capacity.
Likewise, it is beyond the definition languages of most MUAs even to express
concepts like temperature or density, let alone provide a working ontology.

        Another representational problem concerns compositionality. If 1,300
matchsticks have been made into a model of the Eiffel Tower, and 700 are
removed, does that leave a 600-matchstick model? What if 1,299 were removed?
What if only 1 was?  What if the matchsticks were made into something else?
Even the best MUAs have tremendous difficulty in this area, and it is therefore
either avoided completely or simplified by use of a "make" command that only
works with certain other objects as ingredients.

        Since the idea of rooms is central to MUAs, there is often a problem
with things that happen across room boundaries. Line-of-sight is hard to
implement, as are determining the direction from which distant noises come,
representing smoke or weather that covers a wide area, and inclusion of "small"
rooms that can only hold a certain volume, eg. inside a grandfather clock. Some
MUAs are (co-ordinate) point-based rather than room-based, which makes
directional calculations easier, but they have related problems in dealing with
objects larger than the granularity of the points.

        MUAs with great depth can suffer if too much detail is given to the
players.  Players do not like being asked over which joint of which finger of
which hand they wish a ring to be placed. They don't like being informed of how
many petals there are on the flower they have just picked, nor do they want a
400-line description of the painting they are looking at.  If a MUA deals with
details, it should only bring them to the attention of players when it is
important to do so (either for breadth or puzzle-solving reasons).  Detail for
its own sake is tedious.

    'Size'

        The size of a MUA is easy to gauge in terms of raw data: it is the
number of rooms (or locations) that the MUA contains.  This can be deceptive: a
MUA consisting of a 100 by 100 grid can claim to have 10,000 rooms, however if
it did then it would need a a large number of players to populate it - even 50
players wouldn't meet each other often enough to promote the interaction that
makes MUAs such fun to play. In reality, point-based MUAs actually have an
interaction radius that makes "nearby" players able to see and hear one
another.  On a 100 by 100 grid, an interaction radius of 5 would bring the
effective number of rooms down from 10,000 to around 400.

        Some of the world-construction MUAs do actually have thousands of rooms
in the conventional sense. Even though they have large numbers of people
playing simultaneously, they are nevertheless sparse. Unless players can easily
find out where other players are located, and can easily get to those
locations, these games may as well be single-user.

        There are other factors determining the feel of how big a game is, such
as the mean distance of rooms from the start, and how many people play at once.
These are flexible, though, and for a commercial MUA any figure from about 200
rooms to 1,000 will probably be OK. New games that boast thousands of rooms are
not, on the whole, to be taken seriously.

    'Parser'

        The format of commands acceptable to a MUA is important, as it is the
only means by which players can describe what they wish to do in the game. The
part of the MUA which converts input into a form that the game can execute is
the parser.  The absolute minimum requirement is that <verb>, <verb> <object>
and <verb> <object> <preposition> <instrument> are catered for.

        Good parsers allow adverbs, and will fold these and prepositions into
the verb to produce a new verb: the sentence "go west quickly" might, for
example, convert into the tuple run/west; "put the apple in the box" might
convert into insert/apple/box. Similarly, good parsers allow adjectives to
apply to nouns, as in "get the gnarled stick".

        In commercial MUAs, where speed is of the essence, a good parser will
make life easier for players by accepting abbreviations ("k z w ls" - "kill the
zombie with the longsword"), and by allowing players to define their own
abbreviations (synonyms) and macros.  Easy ways to repeat commands are also
common (eg. "w.."  to mean "go west twice"), as are pronouns (eg.  "tickle him"
instead of "tickle Aloysius").

        These syntactic features can easily be incorporated into a client,
rather than be part of the parser. However, clients can not help at the
semantic level. Some commands imply things by their use which are not stated
explicitly. The simplest example is the implied string ("say this is
interesting" instead of "say 'this is interesting'"), but there are also
implied objects ("open door" meaning "open the door using whatever key I'm
holding that fits") and implied bindings ("drop weapon" meaning "drop the
weapon I'm holding, not the one on the floor").

        'Binding' is the process whereby a parser ties a noun to a set of
specific objects, and it functions best when there is a classification
hierarchy defining a partial order over all objects.  For example, if a spoon
is of type gold, and gold is of type metal, and metal is of type solid, then
any of "drop spoon", "drop gold", "drop metal" or "drop solid" will drop the
spoon, along with other objects of the class named.  Most older MUAs do not
have a classification hierarchy, but, with the advent of object-oriented
programming, many newer ones do.

    'Players'

        A powerful reason for playing a MUA is the quality and quantity of the
other players. Indeed, for some MUAs that's the only reason to play them - the
games are otherwise void of redeeming features.

        The first metric to use when assessing players is their number. There's
a minimum population for every MUA, below which the game is not sustainable and
will die. This varies for each MUA, but if you play for extended periods and
see few other players, the chances are that it needs an influx of newcomers to
survive.  Games that aren't intrinsically much fun to play need a larger user
base than those that are, if they're to remain viable. Any game on a large
network is likely to be popular if it has no challengers.

        After number, the type of player is worth considering. MUAs which are
played mainly by teenagers are more likely to be violent and acrimonious than
those played mainly by adults in their thirties.  Although it is true that
certain scenarios will attract a given type of player and others will not, and
that therefore the type of players are really only a reflection of the design
of the game itself, this does not always follow: an expensive game will tend to
be played only by people with sufficient disposable income, and would thereby
effectively disqualify students from it. The gender of players is also a good
indicator of how a game will be played: if there are more of one gender than
another, eg. 10% female to 90% male, then gender tends to matter little; with a
more even distribution, eg. 45% female to 65% male, games can rapidly become
little more than dating agencies if improperly managed. In almost all cases,
there are more males than females who play a MUA (that's in real life: the
gender of the persona a player is controlling does not have to be the same as
that of the player).

        A further signal that a game might be less entertaining than it should
be is the wiz/mortal ratio.  If there are more players with game-altering
powers at their disposal than there are without, playing as a mortal can be
hell, with constant interference from above. It also devalues the overall goal
if there are so many wizzes that it seems "anyone" can become one.  Top-heavy
games are hard to deal with, because once players have reached wiz level it is
often impossible to remove them without causing even worse problems.

        Finally, if you really want to know what a MUA is like, the players are
the best way to find out. Just ask them. After a few minutes of conversation,
you'll have learned more about the MUA than hours of playing would ever tell
you.

    'Role-playing'

        Many MUAs make a big thing out of being role-playing games. Strictly
speaking, such a game is one where players choose a personality other than
their own, and try to behave in character all the time.  Theoretically, then
the more freedom players have to define their personae, the better suited a
game is for role-play. However, in practice the term is often used to refer to
games where there are strictures on what a player may or may not do - enforced
role-play. Thus, games with character classes, alignments, skill levels and so
on are usually understood to be role-playing in nature. In MUAs where there is
freedom to act however one chooses, "I was only role-playing" is more often
heard as an excuse to justify antisocial behaviour that the player regrets, eg.
viciously attacking someone else.

        The role-playing issue can be looked on as a distinction between
'hidden depth' and 'open depth'. A game with open depth (lots of fussy,
detailed information made available to the players) looks more impressive on
the face of it than one with hidden depth (players have to find out things for
themselves).  Although the former are exciting to newcomers, the latter are
more rewarding in the long term.

    'Wiz Powers'

        Wiz powers are those command which (normally only privileged) players
are able to use on other players, and against which there is no defence. Such
powers are important for two reasons: the desirability of earning the right to
wield them is an important early driving force for mortals; they allow wizzes
to mould the game to their own personality, enriching it and helping it to
evolve.

        There is less consistency in the naming of wiz commands than there is
for normal commands. This is because people who write their own MUAs have not
always reached wiz level in another MUA, and are thus unaware of existing
conventions.

        Having wide-ranging wiz powers is usually a good thing, although having
too few can be a blessing in disguise for games with an over-large wiz/mortal
ratio. Most MUAs strive to provide a comprehensive range of powers for their
wizzes, although many of the most potent wiz-only command often require
facilities which the implementation is unable to deliver. Among these are:

    - 'snooping'
      Being able to copy someone else's textual i/o to your own machine,
      while continuing to play yourself.  Multiple snoops are where several
      people can be watched simultaneously.

    - 'attaching'
      Being able to control another player or mobile using normal commands,
      receiving incoming text from their point of view as if you were
      playing them yourself. A lesser ability is 'dubbing', where your
      speech appears to issue from the dubbed object, but otherwise your
      commands refer to your own persona.

    - multiple levels of invisibility
      Not all games offer a means for players to disappear from the view of
      others, but some do. Of those, few permit selective invisibility,
      where one category of player (eg.  mortals) cannot see you, yet
      another (eg. wizzes) can.

    - object creation
      The ability to manufacture arbitrary objects, rooms, mobiles,
      whatever, and place them in the game.  These additions may or may not
      be permanent. Some games allow anyone to perform such feats, notably
      in the academic sector.

    - command definition
      Like object definition, but commands can be added.  Very dangerous,
      in practice, because commands are, in effect, programs, and can thus
      crash, hang, hog the cpu, and perform arbitrary alterations to the
      game's data structures. Be wary of playing any new game offering this
      facility until you obtain cast-iron assurances that it's safe.

    - 'proofing'
      The ability to display arbitrary messages on players' screens which
      they cannot distinguish from those the game itself would send.
      Sometimes called 'illusion'. Primitive proofs are commonly available,
      but multi-line proofs are uncommon, as are proofs which are sent
      selectively to either individual players, players in one location, or
      players satisfying some audio-visual requirement (eg.  players who
      are in the dark should not receive messages telling them that a
      butterfly is fluttering by).

    - 'FODding'
      The ability to delete a persona from the game, completely.  Sometimes
      known as 'blotting' or 'toading'.  "FOD" stands for "finger of
      death".

    - 'teleporting'
      The ability to move to an arbitrary location.  Can be extended to
      allow the movement of any object from one locale to another, although
      this can cause problems without the proper checks (objects that are
      allowed to contain themselves can readily cause crashes).

    - 'pre/post-fixing'
      Being able to change the way in which players are described. Some
      games allow players to do this themselves, which can have depressing
      results...

    - 'tinkering'
      Having the capacity to change anything in the game whatsoever, akin
      to poking a Basic program. Very dangerous, and if it's offered to
      more than a handful of trusted people it will speedily render a game
      unplayable.

        As a postscript, the presence of some wiz commands can greatly
influence the way a game is played and managed. In particular, if nowhere is
safe from the snoop command (or any form of logging), this greatly discourages
people from indulging in imaginative sexually-oriented talk, and thus makes
such MUAs more acceptable to the parents of younger players and to moral
guardians.

    'Age'

        The length of time a MUA has been around can reveal a great deal about
it.  First, it obviously works, and is likely to be relatively free of bugs. It
is therefore stable. However, unless it is frequently updated with new features
and puzzles, it also runs the risk of being stale.  Furthermore, if it has a
comparatively fixed-size user base then it can saturate the market, ie.
everyone who is going to try it has now done so. Old games also tend to be
unable to cope with the latest advances in MUA technology, and become
fossilised.

        New games, on the other hand, are likely to be unstable yet fresh, and
can revitalise a user base that another MUA has saturated. New MUAs will often
contain experimental features unavailable in most other games, but if they're
the authors' first attempt at a MUA then they can still be fossilised, albeit
in a more contemporary setting.  Only MUAs that are complete rewrites of an
earlier version are usually able to keep up with future developments, since by
then the design team has acquired a degree of awareness of the generality
needed to maintain and improve upon their MUA.

        The ideal situation is where an old yet second-generation MUA is given
access to either an untapped user base or one which existing MUAs have
saturated.

    'Gameplay'

        A defining characteristic for a MUA is its gameplay. What's the overall
goal, and how do you reach it? Is there a hierarchy of player levels? Do
personae gain powers as they advance?  Is there fighting - and what happens to
losers? Do the environment and command set promote socialising, combat,
puzzle-solving or puzzle-designing?

        Implicit in the way a game interprets players' commands is a set of
"rules" that decree what the game will allow, and what activities are favoured.
These should support the game scenario, and not get in the way.  For example, a
game with fifteen different character classes and complex procedures for
training to acquire weapon and spell skills may go well with a "city-state"
scenario where there exists a complex society and a legislature; however, it
would get in the way of a "wandering knights battling dragons" scenario.
Players should really be able to do what they want, and if the game prevents
them then there should be a sound reason for it. New games announcing that
players can be elves, dwarfs, trolls, bunny rabbits and so on have to be able
to justify why these different types are present. Artificial constraints ("if
you want to be a magic-user you can't be a troll") may give a veneer of
attention to detail, but rarely does it ever make much difference.

        One often-overlooked aspect of a MUA is its treatment of newcomers. It
is not good for a novice to join a game, have no idea how to talk to people
(and be unable to find out), and to wander around for half an hour and not see
anything that could be picked up.  Ideally, there should be some mechanism to
ensure that even when a game is near to being played out of points-giving
objects and puzzles, novices should still be able to find something.  There
should be on-line help, and it's desirable to have the game provide unsolicited
hints if it is advanced enough to recognise when a player is having trouble.
For commercial games, a guest account should be provided, and game
walk-throughs (or, if undertaken interactively, 'tours') ought to be available.
Rules and regulations should be kept to a minimum - a daunting 100-page booklet
describing how to play the game may be intended to impress with its depth, but
it's more likely to scare off new players in the long run.

        Gameplay is immensely important, but only to people who play primarily
for gaming reasons. Compare MUAs with board games: "real" boardgamers look at
the rules, decide on strategies, try them out, and play to win; "occasional"
boardgamers don't care much for game realism if that means lots of rules to
learn, and they only indulge in games on social occasions, not really caring
whether they win or lose.  MUAs can be geared to be suitable for either serious
or trivial users; the best MUAs can cater for both.

    'Atmosphere'

        Finally, in judging a MUA there is the crucially important but
frustratingly intangible quality of atmosphere.  The scenario, the room and
object descriptions, the events that occur, the things the players say, all add
up to a background feeling that dictates the mood of the game.

        It is difficult to determine whether a game truly has atmosphere
without playing it for some time, however there are some things to watch out
for which are certainly not conducive to it.

        A good sign that a game will lack atmosphere is shoddy descriptions.
Misspellings, poor punctuation, incorrect grammar, tortuous phrases that
dismally fail to promote the feeling of brooding terror that its
thesaurus-wielding author hoped they would - all these interrupt the flow of
narrative and bring the player momentarily into the real world instead of that
of the game.  Other signals are improper articles ("a ox", "a water"), bad
gender possessives ("Susan taps you with his bat") and numbered objects ("There
is a rat22 here").

        Subject matter plays a part.  A wrecked pirate ship with a vacuum
cleaner in the hold may be supposed to be funny, but it will jar on players'
sensibilities.  If players have the ability to add things to the game without
their creations first being checked out for consistency by someone with
editorial control, there is a very good chance that any overall sense of
atmosphere or mystique will be completely non-existent.

        Different games have different atmospheres at different times, and the
same MUA may cycle between murderous hack-and-slay and jovial
sweetness-and-light every six months. Something to beware of, though, is the
MUA which radiates joy and kindness all the time: this is usually imposed on
players in dictatorial fashion from above, in "you will be nice!" style. Since
no-one can possibly get on with everyone else forever, a seething mass of
hatred builds up, and when it bubbles over there are terrible recriminations.

        Games can have their atmosphere disturbed by external factors, such as
an uncertain future or a price rise, and almost every MUA has its prophets of
doom who will tell anyone willing to listen that the game has gone downhill
since the "fun" days of yesteryear, and it's only a matter of time before it
keels over. Reviewers who are talking to players should be ready to hear this
kind of morose rambling, and only give it credit if it is substantiated in
talks with others.

3.      Reviewing Strategy.

3.1     Review Format.

        The meat of this report is a series of reviews of MUAs currently active
in the UK.  Each review commences with a header giving facts concerning the
game under consideration - its name, its authors, its commercial status, and
how to access it.

        Following the header are historical notes, presenting background
information on the game, and a brief description of its setting.  After that
comes the main body of the review, where the game is discussed in some detail.

        Although the reviews have been written as objectively as is reasonably
possible, naturally some subjectivity will inevitably creep in.  To counteract
this eventuality, brief quotes from reviews in magazines and from players will
also be given (if available). All the quotes are unsolicited.

        In order that some impression may be given of the overall importance of
the game in the IMPCG industry, the review header also includes a grading which
is purely subjective.  Games will be rated as being in either the first,
second, or third rank; first rank is most important.  This grading is based on
an assessment of the impact which the game has had on the MUA-playing
community.  It therefore does not follow that the "best" games are necessarily
of a higher rank than lesser ones.

        After the reviews of UK games, there follow reviews of MUAs from the
rest of the world. The same approach is taken for these as for UK games. A
handful are commercial, and these appear first; the rest are on academic
machines, and for these no pricing structure is given (they are all free).
Their importance is relative to other games in the same category.

3.2     Accuracy.

        Although every attempt has been made to be accurate in the reviews,
they are not guaranteed correct. This is because information supplied by the
game designers is often out-of-date, over-optimistic, or contains outright
lies.  Likewise, many semi-professional reviewers in magazines have little or
no idea what they should be (or, indeed, are) looking for, and will give
anything good or bland reviews so as to elicit future advertising revenue from
the flattered game author.

        Since some of the information stated in the reviews in this report come
from such sources, it is possible that they contain errors.  Where possible,
however, facts have been verified independently.  Opinions expressed in the
review, however, while primarily the review author's, are grounded in either
personal experience or statements made by a number of players or reviewers.

        Some of the later quotes that are given in this report are solicited,
but as the result of general questions (eg. "How do you think MUAs should be
made more widely available") rather than specific ones ("What do you think
about Shades' lack of containers?).  Most quotes, however, are from public
access sources that anyone can read, such as bulletin boards, NewsNet, magazine
articles and publicity material.  They therefore appear here without the
permission - or indeed the knowledge - of their originator, who may regard them
as too out of context to reflect their intended meaning.

3.3     Locations.

        Included in each review is an indication of how the game can be
accessed.  Some games run on the same system as others, and their location is
indicated by specifying the name of the appropriate system. Most games operate
at 1200/75 baud, 8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, but a good many can handle
other baud rates too.

        For some of the academic MUAs there are many copies of the games
sprinkled across the networks. All these have their own local name to
distinguish them from other systems running the same software.  The reviews of
these games concern the general software, however local versions are listed
along with the address at which they can be reached. As a guide to the
countries in which these lie, consult the last section of the address:
        .au     Australia
        .ca     Canada
        .dk     Denmark
        .fi     Finland
        .nl     Netherlands
        .se     Sweden
        .uk     United Kingdom
Anything else is assumed to be America (the .edu selector means "educational
establishment").

        Systems supporting more than one MUA are:

Name:           CompuNet
Phone:          Pre-game registration required, call (081) 997 2591 voice
MUAs:           Federation II, Realm
Comment:
        Long-running but troubled network, originally backed by Commodore and
carrying MUD1. After staff buy-outs, its future now seems more secure. Still
caters primarily for users with Commodore hardware. Users pay to play.

Name:           CompuServe
Phone:          Pre-game registration required, call (0800) 289378
MUAs:           British Legends, Island of Kesmai, Sniper, Megawars 1,
                Megawars 3, You Guessed It!
Comment:
        Largest user base of any commercial network in the world (around
1,000,000 users).  Very expensive by UK standards. Recently began a UK
publicity drive.

Name:           Essex University
Phone:          PSS A2206411411
MUAs:           MIST, Rock.
Comment:
        Site of the original MUD1 game and many other MUAs using MUD1's
interpreter (Valley, Crud, Blud, Uni). About to lose all its MUAs because the
hardware upon which they run will shortly be scrapped.

Name:           InterNet
Phone:          Not available
MUAs:           TinyMUD, AberMUD, LPMUD, UberMUD, TinyMUCK, TinyMOO, many more.
Comment:
        An international network of (mainly Unix) computers primarily used by
research institutions (Universities and large companies) for electronic mail.
It carries daily updates of public messages on a wide range of topics,
rec.games.mud being the one of main interest to MUA players. Free to users.

Name:           IO World of Adventure (IOWA)
Phone:          (0883) 744044 and 744164.
MUAs:           MirrorWorld, Parody, Quest, Empyrion, Chaos World of Wizards.
Comment:
        Made an attempt this year to run commercially, but its players deserted
it and it had to back down.  Free at present, and a popular place to meet and
chat.  A local call from London.

Name:           JANet
Phone:          Not available
MUAs:           AberMUD, TinyMUD, MIST.
Comment:
        The main UK network for research institutions.  Linked to InterNet.
Free to users.

Name:           Lap of the Gods
Phone:          (081) 994 9199
MUAs:           Gods, The Zone, Future Life, TinyMUD.
Comment:
        Long-standing system, has its own particular clientele. Users pay to
play.

Name:           Prestel
Phone:          Consult BT for your local number
MUAs:           Shades, Trash.
Comment:
        Large user base, and prices to match. A local phone call from almost
anywhere in the UK. Shades and Trash can be played for free on a development
machine at (0342) 810905, but be prepared for sudden surprises, eg. text in
french.

Name:           Synergy
Phone:          (081) 968 0333
MUAs:           Avalon, The Spy.
Comment:
        New system, having started this year. Small user base at present. Users
pay to play.

3.4     Genealogy.

        This diagram shows the family tree of MUAs (where parenthood is known).
Children are listed alphabetically rather than in order of appearance, because
time of birth is difficult to establish for most of the games.

        MUD1
        |
        +-------AMP
        |
        +-------Federation II
        |
        +-------Gods
        |       |
        |       +-------Future Life
        |
        +-------MirrorWorld
        |       |
        |       +-------Empyrion
        |       |
        |       +-------Mosaic
        |       |       |
        |       |       +-------Avalon
        |       |
        |       +-------Parody
        |       |       |
        |       |       +-------Prodigy
        |       |
        |       +-------Quest
        |
        +-------MIST
        |       |
        |       +-------AberMUD
        |               |
        |               +-------LPMUD
        |               |       |
        |               |       +-------DUM II
        |               |
        |               +-------TinyMUD
        |               |       +-------Cthulhu
        |               |       |
        |               |       +-------Midgaard
        |               |       |
        |               |       +-------SMUG
        |               |       |
        |               |       +-------TinyMUCK
        |               |       |       |
        |               |       |       +-------TinyMOO
        |               |       |
        |               |       +-------TinyMUSH
        |               |       |
        |               |       +-------UberMUD
        |               |
        |               +-------YAMA
        +-------MUD2
        |
        +-------Rock
        |
        +-------Shades
        |       |
        |       +-------Bloodstone
        |       |
        |       +-------Sector 7
        |       |
        |       +-------Trash
        |       |
        |       +-------Zone
        |               |
        |               +-------Void
        |
        +-------VaxMUD
        |
        +-------Wanderland

4.      Reviews - UK.

4.1     Federation II.

Name:                   Federation II
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Alan Lenton ("Bella")
Location:               CompuNet
Pricing Structure:      L1.50/hour plus
                        L12 flat quarterly fee

Brief Description:
        SF, interplanetary trading/exploration game.

Historical Notes:
        The Multi-User Galaxy Game project was begun in 1985 by CompuNet as a
SF alternative to MUD1, which then ran on the system.  When the other
programmer left CompuNet, Lenton rewrote the game from scratch as Federation
II. It was officially launched on CompuNet in 1989; reported also to run on
MicroLink, and on any other commercial system willing to take it.

Review:
        Federation II (known as Fed to its players) is a departure from the
conventional form of MUA. Rather than being based around the accumulation of
context-independent points, it is instead concerned with money (game-money -
'Imperial Groats' - rather than real money), which, unusually, can be given
away to other players. The game-play is dominated by economics rather than by
fighting skills or puzzle-solving abilities (there are no puzzles in Federation
II).

        Federation II's setting, the solar system of the future, is wide in
scope but lacking in descriptive atmosphere. Referred to as 'dataspace' by its
author, it consists of the Earth plus six other planets/moons.  Despite this,
the actual number of rooms it contains is not large, and movement in space is
with standard compass points rather than being directionally based on
pitch/yaw/roll.  Most surprisingly (except from a programmer's point of view),
the planets are stationary.

        There are 17 player levels, although most experienced players stop at
level 9.  As well as pure monetary qualifications, other conditions need to be
satisfied in order to reach the next level. These are intended to ensure that
players don't try to run before they can walk, and include such things as
having undertaken a certain number of trading contracts, and owning a warehouse
('whorehouse' in game parlance) on every planet.

        There are no wizzes in Federation II. Game management problems are
dealt with by the six richest players in the game, which ordinarily would lead
to even worse management problems; however, the real power is wielded by the
game's author, Alan Lenton, who used to be a MUD1 arch-wizard and is one of the
most experienced MUA managers around.  Consequently, Federation II runs
smoothly.

        The game is insensitive in some respects - it promotes the consumption
of alcohol by having its social focus at a bar named "Chez Diesel" on Mars, and
quaffing drinks will increase players' stamina; this might offend some people.
On the whole, though, there is little of the overt use of non-violent contact
commands ("kiss", "hug" etc.) seen on some other games.  This is partly because
of Lenton's managerial skills, and partly because Federation II attracts a
higher proportion of female players than any other UK MUA.

        Federation II lacks both depth and breadth - it has only 96 distinct
commands.  The overall aim of the game (reaching level 17) is virtually
unattainable, so it is treated mainly as a social forum rather than as a "real"
game. There is little interaction required by the game mechanics, and fights
are infrequent (but see later concerning insularity).  The 33 objects in the
game are exclusively for giving to one of the 51 mobiles in exchange for
points, or consuming so as to increase one's stamina. They are not used for
solving puzzles.

        Beginners choose their name and gender, then distribute 140 units
between strength, stamina, dexterity and intelligence attributes. Intelligence
as an attribute is unusual in MUAs - most games assume the intelligence of the
persona equates with that of the player commanding it.  In Federation II
intelligence determines the power of the ship-board computer a persona can use.

        Players proceed by buying spaceships (usually with a loan), equipping
them (hull size, armour, shielding, drives, weapons, tractor beams, computers,
power plants), then purchasing commodities (24 are technical/industrial, 16 are
agricultural, 10 are leisure) from one planet and moving them to another where
they're needed (there are periodic announcements of contracts that are to be
undertaken).  Players competing for the same contract race to get there first.
Completing contracts gives players money, which they use to improve their
ships, start their own companies, build factories and buy warehouses.

        Federation II has two novelties not present in other MUAs. One is a
bounty system, where players can place reward money on their enemies in order
to induce someone to attack them; the other is an insurance system, whereby
players pay a certain premium and in the event of their untimely death they are
resurrected at their previous level.  These two features tend to work against
each other, and the insurance facility in particular means that players rarely
lose their status once it is gained.

        Players have the ability to describe themselves ("buy clothes");
ordinarily, this would be perilous to any coherence of descriptive power in the
game, but since Federation II is deficient in that area anyway it doesn't
really make much difference.  Atmosphere, as perceived by the players (not as
found on planets' surfaces), is engendered entirely by those players.
Regrettably, the highest-level players form a clique that is very choosy about
who can join, and they can make life very unpleasant for any upstarts they
dislike. This makes the game very insular, a charge repeated many times by
ex-players and professional reviewers.

        When combat does take place it is non-automatic, and there are many
weapon-control commands.  Experienced players will invariably win, except
against hordes of novices (in which case they will later kill them
individually, having themselves been resurrected on an insurance policy).
Players are only allowed one persona per account ID, but can have several
account IDs.

        Federation II does not have resets, and there is no automatic save to
disc of players' scores. Thus, if the game crashes then points gained after a
player's last explicit "save" command are lost.

        Federation II is written entirely in C, is compiled directly (rather
than working from a definition language), and it therefore runs very quickly
but could never be used to implement any other scenario. Why is it of the first
rank?  It takes a courageous new approach to the standard MUD1 style of
fantasy-based, combat-oriented, puzzle-solving world - it can run alongside
such a MUA without poaching any players; it is portable, and available on
several networks; it has a publicity director (Clement Chambers) and will thus
continue to be in the news; it is continually being updated and improved
(Lenton works on it full time); its author is one of the most experienced in
the field.

Summary:
        Federation II is a game with a pedigree, but of modest size, poor
breadth, shallow depth and little atmosphere. Nevertheless, its players are
enthusiastic, its support team dedicated, and its future rosy.

Quotes:

        "Federation II is a wonderful blend of space-trading game and
         adventure."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "It sets you free from reality."
                Trancer [player]

        "Reality is boring."
                Topcat [player]

        "We all want an alter-ego, and Fed releases it."
                Penelope [player]

        "I found the other players very helpful and quite willing to give
         vital information to help me on my way."
                Popular Computing [magazine]

        "It boasts quite the best manual of any game I've seen."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "Britain's most advanced multi-user game"
                CompuNet [promotional material]

        "I feel proud an honoured to offer people this game. It's like
         partying without risk to the body. I'm giving them value for
         money, so they come back for more."
                Clement Chambers [marketing manager]


4.2     Gods.

Name:                   Gods
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Ben Laurie ("Tiger Tiger")
Location:               Lap of the Gods
Pricing Structure:      L0.575/hour or
                        L11.50/month flat fee

Brief Description:
        Advanced MUD1 clone, fantasy world.

Historical Notes:
        Although the present system went live in October 1988, Gods began in
1985 as a non-commercial MUA; its author was inspired by MUD1 to write his own
game, and was among the first people to do so. Gods was Shades' only rival to
be the Prestel Micronet MUA.

Review:
        The dominant concept in Gods, which permeates every facet of it, is
that of object creation. Instead of becoming a wiz when one gains the
appropriate experience points, one becomes a 'god'. Gods have the ability to
alter the game at will, but doing so costs them points. When mortals cash in
treasure for points, they take it to the temple of their favoured god. This
will add to that god's points, as well as to their own.  Thus, popular and
respected gods will be able to make more changes to the game, and ones that are
unpopular will lose the ability.

        The idea is attractive, but fundamentally flawed. Gods can use their
powers to do anything they like, without any interference from the equivalent
of arch-wizzes. Unfortunately, what they like to do is prevent people they
dislike from becoming gods.  Although theoretically a seller's market ("which
god shall I give these points to?"), it's actually a buyer's market ("give
those to me").  There are two reasons for this: treasure is worth more if the
receiving god is present when it is offered at that god's temple; gods who see
mortals giving treasure to non-present gods have sufficient powers that they
can readily persuade such mortals that it would be in their best interests to
deposit their treasure elsewhere.  Thus, unless there are several gods playing
for most of the time, the treasure dedicated to each god will tend to be
proportional to the period the god spends in the game. If a god needs more
points to create something, it's just a question of sitting around in the game
for long enough to get them.

        This dominance of the idea that gods can create things is a shame,
because otherwise Gods is a very well thought-out game, wide in its extent and
with imposing depth to its world.  Despite being first-generation, it has
nevertheless stood the test of time, and its definition language is one of the
clearest and most functional around. It is based on the notion of 'objects',
which are items that have 'properties'.  Properties are either 'mundane' (they
return a simple value) or 'esoteric' (they run some code to return a value).
Commands are implemented as properties of objects, thus making Gods one of the
earliest object-oriented programming languages and pre-dating much of the work
presently going on in the TinyMUD field.

        Gods operate by changing objects' properties, but this is not yet fully
implemented, nor is it likely to be in the near future.  They can alter mundane
properties easily, but esoteric properties are out of bounds.  This is because
they require programming skills, and there is no guarantee that they will be
safe.  Problems of unwanted interactions between independently-created objects
are expected, and a facility to test/debug objects is necessary.  It is
interesting to note that these are issues which have always concerned Gods
experts, but their importance is only now being recognised in the TinyMUD
world.

        Nevertheless, it is a pity that the central vision of Gods is still
some way away even after all these years, and that what the game presently
boasts as its major player-winning feature is actually no better than what is
available as just one riff in MUD2. Gods' over-emphasis on object creation
distracts attention from the many really quite splendid other features that it
has. Its parser is good, it has a built-in class hierarchy of objects (although
"get all" doesn't work), and there's a neat counting feature for similar object
(eg. "You pick up thirty-one assorted rabbits."). The game is atmospheric - its
large (2,000 rooms), North African seaport setting is rooted in historical fact
(although elements from different periods are disconcertingly juxtaposed; this
may be deliberate).  Puzzles can vary with time depending on whether it is
night or day, and commands that you use frequently can develop different
affectations. Gods has the reputation of being a difficult, challenging game.

        One of Gods' recent innovations is its treatment of fights. Some
players like fighting, some don't, so Gods has two classes: fighters and non-
fighters. Non-fighters cannot be attacked, receive no points for killing, but
don't die if killed. Fighters can be attacked, do receive points for killing,
and lose them for dying. Whether this will work in the long run is something
which remains to be seen, though - the non-fighters would appear to be able to
annoy and dispose of the fighters without taking any personal risk, and it may
be that unimaginative non-fighters may find themselves at high levels without
really having much knowledge of the game at all.

        As well as a points value, treasure also has a monetary (alms) value.
There is a commercial system in Gods which can be played as a game without
reference to the deities. Money can be used to buy certain objects, for
gambling in a slot machine (slot machines are not uncommon in money-oriented
MUAs), and for buying drinks at a bar to regain stamina. As with Federation II,
this "alcohol is good for you" attitude could offend some people, and Gods may
attract another form of objection by its explicit use of "black magic" as a
form of spell use which can be practised.  That said, critics of this sort are
likely to complain about the very name of the game anyway, irrespective of
other considerations.

        Gods tries to maintain an aura of mystique by keeping information from
players until they gain experience. Thus, a newcomer (of 'scum' level) is only
told how many points are required to reach levels 1 to 4, and has no idea how
many levels there are altogether. Similarly, only those spells which can be
used are listed. This works as an incentive to go up levels, but can be rather
worrying when you first start to play. Another way in which Gods strives to
provide atmosphere is by folding objects into room descriptions. This looks
good, but newcomers find that they can't always tell what is gettable and what
isn't.

        Rather than limiting the number of objects a player can carry, or
letting players carry as much as they like, Gods has a halfway solution which
is perhaps more realistic. The more objects carried, the greater is the chance
of dropping one.  Thus, with your arms full of treasure you can only travel a
short distance before something falls to the ground.  Travelling light, you can
play for hours and not drop a thing.

        Gods runs on an 80386 processor under Xenix.  The Lap of the Gods
system to which it is connected consists of specialist multiplexer hardware and
associated software, collectively known as The Butler.  This has recently been
upgraded so as to provide on-line help facilities, but the information it
displays is rather hurriedly put together.  This is reminiscent of the whole
system - every feature imaginable can be expressed in one way or another, but
somehow it's never used quite as fruitfully as it could be.

        Day-to-day running of the Gods system is now by one of the game's gods,
Heptaparaparshinokh. It appears to have no major managerial problems, perhaps
due to the fact that it is, in part, an experiment on the way deities behave
without higher deities above them. There is a guest facility for beginners,
with a built-in tour available.

        Gods has a client written for it, Hear-Gods, which consists of normal
terminal software for the Atari ST with the addition of sampled sound-effects.

        A version of Gods runs in Germany.

Summary:
        A lone pioneer of object-creating MUAs, Gods is well written and
abounds in detail.  It is old, yet still fresh, and has worn well.  However,
its overall premiss, though seductive in theory, is unproven in practice. Had
it been written as a conventional MUA instead of a slightly eccentric one, it
might have had much wider appeal and taken its place at the forefront of MUA
development. As it is, Gods' story is one of missed opportunity, and its
considerable potential is still to be realised.

Quotes:

        "Certainly a game I would recommend to anyone."
                ACE [magazine]

        "You will find a coliseum and a set of dry docks close by each
         other, but this doesn't seem unusual in the game."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "The system of scoring is complicated."
                ACE [magazine]

        "With the current generation of modems, I personally feel that
         objects should be readily apparent to players."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "Really, we can't explain what the games are like - you'll have to
         try them"
                Lap of the Gods [promotional material]


4.3     MirrorWorld.

Name:                   MirrorWorld
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Pip Cordrey ("Pippin"),
                        Nat Billington ("Natso"),
                        Lorenzo Wood ("Penfold"),
                        Patrick Bossert ("Zoot"),
                        Tim Rogers ("Grobble"),
                        Piers de Lavison ("Inziladun")
Location:               IOWA
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone, Tolkienesque.

Historical Notes:
        Pip Cordrey used to run a BBS called 'Labbs', which had a section
devoted to MUD1 in its early days.  Six people from St.  Paul's School worked
on that section, and Cordrey organised them into a team to develop a MUA that
would run on a home computer. The system was named MirrorWorld because it had
rolling resets (as in the film "Westworld").  It went live in 1986. The St.
Paul's group are now all MirrorWorld arch-wizzes.

Review:
        MirrorWorld (MW to its players) is a venerable yet thriving MUA.  Its
stated aim is for players "to score points by killing monsters and other
players, finding and selling treasure, and doing clever things".  Its
conventional setting is well described, and it has a strong, magical
atmosphere.

        The game is easy to enter, and provides guest facilities. The new user
is well catered for with on-line help, but the authors seem preoccupied by the
expense of telephone calls to the game, and the newcomer is somewhat bombarded
with dire warnings of how costly it is to play.

        Another of the things with which MirrorWorld is obsessed out of all
proportion to its importance is the concept of rolling resets (or 'autosets',
as they are called in the game).  MirrorWorld was among the first MUAs to
incorporate rolling resets, and the authors consider it their invention. The
main reason for having rolling resets is to give a seamless scenario which
doesn't have its atmosphere ruined by intrusive resets; however, MirrorWorld's
alternative is to have a little man in a white coat appear to reset puzzles,
which, although a cute idea, doesn't fit in well with the fantasy milieu. The
downside of rolling resets is that they're difficult to implement for hard
puzzles, and this betrays a hint as to the deeper nature of the game (or rather
the lack of it).

        From the outset, MirrorWorld was intended to run on a home
microcomputer (rather than the mainframe that hosted MUD1), and it partially
succeeded: the main computer is a BBC Master 128, but it has a 4mb RAMdisc and
custom-built multiplexer added on. This modest CPU perhaps explains the
overriding feeling that pervades all of MirrorWorld - its (spasmodically
elegant) simplicity.

        Everything about MirrorWorld is simple.  The parser is so basic that it
merely looks at words in the order they come, not even 'parsing' at all in the
computational linguistic sense. It has only a dozen or so spells, and they are
defined poorly or not at all - "blind", in particular, can only be implemented
in an astonishingly inadequate way (teleportation to a special room).

        There's a fragment of originality in the way that spells are
time-based, so that lower-level players have a longer delay between casting a
spell and its taking effect than do higher-level players.  Unfortunately,
people coming in using fast comms links have a similar advantage...  The
"nullify" spell is unique to MirrorWorld and its sisters, as it interrupts an
opponent's spell if it fires during that spell's delay period.  Otherwise,
though, MirrorWorld's spells are depressingly ordinary.

        The problem that MirrorWorld faces is its implementation. Along with
most of the other IOWA games, it is written in a database definition language
called 'Slate'. That Slate is sufficiently powerful to be used to define
several disparate databases is to its credit, however it is a comparatively
feeble language, rooted in old ideas and methods, and resistant to change. For
example, when an "act" command was needed, Slate wasn't really up to the job,
and the resultant hack makes MirrorWorld the most impoverished major MUA in
this area.

        Slate is a lot like a bad Basic. Variables cannot be declared
arbitrarily - only predefined system ones are usable.  Its subroutines have no
parameterisation, and there is a confusion between commands, actions, and
actions tied to objects (in an object-oriented fashion that would be more
convincing if objects were arranged in an inheritance hierarchy).  All this
makes use of Slate difficult, but not impossible. However, no amount of fancy
programming can get round the fact that too much is built into the Slate
interpreter, and not enough is in the hands of the database designer.  Modern
features cannot be added to MirrorWorld without making alterations to the Slate
language, and thus to the compiler itself.

        These criticisms of Slate aside, it must be said that the language does
work very well for simple MUAs, and that there are people willing to pay L3,000
to buy a complete Slate system so as to program their own MUAs in it.

        Accepting that MirrorWorld is not really much of an intellectual's MUA,
it nonetheless has some nice, novel touches. There is an arena for fights,
where people go for mass combat and only one survivor is allowed to leave.
There is a gambling module, which is another concept the MirrorWorld team
implemented first, and which thus receives more publicity than it really
merits. Also, the persona file stores more details about a player's status than
is common, so eg. if your persona is crippled and you quit, it'll still be
crippled when you return.

        On the managerial side, MirrorWorld functions well. There are written
and unwritten rules that the players must not transgress, which keeps everyone
peaceful but can occasionally stifle originality (today's best wizzes are often
yesterday's most misbehaving mortals; guidelines are a better solution than
cast-iron rules). MirrorWorld is overseen by Pip Cordrey, who has arch-wiz
status on Shades and is thus well qualified for the task.  MirrorWorld is
regularly updated.

        There are 12 levels for normal players, with an unusually large number
of points required to make wiz.  Indeed, despite its age the game has under 20
wizzes in total. Wizzes can die in the game, which is something that is
impossible in other games (and difficult to justify in this one).  Some of the
feminine forms of levels below wiz appear a little condescending, eg.  male =
peasant, female = washer-woman; male = potent, female = bewitched.

        Although relaxing and pleasant enough to play, MirrorWorld is not a
true heavyweight of MUAs. However, it has made an immense contribution to the
genre, has an experienced programming and design team behind it, and has
pioneered the concept of genuine choice between different MUAs on a single
system dedicated to such games. After a rough period in early 1990, when its
authors thought that it was better than it was and prematurely charged people
to play game (which lead to their rapid abandonment of the system), MirrorWorld
has bounced back and is again an entertaining place to spend an evening. Thanks
to the tireless efforts of Pip Cordrey in publicising IOWA (and MUAs in
general), it is likely to remain so for some considerable time.

Summary:
        MirrorWorld is very shallow, has little breadth, and it possesses a
thoroughly awful parser; and yet, it isn't frustrating to play. Of average
size, its gameplay is good - especially for MUA novices - and its players
friendly.  The atmosphere is well maintained, but, although it tries hard,
MirrorWorld is more a picturebook MUA than a meaty novel.

Quotes:

        "MirrorWorld has that feel to it that just keeps you playing on and
         on."
                ACE [magazine]

        "The feeling you get is that you have visited this place sometime
         before."
                Confidential [magazine]

        "Used treasure is repositioned by an old man who wanders round the
         game dropping things, which is a little less painful than being
         thrown off every 45 - 60 minutes!"
                ACE [magazine]

        "[Resets] do nothing except drag you out of your fantasy world and
         plop you right back in the real one."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "Make sure that your phone bills contain no surprises."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "Though some players are not quite as friendly as on some games, it
         really is good."
                ACE [magazine]

        "On-line entertainment for the nineties"
                IOWA [promotional material]


                          45MUSE Ltd                                   Reviews - UK


        "If you have offended against one of the rules, the thing that the
         wizard or arch-wizard wants to hear is that you recognise that you
         have broken the rules and will not do it again."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "[Cordrey] has something that only a handful of other men have: his
         own world."
                Confidential [magazine]


4.4     MUD2.

Name:                   MUD2
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Richard Bartle, Roy Trubshaw
Location:               (081) 203 3033
                        PSS 23421920100441
Pricing Structure:      L0.50/hour to L1/hour, depending on amount bought
                        up front

Brief Description:
        Advanced MUD1 rewrite, fantasy world.

Historical Notes:
        By 1985, MUD1 was becoming fossilised, so a completely new version was
written from scratch.  Although MUD2 contains nearly all of MUD1 as a subset,
it is considerably larger.  Originally intended to run on Micronet, this was
thwarted by BT politics, and MUD2 now runs on one of BT's Vax clusters
connected to Telecom Gold's network.  BT and MUSE have both been trying to
escape from their mutual contract ever since.  Warning: the principal author of
MUD2 is the author of this report; expect unrestrained enthusiasm.

Review:
        The cutting edge of MUA technology. MUD2 is the most advanced MUA in
the world, with a big lead over its challengers (Gods and Avalon are probably
the next-best in programming terms).  Although roughly the same age as Shades,
MUD2 is a second-generation MUA and was designed for portability and
endurability. Thus, there are versions of its interpreter in C and Pascal, and
it runs on a VAX under VMS, an Archimedes under Unix, and on both an Atari ST
and a VME-based piece of specialist hardware under OS9. The same database will
load on all these configurations.

        In every aspect of MUA technology (except its parser, which, although
admirably capable of choosing implied objects, does not handle pronouns,
adjectives or adverbs), MUD2 excels.  Its breadth and depth are unparalleled,
its atmosphere compelling, and its management sound.

        In terms of detail, MUD2 (or simply MUD to most players) is the only
MUA that deals routinely with fluids (miscible or otherwise), heat, all
audio-visual effects, smells and consistency. If you drop an object from a
height through several vertically-placed rooms into running water, it will
consider impact damage, water damage, and will place the object either where it
landed or further downstream depending on whether it floats or not - players in
intervening rooms will see it pass. This form of world modelling adds a sense
of realism to MUD2 which most other games cannot even represent in their
definition languages, let alone emulate in practice.

        The number of commands, spells and interactions MUD2 supports is also
unrivalled.  Many of its nuances are found only occasionally by the more
enterprising players, and it has a dedicated band of enthusiasts whose main
preoccupation is simply exploring the range of command possibilities the game
might trap (eg. "play poker" for a poker object meant for stoking a fire, or
"stick pin in doll" using a rolling pin rather than a needlework pin).

        MUD2's mobiles are the most sophisticated of any MUA. It has a large
number of them (over 160), and they are of many different types (some fly, some
swim, some regenerate, some can cast spells). They are also multi-functional:
for example, there is a sword that can be used for combat as expected, but it
also continually makes comments about its wielder, its own prowess, other
weapons, fights, and the weather. It will inform its owners when magic has been
cast against them, and cure them of ailments (especially if they deafen
themselves to avoid its endless chatter!).

        Even mundane mobiles are very advanced. They incorporate expert systems
that enable them to fight (often better than the players): MUD2's thief knows
not only how to steal objects, but how to score points for them (it carries
them to a 'swamp' room and drops them there). Most mobiles know which weapons
to use, to drop useless objects when attacked, to attempt to steal useful
objects from opponents in a fight, when to flee, and when to offer a withdrawal
(MUD2, uniquely, has a mechanism that allows combatants to agree to stop
fighting without either losing points).  Mobiles are also capable of planning
to achieve goals, eg. if they can't go west because there's a locked door in
the way, they should unlock it with the right key and then proceed (Bartle's
PhD concerned Artificial Intelligence planning techniques).

        There are 11 levels in MUD2, which fall into two streams
(magical/non-magical) and two forms ('protected' and 'non-protected' personae).
Only magic-users who are not protected personae can reach wiz.  The
distinction between fighters and magic-users is unusual, and although it does
add something to the game, MUD2 could survive quite adequately without it,
treating everyone as if they were magic-users.  To switch from fighter to
magic-user, there's a special object (a "touchstone") that must be touched,
with a high chance of causing death at lower levels. Some players don't like
the idea, others look on it as a watershed that thrusts their play into a
different gear.

        Protected personae are mainly people exploring who don't want to be
molested by other players.  Conversion back to the normal stream is allowed at
any time, at a cost of two-thirds of the persona's score.  This ensures that
people with no aspirations of reaching wiz can play in relative safety, but
that anyone seeking the top rank must run risks.

        Another safeguard that ensures unsuitable people don't "sneak" to wiz
is a system of 'tasks'.  These are eight quests, any seven of which a persona
must solve if it is to become a wiz. Some require co-operation with other
players, some test knowledge of the game, some test fighting, and some are
important puzzles; most are a combination. When players makes wiz in MUD2, it
can therefore be guaranteed that they have had a broad education in the game.

        Wiz powers in MUD2 are considerable. As well as object, mobile and room
creation (by fleshing out "blanks"), wizzes can attach to mobiles and personae
(and thus play as several beings at once), there is a full complement of proof
commands, and multiple snoops are possible. There are four levels of
invisibility, so wizzes and arch-wizzes can choose to whom they are visible.
Wizzes have the ability to alter the manner in which players are described, and
the messages given when arriving, departing or using magic.  As these powers
are creative in aspect, they are not granted to mortals (because otherwise the
game's atmosphere could be spoiled).

        Among MUD2s other features are: a command that draws birds-eye view
maps; a safe start location where people can enter the game for a chat and to
see who's playing without risking assault; many-on-many fights; a wide range of
spells with their effects properly handled (so if you're blinded and walk into
a room where dripping water can be heard, you'll be given that part of the room
description but not the rest); and delayed-effect actions.

        To new players, MUD2 can seem imposing. This is usually because its
sophistication, though concealed from newcomers in part, is nonetheless
imposingly evident; however, the game's reputation also has an effect. To ease
the way, a pair of excellent handbooks are provided that answer many of the
questions that enter newcomers' minds (but which reviewers don't always bother
to read...). The game itself has special novice-level treasure that other
players are discouraged (by its negative value) from picking up, and which is
therefore often in play even when a reset is due.  Room descriptions are
friendly in areas frequented by novices, and get increasingly forbidding the
further away one travels; MUD2's prose is generally regarded as the finest of
any MUA's.  There is a tour facility, that enables prospective players to be
shown round various areas of the game with a running commentary (and which
takes account for what's currently in the rooms being visited).

        Fighting in MUD2 is of the automatic variety, with spells, potions and
(breakable) weapons available for use.  Death results in persona deletion,
irrespective of who started the fight; although this is regarded as unfair by
many inexperienced players, those who have played for longer accept that it is
the best approach to adopt - in terms of game management, it's essential.  MUD2
is managed by its principal author, the most experienced of all MUA managers.
At present, MUD2 is top heavy with arch-wizzes, though; this is because several
were appointed in preparation for an impending move to Prestel which was (as
usual) cancelled by BT.

        There is a full classification system in MUD2, which readily accepts
commands such as "get food" (to pick up anything that might be edible). Unlike
many of the first generation games, it allows multiple objects of the same
type, however since its parser is weak on adjectives that leads to objects with
names like "key21". This can be rather unatmospheric.

        Because of the game's high puzzle-density and large number of objects,
it resets every 105 minutes; this is despite its average size (around 800
rooms).

        MUD2 is programmed in a special MUA programming language called MUDDLE.
This is the key to its success, since it gives complete control to the MUA
designer without hardwiring essential functions into its interpreter.
Object-oriented in concept, but reading like a hierarchical version of Prolog,
MUDDLE's versatility should ensure that MUD2 maintains its lead position in the
MUA world for some time yet.

Summary:
        MUD2 is well designed, has superb depth, is wide-ranging in its scope,
and is easily modifiable.  Its age belies its advanced features, particularly
its mobiles and the facilities provided for its wizzes. Its atmosphere is
carefully maintained by powerful room descriptions, and its gameplay is well
thought-out.  Only its parser is less than satisfactory. Clearly, MUD2 stands
head and shoulders above all other MUAs.  However, it has enjoyed only modest
success compared to, say, Shades. This is almost entirely due to its being tied
to BT by an agreement that was rendered inappropriate within a year because of
reorganisations within that company.

Quotes:

        "An adventure on a grand scale."
                ACE [magazine]

        "MUD was, and still is, the multi-user game that others are
         measured by."
                PC Plus [magazine]

        "MUD is the first of a new generation of interactive games."
                Daily Mail

        "If you want a civilised entry into a game, try MUD, the Multi-User
         Dungeon."
                MUSE [promotional material]

        "The game is very user-friendly."
                Computer and Video Games [magazine]

        "Where MUD scores is in the atmosphere of the world you have to
         explore.  It's not as communal as Shades, but ... it can become an
         obsessive exercise in politics, co-operation and the exercise of
         power."
                ACE [magazine]

        "The atmosphere can be slightly daunting for a first-time player,
         but as a rule other MUDders are tolerant of newcomers and even
         helpful if you meet trouble."
                PC Plus [magazine]

        "[In atmosphere] MUD is definitely better than Shades."
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "I prefer to play [MUAs] in "verbose", even if I don't bother to
         read it all. It's handy for picking up the feel of the place.  I
         rarely read the whole description unless it's my first visit to
         the room and I'm not in a hurry to get anywhere. I quite like the
         "unverbose" mode that MUD has, no other game seems to have that
         one."
                Wabit [player]

        "One of the best things about MUD is the style of the text. The
         locative descriptions are long, well-written, and vividly
         evocative."
                PC Plus [magazine]

        "Part of MUD's strength is the quality of the descriptions of each
         location, which are excellent."
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "Deaths lurk around every corner."
                Computer and Video Games [magazine]

        "Due to various political shenanigans at BT, MUD2 never got to
         Prestel."
                GM [magazine]

        "Shades versus MUD: how about blank objects, levels of
         invisibility, far greater realism, atmosphere, better room
         descriptions, greater flexibility with everything..."
                Faramir [player]

        "Just because we think MUD is a better game doesn't mean that all
         of the existing Shades players will drop Shades and come a running
         to MUD."
                Wabit [player]

        "Novices and guests don't like MUD. They can't find any treasure.
         Shades is more exciting for a beginner."
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "I honestly think that MUD's main problem is a lack of players, due
         to a lack of advertising and a general lack of anyone in charge
         being that bothered by the lack of players."
                Wabit [player]

        "MUD has too many internal problems. The game itself is far
         superior to anything else on the market, and with a little forward
         thinking could still be the number one game.  Although advertising
         would have helped, I don't see that as being the culprit ... the
         problems were actually caused by an internal political power
         struggle, and as there wasn't anybody strong enough to put people
         in their place, the struggle gained momentum."
                Wabit [player]

        "It's an adventure, sure, but it's far more."
                Computer and Video Games [magazine]

        "Some activities are, it must be said, a little unusual, but are in
         keeping with the alternative comedy theme that pervades the game."
                Atari ST User [magazine]

        "MUD is expected to be one of the most popular innovations in home
         computing."
                The Times

        "Despite its outward appearance as just another computerised
         fantasy, MUD is a great deal more than that, and what it promises
         is even more intriguing."
                Computing [magazine]

        "MUD's success has been little short of phenomenal."
                Atari ST User [magazine]

        "MUD has a devoted following (one regular player lives in Japan)
         among whom some must certainly be counted micro-junkies.  One
         unemployed participant built up a L1,000 phone bill and got zapped
         by British Telecom."
                Mail on Sunday [magazine]

        "If you buy your credits in bulk, it can be satisfyingly cheap to
         play."
                ACE [magazine]

        "One player in Wales clocked up a telephone bill of L3,000 before
         she was cut off."
                The [Economist]

        "MUD has been described as the greatest adventure in the world."
                Computer and Video Games [magazine]

        "MUD leaves other adventures for dead."
                Personal Computer World [magazine]

        "You haven't lived until you've died in MUD"
                MUSE [slogan]


4.5     Shades.

Name:                   Shades
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Neil Newell ("Hazeii")
Location:               Prestel (Micronet)
Pricing Structure:      L4.80/hour 8am - 6pm
                        L1.20/hour 6pm - 8am
                        L19.80/hour on (0898) 100890

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        Newell was a MUD1 player.  Shades was written over Christmas 1985 when
MUD1 was unavailable, partly as a spoof.  It was launched nine months later on
Micronet, in preference to MUD2 and Gods because of internal BT wranglings. It
has been highly successful on that service. Nowadays, it is billed as "the most
popular on-line multi-user adventure game in Europe", which, in terms of player
numbers, is absolutely correct.

Review:
        Shades is very lucky. MUD2 was going to go on Micronet, but due to
rivalries between departments of BT (Prestel and what was then NIS), the deal
fell through.  Micronet's much-vaunted Viewdata scrolling software was, for
example, originally programmed to MUSE's specifications for MUD2. Shades was
chosen as a substitute (ahead of Gods for technical reasons), and has remained
the premier MUA on Micronet ever since, challenged only by the jokey Trash
(which comes from the same stable). Most MUA authors - Newell included -
consider this form of protectionism absolutely disgraceful. Compared against
almost any other MUA, Shades looks decidedly inferior.

        Because it is the only MUA accessible at local call telephone rates
from anywhere in the country, Shades has enjoyed tremendous success.  It has
introduced many people to MUAs who might otherwise have been unaware of such
games, and for this reason alone it ranks very highly.  It has been well
marketed, and has good technical support, but it is five years old now and
really shows its age. Because of the hard-coded way it is programmed, it is
fossilised in 1985. Its infrequent updatings (minor changes every six months,
of late) means it continues to shed old players while only attracting a trickle
of new ones: its user base has been saturated.

        Technically speaking, Shades is actually pre-MUD1 in sophistication.
It has insufficient depth to handle even basic concepts like containers. Its
mobiles follow a set track, rather than moving with some randomness, and they
cannot contain/hold objects either; this means that at times the game works
counter-intuitively. For example, there is a "thief" mobile which steals
things, however he can't carry his booty so it just automatically appears in
his lair. If you see him steal an object, and you kill him before he leaves the
room, your treasure is still in his lair.

        The game itself is not really all that bad, given its age. There are
over a thousand locations now (which is probably too many, since each game can
only handle eight players at once), and its database is the usual castles and
buried treasure fare.  The aim is to collect treasure and drop it in one
location (the Mad King's room) for points. There are 14 levels, some of which
aren't immediately obvious as being gender equivalent (eg. male = gallant,
female = dauntless; male = soothsayer, female = spellbinder). This doesn't
appear to bother the players (who call themselves 'Shadists').

        Persona attributes are strength, stamina, power and fight skill, which
is an unusual combination. All players start with identical statistics, but
they can change (stamina goes up to 230: again, uncommon). Only the latter
three attributes are used in combat, which plays a central role in the game.
Blows in fights are handled automatically, with power being the damage you do,
and chance to hit depending on the combatants' respective levels.  Fight skill
defines the number of blows that occur per round of combat; it can rise and
fall depending on the outcome of the fight.

        Shades has a problem with fights, after complaints from players lead to
a misguided (from a managerial perspective) alteration to the way fights work.
If you start a fight and are killed, you lose all your points; if you were
attacked and are killed, you only lose half your points.  If the winner started
the fight, the reward is 6.25% of the loser's score; if the winner was the
player attacked, the figure is 25%.  This, in a game where fighting is a key
element, is something of a surprise.  It discourages inter-player fighting,
which in turn means that anyone can reach wiz merely by playing for hours on
end, whether they are 'suitable' in some sense or not.  Once they have reached
a high level, they are unlikely to be attacked at all - other high-level
players will not attack because the rewards don't match the risks, and low-
level players won't because they'd lose the fight (incredibly, Shades doesn't
allow fights involving more than two players). There is a "berserk" command
which could balance this, as it allows low-level players to flee without losing
points (whereupon another can attack), however it is used infrequently because
it doesn't work all the time.

        As if this isn't bad enough, Shades has another means of ensuring that
anyone can be a wiz if they really want to be: 'pacifists'.  These are similar
to MUD2's protected personae, but have no maximum level and a quicker
advancement rate - only half that of non-pacifists. A pacifist can be
attacked, but loses no points for fleeing.  Pacifists can't start fights.
Switching modes between pacifist and fighter zeroes your score.

        Shades has many problems as a result of earlier managerial decisions.
Although the situation is better now, there are still mistakes (eg.  offering
10,000 points for the best map of the game). Despite having a MirrorWorld
arch-wiz (Pippin) and a MUD2 arch-wiz (Lordant) on its books, Shades has always
been a place where, if you complain loudly enough and with enough people
supporting you, you'll get your way in the end.  There are horror stories of
people deliberately working up secret personae, gathering a coterie of
impressionable admirers around them, then doing all they can to wreck the game
as a wiz and having their minions leap to their defence every time there's a
warning that they're out of line (receiving 50 letters telling you you're wrong
is often enough to make even the most hardened arch-wiz think twice).  By the
time these trouble-makers have been ejected, they've worked up another persona
and can start their disruption again. In addition, they probably didn't pay any
money for what they did, having simply torn up their Micronet bill and waited
to be cut off (you can get around 5 or 6 months' play for free this way).

        One of the problems is that the game lacks logging facilities, so
gathering evidence is always difficult. Another is that wizzes have feeble
powers compared to other MUAs, and can't always keep mortals under control.
However, since most mortals seem convinced that wizzes don't play fair, perhaps
it's just as well there isn't anything really dangerous they can do.

        Shades still has some oddities despite its age: there are
mispunctuations ("moats bank" instead of "moat's bank", occasional American
spellings ("center"), and room descriptions giving wrong directions. This
latter point is extremely irritating, because Shades has no "exits" command
(unlike virtually every other MUA) and thus you have to rely on reading the
long descriptions of rooms to find out which directions you can move.

        Atmosphere is player-driven. The players can be friendly at times,
although stroppy at others. The room descriptions are not particularly
evocative, and are constantly spoiled by out-of-place objects and events.
Using rooms as a form of providing help is a neat idea, but it feels odd
compared to the rest of the rooms (especially as there is a standard on-line
help feature built-in anyway).  Not really obviously (and perhaps politically
unwise), the means chosen to give players back lost stamina is to touch a
"little girl" mobile.

        The spells in Shades are the usual batch, but there is no "blind" and
no "deaf" (some room descriptions contain sound references that would still
appear audible to a deaf persona).  The only original spell is "jaunt", which
enables the user to teleport to the location occupied by another player. Most
MUAs do not have such a spell, as it can be a most unfair way of stealing
treasure that someone else has worked on, and there are problems of consistency
that can occur when someone suddenly appears in a room (eg. it's a "falling off
a cliff" or a "you can only get here if you're carrying a cross" room).
Another point worth mentioning is that the more usual spell, "summon" (move
someone to your room, rather than vice versa), is available to novices in
Shades, whereas it is restricted to high-level players only in most MUAs.
Finally, the incantation "where treasure" will tell you the location of every
item of treasure in the game, thus (unfortunately) making novices aware of
every major room and object right from the start.

        Shades uses the normal fixed-time reset method, albeit using a shorter
period than most MUAs (45 minutes - under half that of MUD2) since it gets
played out quicker. The more people there are playing, the more treasure is
worth (to compensate for its subsequent scarcity), but there is no time-based
scaling.

        There are two widespread clients for Shades.  Named Ripper and Shadist,
their principal function is as an aid to fighting in the game, however they can
perform simple i/o tasks too.

        It is widely acknowledged that Shades is a good game for people new to
MUAs.  It is easy to get into, there is lots of treasure lying around for
novices to find, and there are no difficult problems to solve. The scenario is
not threatening, and the players can be jolly, supportive and entertaining. For
people who want a game rather than a place to socialise, Shades has its
shortcomings, but it is by no means as awful as is often made out. It's a nice,
easy, friendly, non-taxing MUA. It might not be the best programmed, the most
challenging or the most innovative MUA, but its claims to be the most
successful of the first generation MUAs are not made without some considerable
justification.

Summary:
        Shades is a very shallow MUA, its breadth is well below average, and
its parser is notably weak.  It is old, and looks it.  It is of slightly above
average size, but almost totally reliant on its players for what little
atmosphere it can be said to possess. The gameplay requires no imagination on
the part of its players, its wizzes are over-numerous, and by the standards of
other MUAs they're virtually impotent.  Management is much improved of late,
but there are still legacies of the past that won't go away. Shades is popular
because it's the only MUA with local-call access nationwide. It's a good game
in that it's a MUA, but alongside other MUAs it looks very weak. It was in the
right place at the right time, has been exploited marvellously, but is now,
sadly, well past its sell-by date.

Quotes:

        "Shades, already Europe's leading multi-user game, heralds the
         introduction of a new generation of interactive entertainment."
                Micronet [promotional material]

        "There is nothing else like Shades."
                Micronet [promotional material]

        "Shades is still fun to play."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "Shades seems to be the most popular MUG around at the moment if
         you're judging by sheer weight of numbers, though it has something
         of an advantage in being part of Micronet/Prestel."
                ACE [magazine]

        "Pity that there's no real alternative available for people to show
         their disquiet.  If something like Avalon was available at the
         same call rates, I doubt you'd see most Shades players for
         dust..."
                Nigel Hardy [Sector 7 author]

        "Shades is better at coping with this [resets] than MUD, since
         there are eight games of Shades running on each Prestel computer."
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "She stood close to me, put her arms around my neck and whispered,
         "It's not the treasure I want, silly boy. Take a look around."  I
         did.  I couldn't believe my eyes! We were in the Bridal Suite!
         There was a bed, the door was locked, and I was being cuddled
         again."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "I found that type-ahead didn't work properly."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "The location descriptions are atmospheric, and also vital to
         moving about the game as there is no "exits" command."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "Shades has an emotional immediacy - MUD seems a somewhat austere
         environment in which grand concepts are brought to grand conclusions."
                PC Plus [magazine]

        "Shades has a more light-hearted approach. It is a teddy bear
         adventure.  MUD manages to be rather serious until you meet some
         practical joker: then the fun starts!"
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "Shades is a good place to start for the new player. It's friendly,
         and fairly easy to get going."
                ACE [magazine]

        "First time users find it less daunting than MUD, while serious
         adventurers may find it less enthralling."
                PC Plus [magazine]

        "If you are new to multi-user adventures, go for Shades. ...  Once
         you have mastered Shades, the dizzy heights of MUD wizardhood
         still beckon."
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "Shades is very basic, having no real depth or imagination. What
         little thought has gone into it has been wasted - who really wants
         to play football in a fantasy game? The players themselves are
         usually big whingers. They hate enthusiastic killers just as much
         as they hate people who talk too much. However, where Shades wins
         over MUD is how the game is actually managed. Ego seekers seem to
         be pushed to one side, and everyone seems to know exactly where
         they stand within the framework."
                Wabit [player]

        "Shades (and Trash) is left way behind in the technical fields
         compared to (say) Avalon or Gods (I'll explain that: Avalon and
         Gods have much better parsers, much better commands, and much
         better things for immortals to do once they've made it). They
         [Shades and Trash] were written when even single-user adventures
         were in their infancy, and have stood the test of time remarkably
         well. But now they look just a trifle run down and archaic."
                Graeme [player]

        "Shades has a more amateurish feel to it [than MUD2]."
                Acorn User [magazine]

        "The game itself is rubbish.  It has no life or realism in it.
         Role-playing is one thing, but that just wasn't believable. As for
         the players, yes, they have got lots more [than MUD2]. The only
         problem I found was that they didn't want to talk or interact more
         than what they had to.  Eventually I was kicked off by a wizard
         for annoying too many people by chatting to them."
                Wabit [player]

        "Having all the players start out equal is a design principle.
         Although it doesn't mean it can be achieved in practice, the mere
         fact that the goal is unattainable doesn't mean we shouldn't
         attempt to reduce the distance to it."
                Neil Newell [author]

        "My viewpoint is not that fighting is the lifeblood of the game -
         it is an essential element, but just one facet of the whole
         picture."
                Neil Newell [author]

        "The ultimate adventure multi-user game"
                Micronet [slogan]


4.6     AberMUG.

Name:                   AberMUG
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Alan Cox ("Anarchy"),
                        Jim Finnis, Leon Thrane,
                        Richard Acott, Ian Smith.
Location:               (081) 863 6646
Pricing Structure:      L6.50/month flat fee or
                        L65/year flat fee

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        Originally entitled AberMUD, a version was moved by Smith to Connect
(the IBM PC User Group conferencing system) in 1989.  The name change was for
legal reasons, to avoid allegations that it was passing itself off as MUD.

Review, Summary and Quotes:
        See AberMUD in the section on international MUAs.
        AberMUG runs on a Compaq Deskpro 386/16 under SCO Xenix system V/386
2.3.1.


4.7     Avalon.

Name:                   Avalon
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Yehuda Simmons ("Genesis"),
                        Daniel James ("Aldaron"),
                        Jon Baber ("Cornelius"),
                        Peter Evans ("Zaphod")
Location:               Synergy
Pricing Structure:      L0.25/hour or
                        L10/month flat fee or
                        L25/quarter flat fee or
                        L80/year flat fee or
                        L200 flat fee

Brief Description:
        Arthurian/Odyssean, multi-skill, trading game.

Historical Notes:
        Written by students in 1989.  Originally on IOWA, but went independent
in 1990.

Review:
        Avalon is a new MUA that has already attracted great attention in the
industry due to its departure from the traditional MUD1 mould.  It is primarily
a role-playing system, where the game determines the skills available to
personae, rather than the players acquiring skills (eg. combat) themselves.

        Indeed, skills are a very important feature of Avalon. The gameplay
works something like this: when players start, they are given a history of
training in eight listed skills. All told, there are over 30 such skills,
covering a wide range from perception to music, defence to riding. Personae may
have up to 17 skills each, although why 17 rather than some other figure isn't
made clear. Skills can be improved by use, and by learning them from other
players.  By acquisition and use of skills, players may do things which earn
them money or gain them experience.

        Experience is obtained by visiting new places, wandering around
exploring, and even by simply chatting. This contrasts with the usual MUA
scheme where points are obtained for finding treasure or performing specific
tasks. In Avalon, treasure may be sold for money - gold pieces - and used to
buy things.  Almost anything can be bought, including houses, shops, taverns,
animals, weapons, food and drink. Personae may use certain skills to create
objects, eg. potions, which can be sold to other players for use on their
adventures.

        It is easy to go up experience levels in Avalon, at least initially,
but it has many more levels than usual in MUAs so rising to a new level doesn't
mean much - it can happen just by talking to someone for long enough. There is
a MUD2-like task system to rise from the third-highest level ("ultimate") to
the second-highest ("demi-god") and highest ("god/goddess"). Avalon employs the
Gods system for its wizzes, with some modification in that gods/goddesses
cannot lose their powers once they have been obtained.  Nevertheless, it is
still rather galling for many players to have to prostrate themselves in front
of other players if they are to advance in Avalon. The gods also earned an
early reputation for being heavy-handed and for ignoring new players.

        The system of deities (of which their are currently eight) is
interwoven with that of skills.  There are nine guilds, each of which is
devoted to a particular style of play, with primary and secondary associated
skills, a persona as head, and (usually) a deity as patron.  Deities favour
different aspects of play, and players are encouraged to choose one as patron
that they may advance in their chosen skills more quickly, via the appropriate
guild.

        There is some lack of forethought here in that to reach god level, a
persona must identify with and follow the tenets of some other god, and thus
when they become deified there will be two gods with roughly the same outlook,
so one of them must change so as not to be supernumerary.  To change requires
alteration to Avalon itself, because at the moment it is built around a
balanced system of greek-like "god of the ..."  constructs. After several
years, when perhaps twenty or thirty gods have accumulated, this will lead to
an inevitable fragmentation into a collection of over-specialised deities
without any having a wide enough brief to be attractive to players.

        Game management is woven into the game, with a judicial system in place
allowing personae to deal with offenders. Whether this will function remains to
be seen - as with Federation II, most complaints will be about out-of-game
actions (carrier loss, program bugs) that will spoil the atmosphere if
discussed in a game context. Certainly, there have been problems: one of the
authors is rumoured to have got into an argument with a player and deleted the
entire persona file in a fit of temper.

        Avalon is atmospheric, but the room descriptions show inexperience on
the part of their authors. The purple prose falls over itself to use every word
in the synonym library, and makes the mistake of telling players how they react
to the scene.  This form of unnecessary embellishment extends into the rest of
the game, and can be very tiresome; for example, if you clap your hands it's
reported as being done "merrily" even if you did it in anger, or to call for
silence.  The dialogue for learning new skills, although interesting at first,
is samey, hard-wired, and looks too automated. The text also needs some minor
polishing, eg. "a unworthy", "the principle currency".

        Overall, the scenario feels patchy, with creatures from Tolkien
(dwarves, orcs) alongside cities from ancient Greece.  There are a large number
of locations (1,600) compared to the small number of players it allows at once
(5 external lines). Some of this size may be explained by the fact that Avalon
incorporates some ideas from Mosaic, and thus has a collection of locations
arranged in grid fashion. This may also explain why you need a steed to travel
the distance between towns.

        The magic (or magik) system is complex. Spells must be memorised, and
some require the chanting of appropriate words before they can be cast (using a
"chant" command - merely saying them won't work). A very bad move is that when
players are killed they don't start from scratch; instead, their spirit roams
the land shedding experience until another player reincarnates it.  This
fosters co-operation and friendship, which is its intent, but it also means
personae are effectively unkillable, and that in the long run players are
pretty much guaranteed to make it to god if they have enough friends.  Having
the game itself prevent unsuitable or troublemaking candidates from reaching
the top is one of the tenets of good game management.

        Avalon has several innovatory features, such as a page-based "read"
command and a page/line-based "write", random-access style, and object creation
(within a tightly-controlled framework) by mortal personae.  When you leave the
game, objects can be kept for when you restart (eg.  that weapon you
commissioned from a smith), and you restart in the room from which you quit.
This means some objects can be kept unavailable for long periods if their owner
isn't playing. There are no resets.  Shouts in Avalon get level-dependent (but
not gender-dependent) descriptions, which discourages newcomers from using this
method to communicate.  Combat is non-automatic, which makes life hard for
people without macros or fast modems.

        Avalon runs on an Archimedes, connected to modems via a multiplexer
programmed by Blane Bramble (Comms Plus! magazine's UK MUA reviewer). The
system crashes quite often, and has a reputation for never being up for very
long. The game itself uses a language called Hourglass, specially designed for
writing MUAs.  It is highly flexible, although the authors' claims that "unlike
other multi-user game languages it allows the user complete freedom in the
nature of the system created" betrays a certain naivety; it may be true of
Slate, but it certainly does not apply to MUDDLE or some of the American
object-oriented definition languages now emerging.

        To the beginner, Avalon is intimidating. This is no fault of the
players, more a consequence of the sheer amount of information presented.  It
is almost as if reading a manual is necessary before play can begin.
Instructions on how to use simple commands, such as communication, are buried
deep in the help system.  There are no automatic tours; newcomers have to rely
on a deity to show them around, which, of course, will thenceforth colour their
outlook in that god's favour.

        Avalon actively promotes role-playing. It feels less of a MUA, more of
a single-player role-playing game such as the later ones in the Ultima series.
The other players are constrained by their skills, their patronage and the
requirement that they role-play, to such an extent that they can appear little
more than the mobiles which feature in SUAs.  It is a worthy experiment,
nonetheless, and if Island of Kesmai can flourish under such limitations, so
can Avalon.

Summary:
        Avalon is very deep and very broad, but not in the usual "physical"
sense applied to MUAs; instead, it is social aspects of play that it models.
There is a great amount of detail, but always the nagging thought that in the
main it's unnecessary, mere depth for depth's sake. The game would probably
function just as well were much of the system removed; the players would
certainly feel less like they were wearing straitjackets. In their keenness to
try anything and everything, the authors have expanded Avalon into a great
sprawl of ideas, some good, some bad, many unworkable, but all interesting. In
two or three years' time, it will probably be in the first rank of MUAs.

Quotes:

        "Players may choose to worship the gods in the land, although quite
         what good this will do depends on who you choose to worship."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "The main thing that is different is the idea of skills, and being
         able to learn different skills to different levels of competence.
         This allows for every player to be different and an unknown
         quantity."
                Wabit [player]

        "Implementation [of skills and object creation] is not quite how I
         would like it to be, but it's a good start and a definite step in
         the right direction."
                Wabit [player]

        "Most of the 'usual' role-playing skills will be implemented
         (hiding, stealing, archery), as well as some more unusual ones
         (juggling, tightrope walking)."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "I really object to being told how I view the location. Besides,
         it's stupid to have a description that states you "pause to survey
         your surroundings" if you are legging it through the location, or
         one where an old woman appears and disappears every time you do a
         look... These little things really bug me!"
                Wabit [player]

        "A multi-user game's atmosphere is to a large extent formed by its
         players, and Avalon wishes to encourage a tolerant and
         constructive environment."
                Hourglass Communications [promotional material]

        "In five hours, no-one hardly said a word to me, despite the fact
         that I tried on many occasions to chat."
                Jhary [player]

        "Avalon is not simply a multi-user game, it is a way of life, a
         living world unlike anything that has existed before."
                Hourglass Communications [promotional material]


4.8     Bloodstone.

Name:                   Bloodstone
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Robert Muir, Andrew Pusey
Location:               none
Pricing Structure:      none

Brief Description:
        Advanced MUD1 clone, fantasy setting.

Historical Notes:
        Muir was originally a Shades player.  With finance from Tony Cox, he
and Pusey designed a transputer-based MUA specialising in world modelling.
Named Bloodstone, it burst on the scene in 1989 in a flurry of advance
publicity, but wasn't launched for almost a year. It finally went on-line on
MicroLink, but disappeared after a few months with hardware, software and
contractual problems.  The cost was L7/month flat fee (the equipment it ran on
cost over L20,000).

Review:
        Bloodstone was the victim of its own arrogance.  Its specifications
were so exciting that, had they been implemented in full, the authors would
have qualified for a Nobel Prize.  It was to be vast, fast-moving, incredibly
detailed, and the MUA to end all MUAs. In the end, it was brought down by
implementation problems and the cold reality that profit from MUAs in the call-
charge dominated UK market is not great.

        The driving motivation in Bloodstone, which worked in part, was
compositionality. Objects were made up of other objects, and these of others,
and so on until the author got bored.  For example, human beings were made up
of 260 parts, including eyes, finger joints and so on, but excluding individual
hairs on the head. A rose bush was made up of roots and branches, with thorns
and flowers on the branches, the flowers being made up of a stamen and petals.
Although always present, such details were not always given, however: "some
flowers" or "many petals" would be described. In this respect, the game was
able to ensure that players weren't completely swamped with information.

        Despite this level of detail, Bloodstone was intended to be set in a
continent with 12 separate countries, in which were towns and cities and 37
different races of creatures.  All these would work independently, with players
being able to have jobs during the day and be family men at night. Female
personae could become pregnant and give birth nine months later to a child.

        Mobiles were to have artificial intelligence (AI). Because of the way
bodies were made up of parts, it was possible to get eg.  a broken arm in a
fight. A mobile might be able to figure out it needed a splint, and proceed to
make one. Getting this alone to work as a general principle would be worth a
PhD in AI...

        There were initially 20 spells, including "polymorph" - change into a
different kind of creature.  This, as a side effect, would allow communication
with other creatures of that kind (which seems unrealistic).

        Everything was interlinked.  If bricks were removed from a wall, it
might collapse, bringing the rest of the building down.  Small-scale actions
could have large-scale effects.  There are, however, well known problems in the
AI field of object representation concerning this kind of activity. Either the
programmer has to list explicitly all effects of players' actions (which is
difficult and tedious) or the game's interpreter can figure it all out
on-the-fly as it happens. This latter approach, where there are a set of
physical laws that are applied to everything that has moved after a command has
been executed, is workable but vulnerable; there can be long delays as effects
are propagated throughout the universe being modelled, and some effects may
take considerable time to dampen down and disappear. Pulling a petal off a
flower may seem innocuous, but if it makes you weigh just enough that the snow
bridge upon which you're standing collapses, and this in turn starts an
avalanche, there can be wide-scale devastation that is almost impossible to
sort out.

        Bloodstone had a 25,000 word dictionary; this was quite a feat, but the
authors never made apparent which words were actually functional and which were
merely ignored. It is quite difficult to think of even 1,000 words that could
feasibly be of use in a MUA.  Again, Bloodstone appeared to be going for
overkill in an effort to impress potential customers.

        Originally, the game was intended to run on transputers, but apparently
these slowed it down. It finally ran on a custom-built 80386 machine running at
over 6 mips (but rather flakily).

        Although there were plans for graphics-based clients on the Atari ST
and the Amiga, Bloodstone's normal display was rather poor.  It didn't
word-wrap, and the text (built up from object descriptions) contained such
blunders as "a blood" and "it feels has a firm, warm texture".

        Bloodstone was envisaged as a game of life, yet there lay its central
problem: it had no gameplay to speak of. It was a simulation to incredible
depth, but there wasn't really much that players could do, it was too
open-ended. Even given the extravagant claims its publicists made, it probably
could have been forgiven all but that.

        Bloodstone was a grand concept, but doomed to failure. Its reliance on
compositionality ensured that it would be stuck in a morass of intricate inter-
relations between its components unless it sacrificed some of its depth (and
thus some of its claim to originality). Some application of AI techniques may
have alleviated the problem (eg.  lazy evaluation - expand a rose object from a
template only when it is actually in use), but the best approach would probably
have been to represent objects at a higher level of abstraction.  In the end,
depth is useless unless there's a reason for it. Bloodstone's depth didn't pass
this "so what?" test.

        Bloodstone has been included in this review because although it is
currently down, it is not out, and it may return in the near future. Hopefully,
this time it will make less boastful claims, and advertise only what it does do
rather than what it could do given a team of thirty programmers and a Cray 2
for four years. It's a very nice idea, but the programmers set their sights too
high initially.

Summary:
        Bloodstone is characterised by its almost unbelievable depth, which
dominates every aspect of it completely. It is known, however, by the conceit
of its advertising, the unlikeliness of its features ever being implemented,
and the contempt in which it held other MUAs.

Quotes:

        "I see that Bloodstone has gone down the pan. And just as MicroLink
         were about to 'start serious promotion'. Pity they didn't do that
         when it started, or they may have been able to get more than 4
         users on and brought in enough dosh to keep the thing alive."
                Nigel Hardy [Sector 7 author]

        "The game is revolutionary in that it is massive and has huge
         expansion potential."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "If you pull a wing off a fly, that creature will be missing a wing
         forever and will probably die."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "Mobiles are equipped with artificial intelligence and will
         probably strap a broken arm into a sling."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "It looks set to take the lead in the multi-player game market."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "Reports from UK-wide testers were proving enthusiastic."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "It combines all the necessary detail and commands to be able to
         walk all over the opposition and should be sufficient to convert
         players of Shades and MUD."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]

        "One of the early gripes [with MicroLink] has been about the late
         arrival of its multi-user games."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "It puts everything else into the shade."
                Derek Meakin [MicroLink chairman]

        "We feel we have a powerful enough parser for anyone."
                Robert Muir [author]


4.9     Empyrion.

Name:                   Empyrion
Importance:             2
Author(s):              ?
Location:               IOWA
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        SF, multi-skill trading game.

Historical Notes:
        Appeared on IOWA in 1990. Currently withdrawn from service.

Review:
        Empyrion is another of the well-received new MUAs, a cross between
Avalon and Federation II. Its scenario is an underwater city of the future,
divided into districts called Hages.  Each Hage is run by an administrator, a
position which may be occupied by a player. Administrators have a budget which
they can spend as they please.  Players can leave the city (a crime under city
law) and explore the surface, which is in the grips of a sinister alien force.
From there, they can trade.

        Trading gets players money, which they can spend on objects. Houses can
be commissioned, and are built over a period of time, so it's possible to go
and watch the construction engineers at their task. Like all IOWA games,
Empyrion has no sudden resets.

        There is no conventional scoring system in Empyrion. Rather, it is
skills-based: players progress by acquiring and practising survival skills such
as gun combat, medicine, bribery and street-wiseliness. What they progress to
is not apparent; there are a collection of energy beings called "eternals" with
gamesmaster status, but how exactly one becomes an eternal - if indeed it is
even possible - is not clear.

        Eternals are capable of shape-changing, and are worshipped as gods in
the city. They are able to create and alter rooms, objects, system messages and
puzzles on-line; little is built into the interpreter. In this sense, the game
is player-extensible, but only by selected players.

        The city has a legal system run by the hage administrators and a group
called "the sandmen" (as in the movie Logan's Run). For breakers of city law
they can impose fines, brainwash out skills, or order executions. This is part
of playing Empyrion, and is not to be confused with game management - that's
handled externally.

        As with Avalon, and increasingly in new MUAs, some objects can be
reserved for individual players and left in a safe place so that the next time
that player plays, the object is available. Despite its SF setting, Empyrion
does have a magic system, "the force" (as in the film Star Wars). Players
expend psi points using it and have to spend time "recharging" afterwards.
Because of its large scale, vehicles are commonplace in Empyrion to enable
players to move between places that distant from one another.

        Empyrion runs on two machines, one for the game itself and one for
mobiles.  The mobiles are therefore more akin to bots. They are written in
Prolog, and are supposedly able to learn.

Summary:
        Empyrion is an interesting game combining many features shared by other
newish MUAs, but not indulging in them to excess. However, it is rarely
available at the moment.

Quotes:

        "It certainly sounds good."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "In Empyrion, practically everything is editable on-line by the
         gamesmasters."
                Confidential [magazine]

        "Empyrion is a fascinating new game that should have Sci-Fi buffs
         sitting on the edge of their chairs."
                Confidential [magazine]


4.10    MIST.

Name:                   MIST
Importance:             2
Author(s):              David Barham, Paul Goodjohn,
                        John Medhurst, Dave Morris,
                        Shaun Plumb, Paul Friday,
                        Michael Lawrie ("Lorry"),
                        Bret Giddings, Richard Thombs,
                        Adam Bird ("Orc"),
                        Simon Smith ("Boo")
Location:               Essex University
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        Written using the Trubshaw and Bartle MUD1 interpreter, went live
Christmas 1987.  Runs on Essex University's DECsystem-10 mainframe, but not for
much longer as the computer is shortly to be scrapped.

Review:
        MIST is one of the several databases written by students for the MUD1
interpreter in its MUDDL language (NB: MUDDL is MUD1's definition language;
MUD2 uses a greatly different language, MUDDLE).  MIST introduced many JANet
users to MUAs, and was worked on by a large number of students.

        Unlike MUD1's original database, MIST uses the berserker option. This
makes for a fight-oriented game.  Management is easy, however - whichever
student is in charge any particular year usually assumes draconian powers, and
it's not unprecedented to delete the entire persona file (which would not be an
option in a commercial game).

        MIST is dated by its MUD1 interpreter and the weakness of the MUDDL
language. However, the age of the hardware upon which it runs is its final
executioner - Essex's DECsystem-10 will be switched off and melted down for
scrap sometime within the next few weeks.


Summary:
        A large mish-mash of rooms by different authors bound together in an
heroic fantasy setting.  A completely traditional, fun MUA.

Quotes:

        "MIST doesn't have any rules as such, it's a pretty anarchistic
         place as games of this type go."
                Michael Lawrie [author]

        "Rules for general behaviour are laid down by the wizards and you
         would be well advised to follow them."
                Michael Lawrie [author]


4.11    Mosaic.

Name:                   Mosaic
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Pip Cordrey ("Pippin")
Location:               none
Pricing Structure:      none

Brief Description:
        A MUA design methodology.

Historical Notes:
        Originally known as Vector, Mosaic was first suggested several years
ago, but only in 1989 did it come to the fore after a talk by Cordrey at the
Adventure 89 convention. Some of its concepts are used in Avalon.

Review:
        Mosaic is not a MUA itself; rather, it is an influential approach to
designing MUAs.

        MUAs represent rooms as a network of nodes connected bidirectionally.
The central theme of Mosaic is that a better approach would be to use a
point-based co-ordinate system instead. What normal MUAs regard as a "room" in
Mosaic would be nothing more than a collection of points that share a common
name.

        The primary advantages of a Mosaic system over normal MUAs are: room
descriptions can be generated automatically; interaction over distance is
possible; it is more realistic.

        That viable room descriptions can be generated on-the-fly is not in
doubt.  Work at Essex University established that "bookkeeping" information
(number of exits, large nearby buildings, views from windows) can be folded
into a piece of atmospheric text to produce readable complete descriptions.
However, this work was in a normal MUA environment, not in a point-based one.
A prototype of Mosaic ran into problems in that too much information was
provided to the players, with many objects visible some considerable distance
away. The solution it adopted was twofold: to provide a command whereby players
could restrict how far into the distance their "look" command proceeded; to
prioritise objects so that things like advancing dragons would be included in a
description and distant mud huts excluded. There was no command to set
priorities for each user, however, nor was there one to select the cut-off
point of priority totals above which no further information was given.

        In Mosaic, the world is divided into 1m cubes.  Each cube has a surface
type, eg. grassy plain, which determines how it is described.  Objects can be
seen at any distance, but can be occluded: line-of-sight calculations and
adjustments for atmospheric conditions are done automatically.  Descriptions
are player-relative, so players can not see what is immediately behind them
(there are objections to this aspect of "realism" - just because a player is
generally facing west, that shouldn't mean they can't keep glancing around and
picking up high-priority objects approaching from the east).

        A big play is made of Mosaic's ability to reduce the amount of text
necessary for a MUA, however in some ways it increases it.  Objects (which are
not made up of 1m cubes) need different descriptions depending on how far away
they are and the direction from which they're viewed; what looks like a house
from a distance may look like a pole from the side and look like a billboard
close up.  Objects can also have different descriptions depending on the time
of day, whether they're inside or outside, and the lighting. So although Mosaic
requires less text for describing rooms, it needs more for objects.
Interestingly, there is no provision for describing objects on-the-fly based on
whatever properties they have.

        Physical features in the game, eg. hills, can either be constructed
from unit blocks or calculated at run-time from (fractal?)  planar functions.
Distant objects can be modelled by placing appropriate surfaces at the edge of
the game world, eg. the sun, clouds, and mountains.

        Movement can be fine-tuned, so that a normal "north" command may move a
player 5m north, or 4m through marshland; a "run north" may be 10m and 8m
respectively, whereas "north very slowly" could be 1m in both cases. There is
great scope for combat in this system, since combatants can move around as they
fight, terrain advantage can be taken into account, and weapon length can play
a part - someone standing behind a bar holding a polearm would be unassailable
from even the most magic of swords. There would be no need to flee - players
would simply move away and hope their injuries weren't so great that they could
be caught again.

        Cordrey's articles on the subject include some suggestions for player
properties.  Although some of these are perhaps conceivably of use (height,
weight, build, weapon skills), others are rather eccentric (body temperature,
blood pressure, blood sugar level, endocrinic activity) and would simply get in
the way of playing the game. There are also suggestions for more accurate
physical modelling, such as handling gravity automatically, however at best
this would be a case of moving objects down until their z co-ordinate matched
that of a surface; questions of objects being overbalanced or knocked over by
having a new mass land on them are unlikely to be addressed because these are
currently research issues in AI robotics.

        Mosaic, like MirrorWorld, is a one-concept system - everything revolves
around this 1m cube idea.  In reality, though, it's less flexible than the
system employed by normal MUAs, since their nodes can be strung together in
arbitrary ways including a co-ordinate system, whereas Mosaic is held rigidly
to uniformally-sized blocks.  Perhaps a better approach would be to overlay the
rooms in a normal MUA with a co-ordinate grid, thus gaining the best of both
worlds (Avalon, which has a Mosaic segment, may do this; a single-user version
of MUD1 released around 1987 certainly did).

        Implementation of these ideas can need a good deal of computer power.
Line-of-sight calculations are required every time an object is moved, so its
new position may be reported to all players, and this can be very
cpu-intensive.  The first implementation recalculated the entire database every
time an object was moved, to check for consistency, but this approach had to be
abandoned because it proved far too slow.

        All in all, Mosaic is a neat idea but it's too restrictive and too slow
for MUA programmers' liking.  However, in one respect it would be fantastically
successful - graphics.  The co-ordinate system it envisages is precisely what
is required in a graphical MUA, and many of the problems that arise from
textual descriptions (eg. information overload) would disappear if the
information was represented visually. However, Cordrey is vehemently
anti-graphics, so no work has yet been done in this area.

Summary:
        Mosaic is an idea with potential, and its employment in MUAs in
parallel with the traditional approach would be beneficial.  However, until the
idea is taken up by MUA programmers other than the IOWA team, this is unlikely
to happen.

Quotes:

        "You never know, we may change the face of tomorrow's adventuring."
                Pip Cordrey [author]

        "Not only should this form of system make games more realistic, but
         it also means that games (especially combat) should become more
         tactical."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "The real advantage is that it is no longer necessary to sit
         scratching ones head dreaming up room descriptions, the system
         will do it for you. What is more, these descriptions will be
         accurate."
                Pip Cordrey [author]

        "Mosaic really is a progression from the early free style, free
         space tabletop game."
                Pip Cordrey [author]

        "In current MUGs, if two players both decide to get the same
         object, the one who enters the command first gets it. With Mosaic,
         the system can determine the distance to the object (and possibly
         how quickly the player can cover the distance), and delay the
         action accordingly.
                Comms Plus! [magazine]


4.12    Prodigy.

Name:                   Prodigy
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Blane Bramble ("Geolin")
Location:               IOWA
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone, Ancient Britain setting.

Historical Notes:
        Originally entitled Parody, but very recently rewritten from scratch
and renamed Prodigy (coinciding with the loss of Parody through hardware
failure).

Review:
        Parody was a run-of-the-mill MUA set in "Wesarg", a mythical part of
pre-Christian Britain.  Written in Slate, it was subject to all the limitations
of that language, and Blane Bramble, its author, decided to rewrite it as
Prodigy using a language of his own design. Although this will eventually make
the game much better, most of it doesn't yet work. Worse, the original Parody
game had to be taken away because of hardware problems, so at present there is
no MUA available containing the complete Parody universe.

        In Prodigy, players choose a character class for their persona, one of
warrior, rogue, priest or mage (standard AD&D classes). There is no difference
at the top level for each class, which equates with wiz; players need 3,072,000
points to reach wiz, though - the highest yet seen in a MUA and probably
attributable to the "pinball scoreboard effect" of scaling all point values by
a large number so as to give the impression that players are doing better than
they actually are.

        Experience points are gained by solving puzzles, or by finding objects
and selling them to a trader (ie. back to the game). Experience points can,
unusually for MUAs, be spent, either in the anachronistic casino (playing a
card game based on baccarat) or on spells.  Later, experience points may also
be exchanged for goods in shops, eg. food. The ability to swap experience for
spells, though, gives a more interesting trade-off: players who do it will not
go up levels as quickly (because they spend some of their experience points),
however they may survive longer in the long term.

        The magic system is not fully implemented, but the spells Prodigy has
at the moment are mainly combat-oriented, with no "blind" or "deafen" spells
(a hang-over from the original Slate implementation). However, it does have
its own unique spell, "charm", which stops its victim (usually the person who
cast it) from being attacked by mobiles for six seconds.

        When finished, Prodigy will have 160 extra locations, more puzzles, and
more objects; Bramble has delegated editorial control to one of the players.
The database definition language it employs is under wraps, but although it is
better than Slate it clearly has its problems: everything is stored in memory,
which can quickly run out, and which has to be backed up to disc every so
often, causing long pauses while it happens.  Furthermore, its implementation
is not all it should be - adding any data to memory slows the game down due to
its having more information to search.  As is normal with a new implementation,
Prodigy is shaky at the moment and prone to bugs and crashes. Its spelling and
punctuation are in need of being proof-read.

        Fights are novel in that players can use two weapons at once, but they
are ultimately fruitless activities because the worse that can happen if you
lose is a loss of 25% of your points.  This makes attacking powerful players
unattractive - if you plan an ambush and beat them, they're still pretty well
as powerful and can thrash you on their own terms as often as they like at a
later date.  That said, fights are complicated by weapons having different
properties: attack, defence, parry, speed and damage.  They also have an aura
(ie. alignment), which if different to the player's own will cause a
degradation in performance.  It is therefore essential in Prodigy to choose the
weapon that best fits your needs - more realistic than most MUAs.

        Prodigy has parser capable of accepting adjectives on the object (eg.
"get tabby cat"), and it has a pronoun ("me").  It will auto-abbreviate names,
which are unique in the first three letters (Avalon does a similar thing to
four letters), so "Geolin" can be shortened to "Geo" in all cases.  This would,
however, appear to limit quite drastically the number of readable persona names
Prodigy can accept.

        Uncommonly among non-academic MUAs, Prodigy has its own in-built
mail/notes system as part of its command set.  Almost invariably in other MUAs,
this function is carried out by an external program, being an activity not
conducive to maintaining atmosphere.  Nevertheless, it does appear handy, and
may find its way into other MUAs after a while.

Summary:
        Prodigy is an average MUA, pleasant enough but nothing special. It will
increase in popularity as it is fleshed out, particularly because its author is
the MUA correspondent for Comms Plus! magazine.

Quotes:

        "Parody is a fascinating game to play."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "The quickest way to get to Mage is to ignore spells completely, IF
         you can survive without them!"
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "The story line is a strong one, and the senior players are
         attentive and available."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "'Oh good,' I hear you say.  'Maybe we'll see some serious
         additions to the game with someone else writing.' But no - having
         seen one of her puzzles it seems the game will continue in a
         similar vein to its currently confused setting."
                Blane Bramble [author]

        "Memory is fairly limited on the current machine, and if the memory
         limit is reached the game will probably flame-out (crash and
         burn)."
                Blane Bramble [author]

        "If you are keen on fantasy and AD&D then you should investigate
         this game."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]


4.13    Quest.

Name:                   Quest
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Phil Harling ("Amstar"),
                        Marcus Tyler-Moore ("Totty"),
                        Ady Parker ("Apollo"),
                        Ian Cumbers ("Legal"),
                        Pip Cordrey ("Pippin")
Location:               IOWA
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:


Historical Notes:
        Originally entitled Quest 1, written in 1986 by Harling, then in his
early teens. Rewritten in 1987 for an Amstrad 6128, and again for an SBS PC
clone. In this latest incarnation, it was ported to IOWA.

Review:
        Quest is a game permanently in a state of never-progressing
development. It has around 300 rooms with more promised, and has had since
1988.  Their descriptions are brief (often only one line), and there are
numerous incorrect spellings.  Object descriptions are of a length that other
MUAs would use as their name, and they are folded together (eg. "You can see a
soggy snowball and a magic mushroom").  This all combines to make the game
rather unatmospheric.

        The gameplay is clearly an attempt to rationalise the idea of rolling
resets.  Instead of a man in a white coat, Quest is run by a computer-
generated wizard called Taliesin.  He creates and recreates the world,
recycling treasure by placing it back in play.  Points are scored by dropping
objects down a bottomless pit, or, for higher-level players, giving them to
Taliesin's apprentice.  This mobile is supposed to be a comic figure, and will
either pass the treasure on to Taliesin for reprocessing, drop it, or give it
back to the player.

        Quest claims to be the first MUA with gambling, since it has a system
where players can bet points on the results of gladiatorial combat in an
amphitheatre (although they can't themselves participate).  When players do
fight, whoever is defeated will lose half their points if they were attacked,
or all their points if they started it.

        As with most MUAs, players can die silly deaths in Quest, eg.  by
falling from a great height. The standard practice in this event is to quit the
player from the game and to fine them a small percentage of their points
(possibly 0%).  Quest makes them lose the number of points since they last did
an explicit "save" command, since it has no automatic saving of score.  This
can irritate players, who object to having to type "save" every so often while
they are exploring.

        Players in Quest can pick up objects, mobiles and each other.  This
latter feature is generally regarded as inadvisable in MUAs except when
undertaken by wizzes, since it effectively renders a player captive and
immobile.  Nevertheless, in Quest it is thought to be a pretty nifty trick.

        It is possible to send messages from Quest to players in MirrorWorld.
However, given the overall shoddiness of Quest, prospective players will
probably be in MirrorWorld anyway...

Summary:
        A shallow, narrow MUA that seems virtually abandoned by its programming
team.  Were it given more attention it could be one of the better Slate games,
but as it is it's fossilised in a state of neglect.

Quotes:

        "There are some nice touches to the game."
                ACE [magazine]

        "Along similar lines to MirrorWorld, the game has managed to
         introduce ideas of its own, and so has avoided the problem of
         being thought a MirrorWorld clone."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "It certainly is a step onward from the original game he [Harling]
         wrote, including some very imaginative features."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "The thing that is most unique is that it has a strong storyline
         that makes the whole universe plausible."
                Confidential [magazine]


4.14    Realm.

Name:                   Realm
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Martin Hardcastle
Location:               CompuNet
Pricing Structure:      L1.50/hour

Brief Description:
        MUD1 clone, Tolkienesque.

Historical Notes:
        Launched with a fanfare in late 1989, but little publicity since then.
Its 17-year-old author took two years to write it.

Review:
        Realm is set in a fantasy world like that of Middle Earth, where a once
prosperous population has been devastated by natural disaster and overrun by
evil creatures. Players are humans, elves, dwarves etc., whose task is to amass
points in the usual treasure-finding/puzzle-solving/monster-killing fashion
until they reach the wiz level ("Immortal").

        The game has a reputation for good, atmospheric descriptions, a usable
MUD2-style hierarchy of object classes, and a superbly detailed combat system.
Unfortunately, there is no guest account and you need to be a subscriber to
CompuNet to play it.

        Realm runs on a 1mb Atari ST.


Summary:
        A good, traditional MUA, but without the backing it properly deserves
and somewhat overpriced.

Quotes:

        "For my money, one of the best multi-user games."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "Realm is just the sort of game I'd hoped to see on CompuNet one
         day. A true, traditional MUG in the style of MUD and Shades."
                Alan Wright [player]

        "I liked it because it is very fair to slow, stupid beginners like
         myself."
                Alan Wright [player]

        "A world where magic works and heroes are as common as the monsters
         they slay."
                Martin Hardcastle [author]


4.15    Trash.

Name:                   Trash
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Matthew Ward ("Ambushbug")
Location:               Prestel
Pricing Structure:      L4.80/hour 8am - 6pm
                        L1.20/hour 6pm - 8am
                        L19.80/hour on (0898) 100890

Brief Description:
        Non-standard MUD1 clone, "humorous" setting.

Historical Notes:
        With Shades' success, Neil Newell set up a company (Third Millenium
Systems) to design and market MUAs. The first product to appear was Trash,
written in 1989 using Newell's MUGICK language.  Despite being on
Prestel/Micronet, it has not been a hit.

Review:
        Trash was deliberately written to be funny.  MUAs are meant to be
entertaining, so Trash goes all out to amuse with "wacky" descriptions and
"weird" premisses. Unfortunately, it tries too hard, and most of it really
isn't all that amusing.

        The objective is to collect trash (as opposed to treasure) and dump it
in an atomic furnace. For this, the players receive credits which can be spent
on restoring stamina, buying things, or on psionic powers.  Psionic powers are
intended to be an encouragement to role-players, so ones playing evil personae
might concentrate on increasing their telekinesis or pyrokinesis psionics,
whereas good personae might focus on a power like faith healing.

        Although this may appear to be a standard MUA with just the names
changed (psionics=magic, trash=treasure, atomic furnace=swamp), there is
actually a fairly interesting structure lying beneath it. Players go up levels
not by accumulating credits, but by increasing their "promotional prospects".
By solving puzzles in the game, a player's promotional prospects are raised a
few percentage points. When the total reaches 100%, the player goes up an
experience level - there are 12 in all, the top being 'Lord/Lady'.  Although
credits can be used to increase your chances of survival, they aren't intrinsic
to rising levels.

        Because of this puzzle-centred outlook, and the fact that higher-level
players get no reward for solving easy puzzles, Trash should attract the more
serious players who like ordinary SUAs, rather than just pure MUA addicts.
However, its self-conscious humour tends to drive such people away.
Nevertheless, Trash does have a larger number of puzzles than is common in
MUAs, and ensures that players need to have solved virtually all of them before
they reach the top level.

        The game does have some background information to justify why players
are performing their trash-seeking tasks, concerning endotropic levels of
small dimensions within the multiverse.  These "small dimensions" are actually
pocket MUAs in the overall Trash scenario, and have a theme running through
them.  Some are generic, eg. "Heavy Citadel of Metal" and "the Pyramid of
Tutan", but others poke fun at specific targets: "Shades of a land" spoofs
Shades; "Cabbages and Caves" does AD&D; "Off-Centre Earth" is Lord of the Rings
and "Starship Wantarise" is Star Trek.

        So why hasn't Trash been as successful as expected? Part of the reason
is its gameplay - not everyone is an adventure fan, and if there's no
alternative to problem-solving then they won't play.  However, the main reason
is its setting - the forced atmosphere of crazy (ie. unfunny) humour grates
after a few minutes, and the strange logic of the game is too much of a
departure from reality for many players to consider fair. It may seem a good
joke for players to get a spaceship from a spaceship tree, but it's not really
the first thing you'd look for if you wanted to undertake interstellar travel.

        Trash runs an an IBM AT.

Summary:
        A good, puzzle-oriented MUA with an interesting alternative to
convention experience points, totally ruined by an inappropriate scenario.

Quotes:

        "With a name like that, no-one can prosecute it under the Trades
         Descriptions Act."
                [Traditional]

        "The whole game is puzzle oriented, and takes one step closer to
         being an adventure game for multiple players. Here, the
         distinction between a MUG and a MUA becomes more pronounced."
                Ace [magazine]

        "The puzzles range from easy to incredibly annoyingly difficult."
                Confidential [magazine]

        "Trash is one of the strangest multi-user games around, combining
         fire-breathing cabbages and inflatable hovercars with Matthew
         'Ambushbug' War's own inimitable style and humour."
                Third Millenium Systems [promotional material]

        "Where else could you grow your own spaceship, meet fire-breathing
         cabbages, teach machinery to hum in tune, cause pink blancmange to
         rain from the sky, clamber through a giant statue and drive around
         in an inflatable hovercar - while clearing up rubbish!?"
                Third Millenium Systems [promotional material]

        "Couple the puzzles with large doses of humour and you get a game
         that's both satisfying and highly enjoyable."
                ACE [magazine]

        "Anything and everything may happen in the game, and though there
         is always a certain logic in the background it may not be easy to
         find."
                Confidential [magazine]

        "Trash has been MUGICK's first big challenge, and I'm very pleased
         with the results. Matt has really made MUGICK do some very strange
         things indeed!"
                Neil Newell MUGICK [author]


4.16    Void.

Name:                   Void
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Clive Lindus ("Dirk")
Location:               (0903) 700737
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Non-standard MUD1 clone, multi-setting.

Historical Notes:
        Lindus was a player of Zone, who became disillusioned with it and
decided to write his own alternative. Void was premiered two years later at the
Adventure 89 convention, and was launched in 1990.

Review:
        Void, like Trash, is a multi-setting game. Its linking scenario is that
reality rifts are being caused by the construction of an intergalactic
throughway, and that players can fall through these rifts into parallel worlds.
At present, Void consists of 450 rooms split into 9 environments (with another
due shortly) including a fairground, a school, an ice palace, Dodge City in the
wild west, and Narnia.  This idea of connecting popular milieux together in one
consistent system has gained currency in face-to-face role-playing, and will
probably become one of the next fads in MUAs, too.

        Everything in Void is there as an aid to role-playing. It is not
really a game, since there is no real goal; instead, it is a framework to
promote imaginative interaction between players.  There is, for example, no
combat, and thus the speed at which players progress through its twelve levels
is dependent directly on the amount of time they invest in accumulating points.
Alignment is explicit, either good or evil, and is not monitored by the game
(Avalon, on the other hand, determines alignment by what players do, not by
what they say they'll do).

        The emphasis on role-play is a pity in one way, because Void actually
has quite a good game system underlying it. Players' stamina decreases with
time, and is replenished by food and drink. Magical power, on the other hand,
increases over time and is reduced by the use of spells. Spells for each player
are kept in that player's personal spellbook, and even at the highest level
(arch angel or demon lady/lord, depending on alignment) not all spells are
available. Thus, other players are unknowns - a rather attractive and realistic
idea.  One-off spells can be obtained by reading appropriate scrolls.

        Points are of two types, magical and social.  The former correspond
with points in other MUAs, the latter are just things that players get a few of
each week to give to their friends - there is no gameplay reason for having
them. Magical points are obtained in Gods-like fashion by offering them to the
ruler (ie.  creator - usually an ex-Zone player) of the world you're in at the
time, at some appropriate location.

        Void has more depth than you'd expect - it can handle smells, for
example - but it is selective in that interaction between players is handled in
a far more detailed fashion than the rest of the game. It has, for example, a
modern switch facility, so that a string containing, say, "/Fred" will expand
to "Fred" for everyone except Fred, in which case it expands to "you". This can
be used to good effect in emotion commands, eg. "Growl at /Fred".

        The reason for this degree of attention to inter-persona messaging is
because it is Void's raison d'etre - the whole point of playing is to role-play
in imaginative ways with other players.  Some of it is sexual, but on the whole
it is good-natured and fun, rather than the sometimes sordid behaviour which
goes on in Zone.  A side effect is that some desirable commands usually left
out of MUAs are present in Void for effect - "dress" and "undress" are there,
which means "wear" is also present and is distinct from "get". Cash is part of
the game, and can be spent on various services, such as the "ogram" (sending a
message to another player by means of a transient messenger, eg.  a kissogram).
Perhaps surprisingly, perhaps not, Void has a larger proportion of female
players than most MUAs.

        There is some humour written explicitly into the game, which can be
intrusive.  Players can create their own prefixes, although there's no problem
with that because virtually anything they choose can be fitted into the
scenario, and even misspellings only add to the general feeling of fun.

        Player names can be abbreviated to minimum uniqueness, although there
are problems when this conflicts with command names, and when other players
enter whose entire name is someone else's minimum.  Void's players form a
small, tight-knit yet gregarious community, however, and if people do mess it
around they can usually be persuaded in friendly fashion to be a little more
thoughtful.  Whether that would be possible with a larger user base seems
unlikely, though.

        There is a bulletin-board in Void that can be accessed from within the
game.  Normally, this would be too dangerous for players to use - while they're
in the BB, their persona could be being attacked. However, since Void has no
fights, it's safe to have one there.

        Void has an unfriendly rivalry with Avalon, which it sees as poaching
its players - the game was deserted for a time when Avalon came out, and is
only now recovering due to Avalon's fragility.  Some of Avalon's programmers
and gods are regarded as particularly arrogant by Void stalwarts.

        Void is hard-coded in Pascal, with text and object/room definitions
written externally in a simple database definition language. It has just four
external lines, and runs on two IBM ATs.

Summary:
        Void is really little more than a virtual reality to encourage
role-playing, often of the flirtatious type but by no means restricted to that.
With some concessions to gameplay and a few puzzles, it could really get to be
quite good, however its author, Clive Lindus, seems happy with what he has - a
light piece of variety with a warm nose.

Quotes:

        "The availability of different realms is an interesting alternative
         to offering several different games."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "There are quite a few touches of humour in the game."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "I like it!  Wonderfully inventive and atmospheric."
                Lizandith [player]

        "The main idea of the game is enjoyment, and how you achieve this
         (as long as it doesn't stop someone else enjoying themselves) is
         up to you."
                Void [promotional material]

        "I try to take a back seat and let players get on with
         role-playing. The best way is for me to play as well. I think all
         this "I'm the coder" rubbish puts people off."
                Clive Lindus [author]

        "This game is truly run for the players: no charge to play, and
         relying on players' ideas to improve it. Before you worry about
         Avalon, spare a thought for Void - I think it deserves its fair
         quota of players as well."
                Clive Lindus [author]


4.17    Zone.

Name:                   Zone
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Chris Butterworth ("Gandalf")
Location:               Lap of the Gods
Pricing Structure:      L0.575/hour or
                        L11.50/month flat fee

Brief Description:
        Non-standard MUD1 clone, debauchery setting.

Historical Notes:
        Butterworth was playing Shades when another player suggested that
someone should write an adult MUA.  Zone was finished in 1987, and went live
independently (with only two external lines). In 1988, it moved to the Lap of
the Gods system.

Review:
        Zone is short for Erogenous Zone.  It is a MUA deliberately written to
be "adult" and controversial, and succeeds admirably in both areas:
over-reaction by BT to the threats of self-styled "moral guardians" could
eventually lead not only to the removal of Zone from the telephone network, but
also of every other MUA. Zone could then use its notoriety to flourish abroad,
but most other MUAs would simply die. That Zone will best succeed in the long
run by annoying the anti-pornographic lobby and getting banned perhaps
explains its stalwart refusal to make all but the most token gestures towards
ensuring that people aren't offended.

        In Zone's case, at least originally, it was intended to be
controversial only in that it was thought-provoking; more cynical approaches to
generate publicity by explicit lewdness had been suggested, however - most
notoriously CompuNet's now-abandoned After Midnight project. Zone has given way
to pressure to a minor extent in that it now asks players to state their age,
and won't let them play if they say they're under 18; however, it has no way of
verifying that people are telling the truth, and there have been suggestions
that the question could really be intended as more of a gimmick to entice new
players than as a demonstration of Lap of the Gods' responsibility.

        The game itself (and it is a game) is set in an old mansion, its
grounds, and a temple (dedicated to Sappho, a Greek poetess whose behaviour
gave rise to the word "lesbian"). Compared to other MUAs, Zone has a small
database and few items of treasure. Points can be scored by taking objects to
the temple altar and offering them to Sappho, but the main way for players to
increase their score is to do just that - score with the other players.

        Zone has a command "make love to ... ". Players have to get into the
right mood first by use of "cuddle" and "kiss" type commands, and the process
can be speeded up by consuming alcohol. Points are awarded depending on
location, participants, deflowering virgins, and who issued the "make love"
command. If a persona is being made love to and doesn't want to be (ie. is
being raped), there is a "stop" command - but it costs points to use.

        Lovemaking uses up stamina, which can be recovered by consuming food
and drink. Alcohol intake can have advantageous effects, but too much will
cause disorientation, and, beyond that, death.  MUD2 has a more complete
treatment of alcoholic beverages (and, since it deals with liquids properly,
allows drinks to be diluted), but there is no advantage gained by drinking in
that game.  In Zone, it's practically mandatory.

        There are twelve levels, the top being master/mistress.  There are
arch-wizzes for game management purposes, although since mortals can do pretty
well everything except swear in Zone their position isn't very taxing.  A nice
touch is that the game leaves its own messages of congratulations on the Zone
bulletin-board when someone reaches master or mistress. Although there is no
combat in Zone, players can lose points by seducing or being seduced by a
player of a much lower level.  From a gameplay viewpoint, then, lovemaking is
Zone's equivalent of combat.

        Although Zone is a MUA in the traditional sense, these aspects of it
have been neglected in favour of its role-playing side.  New objects are added
occasionally, but as props rather than as tools or treasure. For example,
kittens are a recent addition to Zone, but there's no way to score points from
them.  Other objects have shared a similar fate.  This is a shame, because,
like Void, Zone has some nice touches.  Its parser is capable of distinguishing
between "drink cocktail" (meaning all objects present of class cocktail) and
"drink a cocktail" (meaning just one cocktail). Furthermore, it doesn't execute
all the bindings at once: there's a time delay. Thus, if you "drop all" and
then move after two objects have been dropped, the remainder of the "drop all"
will be abandoned.

        Although shallow in areas of gameplay, Zone provides many facility
which can promote role-playing by the players. As well as "dance with ... ",
"dress", "undress" and "hold hands with ... " commands, Zone has the latest
switch feature in its strings (as in Void, but with possessives handled too).
Magic is also like Void's, with spells costing magical power, and magical power
replenishing with time.  It has two first-level spells, "where" and "summon";
"summon" doesn't work on mobiles as they follow set paths when they move, and
would therefore become lost if derailed.

        Atmosphere is therefore all there is in Zone.  The players, and the way
they choose to interact, are the only reason for playing it - as a game, it's
very thin. However, that makes it very vulnerable: 1990 has seen many of Zone's
customers departing for Void. They can't be lured back, because this kind of
sexual role-playing is virtually database-independent, and Void has a major
advantage over Zone in that it's free. The only way that Zone can survive in
the long term is by having more publicity than Void (eg.  switching to the
Playboy bulletin-board), or by dropping its charges.

        Zone is written in SuperBasic and runs on a Thor (a Sinclair QL clone
with 3«" discs).

Summary:
        There is definitely a market for games like Zone, and a well-written
MUA along those lines could attract a large number of players. However, the
large networks won't touch it because of the moral backlash of so doing, which
could be expected from almost every pressure group in the country - religious,
social, political, academic, whatever. Whether this is fair on Zone is not for
this review to determine, however it would certainly be a gross error to tar
all MUAs with the same brush.

Quotes:

        "In Zone, the idea is to make love, not war."
                Lap of the Gods [promotional material]

        "It is friendly in the Zone - make no mistake about it. The nature
         of the game dictates that all players interact to a great degree
         after all!"
                Ace [magazine]

        "I talked to a teenage girl who said that she had never been
         pressurised into participating in anything in Zone."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "Fi [a female Federation II player] wasn't very impressed with
         Zone's being oriented around sex, rather than its being a
         side-line as it is in some other games. We wondered if perhaps
         young people came away from Zone with inappropriate ideas about
         relationships?"
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "In the first 6 hours of being on-line, the game had a player
         logged in for 5.75 hours. ...  Over the next month, the players
         proved that even a game with 65 rooms and a trivial amount of
         treasure could be popular."
                Chris Butterworth [author]

        "Since some people are a little touchy about the subject of making
         love, you must be 18 or over to play this (and not touchy)."
                Lap of the Gods [promotional material]

        "(Almost) in the words of one famous MUG - 'You haven't lived until
         you've screwed in Zone'!"
                Jhary [player]

        "[It is an offence to send] by means of a public telecommunications
         system a message, or other matter, that is grossly offensive or of
         an indecent, obscene or menacing character."
                [Section 43.1(a), Telecom Act 1984]

        "British Telecom is concerned about the use to which a network is
         put but it is not the guardian of the nation's morals."
                BT spokesman [quoted in Popular Computing Weekly magazine]

        "The whole process is a product of the state of arousal of the
         players, how drunk they are, and the state of their undress."
                Ace [magazine]

        "We are certainly going to go down this [on-line pornography]
         route when we have cleared some of the other things off the lines.
         At the moment, the government is just washing its hands of this
         sort of thing."
                Terry Lewis [MP for Worsley]

        "The game is ADULTS ONLY, as it involves large amounts of drinking
         and sex - which can make for quite funny games. A bit weird to get
         used to..."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "It is NOT a dating agency, and anyone using it as such faces ...
         legal action."
                Lap of the Gods [promotional material]

        "On-line porn is freely available to youngsters."
                Headline in Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]


4.18    Chaos World of Wizards.

Name:                   Chaos World of Wizards
Importance:             3
Author(s):              Pip Cordrey ("Pippin"),
                        Nat Billington ("Natso"),
                        Lorenzo Wood ("Penfold"),
                        Phil Harling ("Amstar"),
                        ? ("Esoniq"),
                        ? ("Birax")
Location:               IOWA
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone with facilities for all players to create rooms and
objects.

Historical Notes:
        Went live on IOWA in mid-1990.

Review:
        Chaos World of Wizards (or Chaos for short) is what Pip Cordrey terms a
MUPEG - a 'multi-user player-extensible game'. By that, he means it is a
normal MUA except that the players have the ability to create their own rooms
and objects.  Although this is the main type of MUA available on the academic
networks, few games in the UK industry work that way. As usual for games on
IOWA, a claim is made that the idea originated there, and that those games
which do provide facilities for players to add rooms are taking on board IOWA's
suggestions. In actuality, the notion is not new: the second version of MUD1
had it back in 1979.

        Chaos is in its early stages at the moment, and is therefore fragile
and incomplete; however, even when it is finished it is likely to be very
shallow and not especially broad. A manual for its design language is promised,
but at present the only information available is the rather limited help coded
into the MUA itself.  This shows that rooms and objects have two buffers, for
long and short descriptions.  One buffer is selected, and text is appended to
it a line at a time. A "clear" command will empty a buffer, but there are no
other editing commands.  When both buffers are full, the player can either
"makerm" or "makeobj". Judging by the small number of commands listed, it seems
that the on-line definition language works by currying object types into the
commands, eg. "killrm" works on rooms but not objects.  This implies that the
system makes a fundamental distinction between rooms and objects, and thus is
both inflexible and limited in the long run.

        Given that this is the central feature of Chaos, it is surprisingly
weak. The only property of an object that can be set is its value, and
therefore the only use objects can have at present is as treasure.  There are
no instructions on how to link rooms together, but there is a "rmexit" command
mentioned which may do it. All these features, and many more, are present in
MUD2; the two ways that Chaos differs are that objects are created permanently,
and that anyone can create them, even novices.

        Because the game is in its infancy, much of the hype surrounding it is
of the "eventually, you'll be able to..." kind. Some of these claims are
reasonable, but others show a deep misunderstanding of how people play MUAs.
Chaos is envisaged as combining the object-creation part of a MUA with the
actual playing of the game.  Thus, players can fight one another
conventionally, but will have to create any weapons themselves. They can create
spells to use against one another, and design counter-spells for defence.
Unfortunately, all this is idealistic nonsense: either the spells or weapons
will all be of maximum devastation, or there will be a limited number of
predefined types which players can combine in strictly determined ways.  The
suggestion that players will willingly create low-damage weapons so that they
can role-play with them better is ludicrous - some players may do that, but it
only takes one not to and the whole game is compromised.

        Cordrey sees the game as evolving, unlike TinyMUD, by introducing a
form of meta-combat where players can destroy or take control of one another's
creations. This seems a suitably grand thing to do, but it reduces the MUA to a
simple strategy game in a godlike setting. It also makes the game very
difficult for newcomers who wish to build their own rooms yet are powerless
against the might of long-standing players.  People will also find it difficult
to play the game like a normal MUA if such large-scale events are happening all
the time, especially if they can't take part in them at that level.

        There is no requirement that Chaos rooms are all from the same milieu,
so SF worlds can coexist with fantasy ones. This is attractive, but not when
objects from those worlds cross over - a SF weapon against a roman shortsword
would be no contest, for example. Some of the other suggestions, eg.  that
players should create room complexes and then play in them normally, are also
naive - the urge to cheat is too strong.  Besides, if people wanted to do that
then they'd be better served by a SUA-design program, of which many are on the
market.

        Finally, Chaos is promised a means by which players will be able to
create mobiles, program them, and give them their own personalities.  Like
spell-creation, this involves writing program code, and that involves either
highly advanced exception-handling or completely infallible programmers.
Unfortunately, neither solution is likely to be available.

        Chaos World of Wizards runs on a Sun workstation.

Summary:
        Allowing complete novices to create rooms is a dubious enough activity
at the best of times. The way Chaos hopes to merge such activities with those
of normal MUA-playing dooms it to failure. Its ideas are attractive, but fly in
the face of reality. Some good will come out of it, for example talented
writers will probably emerge; however, without violent changes to its basic
premisses, Chaos will burn itself out after a couple of years of intensive use.

Quotes:

        "As well as a peaceful distraction from the mayhem of playing a
         'real' MUG, Chaos should be an interesting long-term project as
         the game unfolds in the way the players themselves wish."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "One of the problems with MUPEGs is that they become disjointed and
         dog-eared if not adequately controlled. Some of the games now have
         a committee which authorises players to link their particular
         development area with the body of the game."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]

        "If this [acquiring other players' creations] is well implemented
         it could make Chaos extremely interesting as alliances shift and
         diplomacy replaces treasure-hunting."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "Since I first introduced the idea and later wrote about it in
         Confidential, a number of traditional MUGs have adopted some of
         the ideas and are introducing MUPEG-like features."
                Pip Cordrey [owner]


4.19    Rock.

Name:                   Rock
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Phil Fox
Location:               Essex University
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone in a Fraggle Rock setting.

Historical Notes:
        The first game written for the MUD1 interpreter by someone who didn't
work on MUD1 itself, around 1983.


Review:
        Rock is 100 rooms of fantasy set in the Fraggle Rock milieu. It
includes most things present in the TV series, along with some rather inventive
weaponry that stretched MUDDL to its limits (eg.  an electric drill you make
yourself out of various components found lying around).

        Rock was lost for several years, but was discovered on some ancient
back-up tapes and reconstructed.

        For further details on MUDDL, see the review of MIST.

Summary:
        Small, quirky and surprisingly violent game in a fun (but unlicensed)
setting.

Quotes:

        "Rock is based on ITV's Fraggle Rock, and is generally regarded to
         be impossibly deadly!"
                Micro Adventurer [magazine]

        "Even at Essex University, different types of MUD have sprung into
         existence, with Rock being the first 'unofficial' MUD."
                An Introduction to MUD [book]


4.20    Sector 7.

Name:                   Sector 7
Importance:             3
Author(s):              Nigel Hardy ("Quinch")
Location:               (081) 952 5128
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone, cyberpunk setting.

Historical Notes:
        Demonstrated at Adventure 89 as Dark City, it was originally an
experiment in MUA-writing.  It presently runs on the author's bulletin-board,
but as a SUA as the system has only one external line.

Review:
        Sector 7 was written in the three weeks prior to the Adventure 89
convention.  Its atmospheric cyberpunk setting gained it many admirers, despite
the fact that at the time it had no fighting, no mobiles, no way to progress,
and few puzzles.

        The main purpose of writing the game was to learn how it could be done.
Hardy had no wiz experience in any games, and used Shades as a model.
Nevertheless, Sector 7 has some features beyond Shades' capabilities, including
on-line editing of objects and rooms.

        Sector 7 is written in GFA Basic and runs on a 1mb Atari ST with a 40mb
hard disc, multiplexed by an IBM PC.

Summary:
        A shallow, narrow, simple game that convincingly demonstrates both how
easy a basic model MUA is to write, and the enormous potential of a cyberpunk
setting.

Quotes:

        "It was originally written as an exercise for myself, to see if I
         could do it; the feedback at Adventure 89 where I demoed it was
         enough to keep me working on getting it going."
                Nigel Hardy [author]

        "It can be used as a simple introduction to MUGs which won't cost
         much."
                Nigel hardy [author]


4.21    Other MUAs.

        The MUAs presented in this subsection exist, but little is known about
them - a flier, a message on a bulletin-board, a magazine article. They are
included here in case they reappear in the near future. None were available for
playtesting at the time of this report's writing.

        Only those parts of the review header which can be filled in are given.
All are of the third rank in importance.


Name:                   AMP

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        One of the first (if not the first) MUAs written by a MUD1 player.
Last seen at Adventure 89, but probably still running happily somewhere.

Review:
        AMP's present location is unknown, and there is no publicity material
concerning it.

        AMP pioneered the use of shape as a property of objects to determine
whether they fit inside containers.

Summary:
        Friendly (if dated) MUA with good depth.


Name:                   Daemon Adventure

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone, multi-setting.

Historical Notes:
        Only known appearance - Adventure 89.

Review:
        The flier for Daemon Adventure describes it as one of a series of MUAs,
based on 10 different play areas combined together to form a games world with
over 2,000 locations.  These include Arthurian, Egyptian, Western and
Futuristic areas.  Thus, it is similar to Trash and Void in combining several
milieux into one.  That said, it concentrates heavily on magic, quests, and
(presumably setting-independent) combat.

        Great play is made of the fact that the game has many mobiles, and that
these are programmed to perform tasks. Some are friendly, others are not, and
they may even fight one another. None of this is new to second-generation MUAs,
so it hints at Daemon Adventure's having been written by a player of Shades,
MirrorWorld or similar.

        There are no resets in the game, and the persona file keeps location
and inventory details; although standard practice in SUAs, this rarely works in
a MUA, as it removes objects from play and thus renders some puzzles
unsolvable.  How areas are reclaimed once played out is not explained.

        Daemon Adventure boasts a fast response time and "the latest in
multi-user software techniques", allowing it to support 50 players at once.

Summary:
        Many of Daemon Adventure's claimed features are probably vapourware.
However, if they are fully implemented the game may prove successful. Some
aspects of the game will need to be thought through more deeply, however -
overall, there is a decided aura of "group of enthusiastic amateurs" about the
project.

Quotes:

        "The multi-user, multi-world, multi-game environment."
                QuestRole [promotional material]


Name:                   Future Life
Author(s):              Dave Mager ("Slime")
Location:               Lap of the Gods
Pricing Structure:      L0.575/hour or
                        L11.50/month flat fee

Brief Description:
        SF setting.

Historical Notes:
        Appeared late 1990.

Review:
        There has been no publicity surrounding Future Life. It appears to be
in alpha-test at the moment, and is therefore unplayable by outsiders.

Quotes:

        "Future Life is a game written by Slime, which nobody (least of all
         Slime) knows much about yet."
                Lap of the Gods [promotional material]


Name:                   Imperium
Location:               Red Star BBS
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        SF MUA.

Review:
        Imperium is advertised on several bulletin-boards, but its host system
has not been up for several weeks, and no information about it is available
other than the fact it exists.


Name:                   Mage
Author(s):              D. Harris ("Brangdon")

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        Only known appearance - Adventure 88.

Review:
        Mage is a MUA with a strong plotline - protecting a remote city from
monsters in the absence of its missing, magic-wielding feudal lord (the
"mage"). It consciously draws on ideas from face-to-face fantasy role-playing
games, and so includes skills, money and magical artefacts.

        The eventual goal of players is to find out what happened to the
missing mage.  This is uncharacteristic of MUAs - it would seem that once one
person has learned the secret, the game should be effectively over for
everyone.  Even if it involves elevation to a higher plane (ie. a wiz level),
keeping the secret will inevitably prove impossible.

        Mage is written in C and runs on an unmodified AT clone.

Summary:
        Mage appears to be a single-user role-playing game at heart.
Nevertheless, it is interestingly different enough to be worth a look if it
ever does make a public appearance.

Quotes:

        "The very best may undertake the greatest challenge - to discover
         exactly what has happened to the missing mage."
                Mage [promotional material]

Name:                   MUG
Location:               Red Star BBS
Pricing Structure:      free

Review:
        MUG runs alongside Imperium.  See the review of Imperium for more
details.


Name:                   Spacers
Author(s):              Pip Cordrey ("Pippin")

Brief Description:
        MUD1 clone, SF setting.

Historical Notes:
        First mooted in 1989, but yet to be implemented.

Review:
        Spacers a forthcoming game on the IOWA system.  It started off as an
attempt to rationalise the idea of rolling resets, and grew (but not very far)
from there.  Its setting is a space station which has fallen into disrepair and
become inhabited by Mad Max vagrants and hostile aliens. Players are rewarded
for mending the broken hardware, or replacing it with parts from a store-room;
after a while, whatever has been repaired breaks down again, thus giving the
rolling reset.  Points are also obtained for eliminating aliens.

Summary:
        An interesting alternative to normal treasure-collecting games:
instead of moving objects from all over the place to a central location, it
involves moving objects from a central location to all over the place. A neat
conceptualisation of rolling resets, but it doesn't appear to address the main
problem of such systems - they aren't adept at handling complex puzzles. If
it's not written in Slate, it should be worth a look.

Quotes:

        "Although still in its infancy, the game will add another dimension
         to the growing world of Pip Cordrey."
                Confidential [magazine]

        "Since the station is in a constant state of breakdown, it is no
         surprise when the same equipment repeatedly malfunctions, and the
         story holds together very well."
                Pip Cordrey [author]


Name:                   Strata
Author(s):              Nic Alderton

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone, SF setting.

Historical Notes:
        Only known appearance - Adventure 89.

Review:
        Strata is another MUA built on promises. Its main thrust is size: it is
envisaged as having 8,000 locations with full descriptions, including sounds
and smells. To this end, Alderton has been soliciting for location authors, and
has managed to secure some fairly big names in the MUA world (although none of
them have experience in writing their own MUAs). 8,000 rooms is sufficiently
large to make mapping virtually impossible, and the descriptions will vary
through completely different styles; the game is likely to seem as if it is a
SUA rather than a MUA.

        Mobiles are intended to have AI capabilities, but Alderton is rather
offhand about this, and appears to labour under the misapprehension that a
command along the lines of "ask <mobile> about <object>" is enough to ensure
success in that area.

        Full sensory abilities are hoped-for in Strata, including scent, taste
and audibility for all objects.  Along with many of the other features
announced in the Adventure 89 flier, these are only impressive to players of
first-generation MUAs - MUD2, for example, has them already, and has had for
some time.

        An interesting suggestion is the inclusion of pseudo-mobiles - messages
appearing on the screen appearing to indicate the presence of mobiles passing
through, but actually just there to give an impression of a bustling, crowded
environment.

        Strata has a distinction between money and score (similar to that of
Empyrion - indeed, it is possible that Strata actually is Empyrion under an
earlier name). Money is used to buy things, but only by obtaining enlightenment
points can progress to the top level (entitled 'Etheral') be made.

        Resets in Strata are of the rolling variety: Alderton sought advice
from the authors of MirrorWorld, Zone and Gods before embarking on his project.
The game has humour explicit in its descriptions, which makes them fun the
first time you read them but aggravating after the umpteenth.  However, with a
projected 8,000 rooms it is unlikely that rooms will be visited all that often
anyway...

        Strata runs on an Atari ST with a 32 megabyte hard disc.

Summary:
        If it delivers all the features it promises, Strata will be a good,
modern MUA. Concentrating on having a huge number of rooms, however, is a bad
move.  Hopefully, the author will realise that before he launches 8 novels'
worth of locations on an unsuspecting world.

Quotes:

        "I hope, when all is working, to have roughly 8,000 locations with
         full descriptions including smell and listen. I have noticed
         people try to comfort me when I tell them this, but I'm not insane
         (!). It is technically possible..."
                Nic Alderton [author]


Name:                   Wanderland
Author(s):              Ted Greene ("Wanda")

Brief Description:
        Standard, MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        One of the first MUD1 lookalikes, Wanderland is a long-standing MUA
which either moved or disappeared sometime last year.

Review:
        Wanderland is a traditional MUA with around 1,500 hundred locations in
its fantasy setting.  Treasure is easy to find, and is scored for by placing it
in the Reclaimed Land. Strangely, 524,288 points are required to make wiz.
        The game runs on a DEC computer, most probably a PDP 11.

Summary:
        A game with a pleasant atmosphere, much-loved by its players.

Quotes:

        "It's a pity there aren't a few more players around, although MUGs
         do tend to go through periods of popularity. Even so, perhaps I'll
         make Wanderland the site of my third witch."
                ACE [magazine]


Name:                   Warlord
Author(s):              Neil Newell ("Hazeii")

Brief Description:
        Combat-oriented MUA.

Historical Notes:
        Only known appearance - Adventure 89.

Review:
        Warlord is a MUA where the only means of advancing levels is fighting.
There is a monetary system overlaid on top, so that players can buy weapons,
armour and related services.

        A problem with Shades (Warlord comes from the Shades stable) is that
players with fast modems have an advantage over ones playing at slower baud
rates. This is something of a preoccupation with the author, and hence Warlord
is designed to reduce any such advantage to a minimum. How this is done exactly
isn't clear from the flier, however.

        The top level of the game is 'warlord'.

Summary:
        The main thrill killer players get in a MUA is in attacking players who
don't want to fight. Since fighting is, by definition, part and parcel of
Warlord, it probably won't have staying power except among arcade-game lovers.

Quotes:

        "The fighting tends to be fast and furious."
                Third Millenium Systems [promotional material]

        "Preparation, skill and anticipation are all vitally important if a
         player is to attempt to achieve the role of The Warlord."
                Third Millenium Systems [promotional material]

5.      Reviews - Rest of the World.

5.1     British Legends.

Name:                   British Legends
Importance:             3
Author(s):              Roy Trubshaw, Richard Bartle
Location:               CompuServe
Pricing Structure:      $12.50/hour plus
                        $9.40/hour for UK players

Brief Description:
        Archetypal MUA.

Historical Notes:
        The original MUD1 MUA, with modifications for the American market.
Launched on CompuServe in mid-1987, but the core of it dates back to early
1980. The name-change was because CompuServe thought "MUD" sounded
unattractive.

Review:
        British Legends (or simply BL) is the American name for MUD1, the very
first MUA and the one from which nearly all others are descended. Despite its
age, BL still compares well against many other MUAs, especially those available
in the USA.  Almost every feature present in MUAs, from wizzes to mobiles and
most of the vocabulary, comes from this game (although, technically speaking,
BL is MUD version 3B, a late modification of version 3A; it is 3A, or Essex
MUD, which is properly considered as the root of other MUAs).

        Although it is now dated, BL is still fun to play, continues to attract
new players, and is well managed.  Its atmosphere is good, and its players
generally responsible (40% are female - the highest published ratio of any
MUA).

        The MUDDL interpreter that underlies BL is hardwired for a fantasy
style world, and is limited in the complexity of commands it allows to be
defined.  Objects, rooms, mobiles and players are all stored using different
internal formats, which makes the writing of generic routines difficult.  Room
descriptions take no account of whether the player is able to detect the
sensations listed, so it's possible to "hear" sounds when you're deafened and
not hear them when you're blinded.  However, the system is still capable of
being expanded in certain directions - the "act" command, for example, was
taken from MUD2.

        Despite its simplicity, BL's parser is remarkably robust and
user-friendly - better than MUD2's, in fact. The game's depth is average,
although its breadth still beats that of most MUAs (on account of its age -
over the years, just about everything has been tried in it).

        Perhaps the worst thing about BL is the fact that there is a 7-second
delay between the processing of commands. This condition was imposed by
CompuServe - BL works asynchronously, and is thus normally one of the fastest
MUAs, even though the DECsystem 10/20 hardware upon which it runs is hopelessly
out of date now. In the UK, a 7-second delay in a commercial game would be
intolerable - 4 seconds is about the limit - yet since CompuServe impose
similar constraints on all their multi-player games, the USA market is
presently conditioned to accept such artificial limitations.

        Due to its age and the size of the CompuServe user base, BL is the
single most-played MUA in the world.

Summary:
        Evergreen MUA which started off the whole industry. It looks its age
when compared to the newer commercial MUAs, but is still surprisingly
sophisticated in places. A classic.

Quotes:

        "The initial attitude of the Americans was to be politely skeptical
         that any games software from the UK could be worthy of their
         attention. But once they saw the program running on their system
         they could hardly believe their eyes. So far as I know, this is
         the first British program ever to be taken by CompuServe."
                Simon Dally [MUSE managing director]

        "British Legends is better suited to the occasional user [than is
         Gemstone], with its simpler entrance requirements and a universe
         small enough to enable most players to get around adequately by
         memory."
                PC Magazine

        "The kinder, gentler [than Gemstone] British Legends makes a quick
         command summary available, along with some rather general hints."
                PC Magazine

        "Solving a puzzle for the first time is the most exciting part of
         the game."
                Ron Fitzherbert [player]

        "Adding a multi-user environment to the basic adventure game adds a
         whole new dimension."
                The Guardian

        "The first time I found myself in the swamp, a character called
         Monkey came up to talk and scared me so much that I immediately
         quit the game. I didn't know it was another person. I thought it
         was a monster about to destroy me!"
                John Starr [player]

        "Todd Carter is 22, a computer addict from Miami who was left blind
         by a gunshot wound in high school. On CompuServe, he called
         himself Blinddog when he played an adventure game called "British
         Legends". He was so hooked on the game that he dropped about
         $8,000 in on-line charges playing it."
                The Miami Herald

        "Not only are the wizards and witches helpful to novices, but many
         mortals also can show a kind word or gesture. Make friends!"
                CompuServe [promotional material]

        "British Legends is the most-played multi-user adventure game in
         the world."
                The Observer


5.2     Gemstone III.

Name:                   Gemstone III
Importance:             2
Author(s):              ? (Simutronics Corp.)
Location:               GEnie
Pricing Structure:      $35/hour 8am - 6pm
                        $5/hour 6pm - 8am
                        (no UK access point)

Brief Description:
        Multi-user adventure game, fantasy setting.

Historical Notes:
        One of the few MUAs developed independently of MUD1.

Review:
        Like MUD1, Gemstone III was inspired by SUAs.  However, despite this
separation from the mainstream of MUA development, Gemstone III is nevertheless
uncannily similar in many areas, particularly in its basic "search for
treasure, get points, go up levels and become a wizard" attitude; levels and
wizdom were never a part of early SUAs.

        Gemstone III is primarily a role-playing game, which makes it popular
among Americans. To this end, it requires that people beginning the game flesh
out their persona by choosing between various personality characteristics,
races, occupations, and many other details right down to eye colour. Few of
these have any real bearing on gameplay, but they do make new players think
they're getting value for money.

        The game has a 25,000 word manual, which must be downloaded and read
because there is no on-line help while playing.  This, and the barrage of
persona-defining questions at the beginning, combine to make Gemstone III very
daunting for all new players except those in whom a thick rulebook induces
excitement.

        There are many rooms in Gemstone III, including streets and shops. As
with the rest of the game, it seems that size is regarded as the most important
facet, and that detail must be provided whatever the cost and no matter how
irrelevant it is.  It's the classic role-playing problem: whether to provide a
loose framework in which players can develop personae their own way, or a tight
one where players' options are limited by strictures imposed by the game
dependent on the role they have chosen. MUD1's descendents tend to favour the
freedom of the former; Gemstone III comes down heavily in favour of the latter,
and in this respect is more akin to Island of Kesmai.

Summary:
        An interesting MUA, but one which requires a certain doggedness on the
part of its players to stay the course. Not a game for dabblers, socialisers or
fun-seekers.

Quotes:

        "Gemstone is the one for people who want to escape reality and
         really get into playing a role in an incredibly complex world."
                PC Magazine

        "The sheer number of options involved in getting started can be so
         intimidating that a simplified setup process is also provided."
                PC Magazine

        "In my roamings through Gemstone, I never saw the same place twice.
         Drawing a map is definitely necessary to navigate effectively."
                PC Magazine


5.3     Other Commercial MUAs.

        As in the last subsection of the section on UK MUAs, the MUAs presented
here are known to exist; however so little information is available concerning
them that no detailed reviews or summaries are given.


Name:                   Kyrandia
Location:               Galacticomm Bulletin Boards

Brief Description:
        A basic multi-user adventure game.
Notes:
        Bundled with the Galacticomm Bulletin Board system. These are
expandable MSDOS machines intended for commercial, multi-user conferencing and
the like.

Quotes:

        "A version of Kyrandia is reachable via US Minitel at "ALLA". I've
         yet to meet anybody in it, so usage seems light. And at
         $0.20/minute, exploring the world is very expensive."
                John Nagle [player]


Name:                   Quest for Magic
Location:               Galacticomm Bulletin Boards

Brief Description:
        A basic multi-user adventure game.
Notes:
        See Kyrandia.

Quotes:

        "A multi-user, interactive text adventure game."
                Galacticomm [promotional material]


Name:                   Scepter
Author(s):              Alan Klietz
Location:               none

Brief Description:
        A multi-user adventure game, fantasy setting.
Notes:
        A game called Milieu was written in the early 1980's under Multi-Pascal
for a CDC Cyber used by high-school students in Minnesota for educational
purposes.  Klietz ported it to an IBM XT in 1983, and renamed it Scepter of
Goth.  Klietz later wrote a MUA called Screenplay, which incorporated building,
using an interpreted command language reputedly more powerful than those
available on the InterNet today.

        Scepter was influenced by AD&D-style role-playing, and incorporated
many of the ideas concerning character classes and skills presently gaining
popularity in commercial UK MUAs like Avalon. Combat was blow-by-blow, and
multiple identical objects were numbered (the same approach taken by MUD2).

        Scepter was sold to a company called InterPlay in Virginia, which
licensed out the software but was liquidated after its executives were charged
with tax evasion. The game was sold off to creditors, and is no longer
available.

        Although many players loved the game, Scepter earned a reputation for
enforcing artificial friendliness among its players, with ruthless consequences
for "troublemakers".  Thus, all sparks of originality were snuffed out, but the
game worked well for people who didn't "misbehave".

Quotes:

        "Scepter had the best atmosphere of any multi-user game I've
         player."
                Bill Wisner [player]

        "In Scepter, you just offer an item for sale several times to get
         an idea of the price, then sell it when you hit the maximum again.
         Nobody I knew in Scepter ever bartered. They just took the first
         offer. They had better things to do with their time."
                Andrew Thomas [player]


5.4     AberMUD.

Name:                   AberMUD
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Alan Cox ("Anarchy"),
                        Jim Finnis, Leon Thrane,
                        Richard Acott, Rich Salz,
                        Brian Preble ("Rassilon")
Location:               InterNet
        ArkMUD          engr.uark.edu
        ButlerMUD       butler.tds.kth.se
        HackeMUD        bass.vsect.chalmers.se
        IlliniMUD       speedy.cs.uiuc.edu
        TempleMUD       monet.ocis.temple.edu
        The Underground mole,ai.mit.edu

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        Cox was a player of MUD1 who wrote AberMUD while a student at the
University of Wales, Aberystwyth. The code was made generally available, and
was enhanced and added to by several people, most notably Salz; Preble is the
present AberMUG co-ordinator. A commercial version of the game has been
running on Connect since 1989.

Review:
        AberMUD was written in 1987 in B for a Honeywell L66 mainframe under
GCOS3/TSS.  Its first scenario was not a serious effort; its second scenario is
the one in present use.

        In 1988, AberMUD was ported to Unix and converted to C. Version 3.7.14
was distributed on JANet and InterNet, and regular updates by the original
authors continued until version 3.9.8.  The present version is 3.12.5, but
version 3.9.8 spawned a rogue 4.9.8 clone which, among other things, has combat
messages ripped out of MUD1.  This is the version which became most popular on
InterNet.  Despite its poor design and implementation (eg. communication via
shared files), AberMUD became the first widely-available MUA on InterNet, and
most of the games presently being written by academics are descended from it.

        The game itself is not particularly special, being a poor MUD1
lookalike in the Shades mould. There are 10 levels, scaled slightly lower than
is common, and with fights scoring relatively higher than treasure. Treasure is
converted into points by dropping it in a sacrificial pit in a church, ie. as
MUD1's swamp.

        There is no "sleep" command to restore stamina after a fight; instead,
stamina is recovered automatically over time. This is something MUD1 did not
have; although MUD2 does, AberMUD's rate of stamina replenishment is much
quicker.

        AberMUD lacks polish, despite its commercial standing and its erstwhile
popularity (now waning, as it's regarded as a CPU hogger). There are missing
full stops, spurious full stops, inconsistencies in uses of commas, and the
room descriptions are convoluted and ambiguous.  Objects and rooms are placed
together without reference to description clashes, eg. snow on the ground, rain
in the air and a rainbow in the sky, all at the same time.

        Abbreviations in AberMUD are not catered for very well - the common "l"
("look") and "x" ("exits") commands are missing, for example.  The game is also
deficient in other commands - no "act" or equivalent, and apparently only
cardinal directions plus "up" and "down". The game needs to be reset
occasionally, but doesn't do so automatically: an explicit "reset" command is
necessary.

        Although fights play a big part in AberMUD, they are not well
implemented, initially being of "the ghoul hits you" variety. This may explain
why many of the game's descendents eschew fighting altogether.

Summary:
        A simple MUA that makes other InterNet MUA-writers think they have
less to do to become world class than is actually the case.

Quotes:

        "The main reason for writing it was because the system manager said
         it wasn't possible on the Honeywell."
                Alan Cox [author]

        "It now seems to have found a home at St. Olaf University, where a
         few dedicated hackers are keeping it alive despite its general
         grunginess."
                Bill Wisner [player]

        "The combat text has been greatly improved. ... InterNet versions
         now offer more MUD-like multi-line messages."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "I do have one fairly major quibble, and that is the lack of
         information and help text within the game."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "AberMUD has a sort of similar concept to LPMUD (kill the monsters
         and such until you become a wizard), but that's about the end of
         the surface similarity. LPMUD is designed to be easily extended
         from within the game. Once you become a wizard, you work on
         developing new sections of the game, and a list is kept of which
         wizards' sections are most popular. AberMUD can only be modified
         by changing the source data files and recompiling, and even then
         is far from easy (I know, I've done it...)."
                Jim Seidman [player]
        Most of these MUDs have been eliminated in the US because of the
         network traffic they cause."
                Philip Cutone III [player]

        "The best version on the InterNet was in Sweden, and people in the
         US would play it but put up with the link problems which would
         regularly disconnect them."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "A problem with AberMUD, and to some extent LPMUD, is that people
         with slower links are severely penalised.  Especially on some
         AberMUDs where the wizards require everyone to go back to the
         church before resetting, people with slow links have no chance."
                Jim Seidman [player]

        "AberMUG is a fairly 'standard' game in its setting and in its
         general feel, so existing MUGgers should feel at home - although I
         did find the absence of several abbreviations to be annoying."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "I wasn't too amused at the way people seem to have lost the
         original AberMUD license, broken it in several places, and even
         included copyright material from other games systems (MUD1) in
         it."
                Alan Cox [author]

        "AberMUG is a multi-user adventure game in the traditional mould."
                Connect [promotional material]


5.5     LPMUD.

Name:                   LPMUD
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Lars Pensjo
Location:               InterNet
        BATMAN          batman.hut.fi
        Boiling MUD     frey.nu.oz.au
        ClubMUD         milton.u.washington.edu
        Crossroads      civeng.ua.oz.au
        Darker Realms   worf.tamu.edu
        Dartmouth LP    melchior.dartmouth.edu
        DEATHMUD        gauss.nmsu.edu
        DeepTrouble MUD krikand.iesd.auc.dk
        End of the Line ucrmath.ucr.edu
        GENESIS         milou.cd.chalmers.se
        GhostMUD        beowulf.acc.stolaf.edu
        NannyMUD        nanny.lysator.liu.se
        NLD MUD         chaos.utexas.edu
        Phoenix         galjas.cs.vu.nl
        Sanctuary       j.ms.uky.edu
        Small Systems   calvin.nmsu.edu
        Sun MUD         einstein.mpccl.ksu.edu
        Thieve's World  uokmax.ecn.uoknor.edu
        Third World     hardy.u.washington.edu
        UCSB-GEOG LPMUD sherlock.geog.ucsb.edu
        U Maine LPMUD   mud.umcs.maine.edu
        Vision          watnxt2.ucr.edu
        WARHAMMER MUD   watnxt3.ucr.edu
        World of Mizar  mizar.dosc.uu.se

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone with object creation.

Historical Notes:
        Pensjo obtained the source for AberMUD, didn't like it, so wrote his
own MUA instead at Gothenburg in Sweden. It was distributed to other Unix sites
across InterNet. Late 1989, some American players modified the code themselves
(despite regular updates and technical support by Pensjo), and the two LPMUDs
diverged.  Several attempts to reconcile the European and American sources is
now under way, such as one being programmed by Duncan Howard (a former MUD1
arch-wiz).

Review:
        LPMUD (named after its author) is one of the more popular MUAs on
InterNet, certainly in terms of the number of sites that run it. Although
immediately descended from AberMUD, copies of MUD1 were sent to Sweden in the
early 80's, prompting some activity in the MUA area by the locals; there was a
project possibly already under way at Linkoping to develop a MUA called
Asgaard, which eventually petered out but left a body of programmers with
experience in MUAs. It seems likely that the lessons and ideas that emerged
from this effort may have had an indirect influence on Pensjo.

        LPMUD plays as a good MUD1 clone until wiz level is reached. At that
point, it allows players to create their own permanent rooms, objects, mobiles
and (even) commands.  The game's interpreter will accept input in a C-like,
object-oriented language called LPC, and will save all creations across resets
(unlike MUD2). It was the first InterNet MUA with this facility built in
(although there is a good measure of cross-fertilisation with TinyMUD), and is
thus often credited with inventing the idea; actually, most good first-attempt
interpreters can handle it (second-attempt interpreters generally take their
input preprocessed by a database compiler, for speed).

        Because each LPMUD has rooms created by its players, the different
sites on InterNet will all be different; a common core of rooms is linked to a
network of new ones. However, room complexes are often copied between different
LPMUDs, so the difference is not as great as it might be.

        Resets in LPMUD are rolling.  Initially, one object was reset every 3
seconds, but this meant that the more objects that were added, the longer the
period between resets. Now, objects are only reset in a room when a player
enters that room - a form of lazy evaluation.  This works well, but it has the
disadvantage of only working for very simple puzzles that involve objects'
changing locations, rather than their changing other properties.

        In LPMUDs, it's only a question of time before a player makes wiz. The
only penalty for death is being subjected to a time-consuming sequence where
the deceased is taken to a room and meets Death incarnate.  Higher-level
players even get a scar from this that they can show to their friends. Recently
a quest system (similar to MUD2 tasks) has been added to make sure players know
something about the game before reaching wiz, but performing such quests is not
particularly dangerous to personae.

        LPMUD has experimental bots programmed in LPC and running internal to
the game. These are therefore more properly referred to as mobiles, but this
term has not found favour in InterNet MUAs since most of them don't cater for
such sophisticated objects. LPMUD has a client, LPTalk.

        Versions of the European LPMUD are distributed regularly, and improving
the system is an ongoing project programmed by Pensjo.  There are some features
which need changes to the LPMUD interpreter before they'll work, for example
players' properties are hard-coded and transient ones cannot be saved to disc.
However, with its excellent support and dedicated players, LPMUD will doubtless
be around for some considerable time yet.  Despite this, most LPMUDs are based
in Europe - American systems managers seem less ready to tolerate CPU-intensive
MUAs than their European counterparts, and prefer light users like TinyMUD and
its descendents.

Summary:
        An average MUA with object creation added on top. Not as prone to
criticism as the freer creation-based games (if, indeed, games they are) like
TinyMUD, but still causing the usual problems of atmosphere, editorial control
and overall ownership that would dog a commercial version of the software.

Quotes:

        "Only wizards can create new objects and rooms. By limiting
         creation like this, the feeling of chaos that one is prone to
         encounter on Tiny-type games is reduced."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "LPMUD: Lots of programming available. Mainly an adventure setup
         where you are trying to advance in level by solving puzzles and
         killing wandering monsters.  This gives users a 'carrot' to chase
         (becoming a wizard) and could keep them in the game easier."
                Glenn Crocker [player]

        "One of the advantages that I see with LPMUD is that objects are
         continually being reset. There is one object reset every 3 seconds
         or so, so that an object will come back every 15 minutes or so.
         Therefore, a lot of people have the chance to explore and see
         things."
                Jim Seidman [player]

        "Some rooms have been taken from AberMUD, but the game is
         user-extendable."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]

        "The bad news about LPMUD is that the programming language is very
         C-like, and that comes back to the problem of whether your players
         know C... They might not be willing to learn a language just for
         the game. Of course, the same applies to TinyMUCK."
                Jim Seidman [player]

        "This [extensibility] introduced a considerable level of depth into
         the choices open to wizards, and brought some new problems too."
                Bill Wisner [player]

        "On LP there is massive amounts of building, because after making
         wizard the whole point of the game is to have most people visit
         your area. So, wizards build their areas to attract people, and if
         a wizard has crappy building, nobody visits.  Therefore, the
         wizard is forced to make his building that much better."
                Patrick Wetmore [player]

        "Strangely enough, the LPMUDs are closer to what the original
         TinyMUDs were: people wandering around, exploring.  Eventually,
         people start building their own domains for people to explore.
         Granted, only wizards can build, but in a way that's good, since
         it really stops the casual builder who builds two or three items
         then wanders off never to build again."
                Martin Terman [player]

        "Semi-recently, quests were added as a feature of LPMUD. A certain
         number (or all) of the quests must be solved before advancing to
         wizardry.  Most quests involve puzzle-solving and exploring (and
         most have some hack and slash involved too). Suddenly, LPMUD did
         not guarantee wizardry just by serving your tour of duty as a
         player - thinking was involved."
                Darin Johnson [player]

        "The rate of new wizards on Genesis [the first LPMUD] is ten per
         week, and Genesis is already crowded (186 of level 20 and
         above...)."
                Bertil Jonell [player]

        "LPs are something worth checking.  Think: 3,000+ rooms, 30+
         players, running 24 hours - and not arousing the [system owners']
         administration.  These provide some challenge to the player - not
         to mention wizards and gods, it's just a pity their efforts mainly
         are used in building new rooms, not to make interesting events for
         players."
                Esa Kankaanpaa [player]


5.6     TinyMUD.

Name:                   TinyMUD
Importance:             1
Author(s):              Jim Aspnes
Location:               InterNet
        DragonMUD       naucse.cse.nau.edu
        Eden            unicorn.wwu.edu
        FantaMUD        sage.cc.purdue.edu
        Islandia II     apex.yorku.ca
        MuseumMUD       fuzine.mt.cs.cmu.edu
        TinyMUD Classic planck.physics.purdue.edu
        TinyWorld       banyan.ssc.gov

Brief Description:
        Object creation and inter-player communication.

Historical Notes:
        TinyMUD was prompted by a 1989 discussion on InterNet, and drew on
LPMUD to abstract an idealised notion of what made MUAs important. It rapidly
spread across InterNet, due mainly to its small size and low CPU requirements.
Aspnes' own TinyMUD was closed down when he grew tired of it.

Review:
        The MUD in TinyMUD stands for "Multi-User Dimension." There is some
debate as to whether the system is a game. It was certainly written as a game,
with the idea that players collect 'pennies' which they then spend on building
new rooms. Pennies were either left lying around, or obtained by dropping
objects in a pit. Combat is possible, just, but it's generally discouraged for
fear of frightening off players.  Everything else is very, very basic - even
gender pronoun substitution wasn't handled in the original.

        This adventuring aspect of TinyMUD rapidly disappeared. Objects were
created with huge values, and soon players could get as many pennies as they
wanted.  This meant they spent all their time either building rooms or
socialising with other players. The key point about TinyMUD is that anyone can
build rooms. All they need to connect their creations to the rest of the room
network is the co-operation of an existing player who doesn't mind linking a
free exit with one in the new complex. Whether this is topographically correct
is immaterial, as is the quality or quantity of rooms so joined together.

        TinyMUD's creative capacities are strictly limited to only basic
objects, rooms and exits. Complex actions cannot be defined, only room-related
puzzles (eg. hidden doors, missing keys, mazes). Programmers found this
frustrating, which is why the TinyMUD sources were rapidly torn apart and put
back together with more powerful facilities at builders' disposal, eg. in
TinyMUCK and TinyMUSH.

        There are wizzes in TinyMUDs, of a sort.  Really, they're little better
than sysops, although they do have some authority over building and can remove
or modify rooms.  Game management is very difficult, however, since anyone,
friend or foe, has full powers to add new rooms whether they have the slightest
idea of what they're doing or not. This ensures that the only atmosphere a game
possesses is that due to its players, and that any pretensions of consistency
or depth swiftly disappear.  Sadly, most people are not good room-describers
(in the same way that most people aren't good novellists), and thus, although
the quantity of rooms in a TinyMUD can be fantastically large, the quality is
generally very low.

        TinyMUD has several clients written for it - most of which work with
all its descendents - and half a dozen or so bots.  Some of these bots are
tightly coupled to the program, able to dispense pennies etc., and thus are
prone to causing crashes.

        Ardent TinyMUD players see their game as the pinnacle of achievement
for MUAs.  At the bottom end of the evolutionary scale are CB chatline
programs; next come systems with rooms, allowing local conversations and some
degree of privacy; higher up, basic commands like "who" and "look" are present;
higher still are games, with objects, more sophisticated commands, and rooms
linked together so that they can be perceived as a complete structure; most
sophisticated of all are the systems that allow the user to create rooms,
objects, and complete scenarios "limited only by the imagination of the
builder".

        This evolutionary view of things completely misses the point: in order
for room-creation to be worth anything, there has to be a user: commodities are
valueless if they cannot be sold. TinyMUDs have no-one using the products of
creation, and are therefore little more than chatlines with rooms as
conversation pieces.  They're no more games than would be an illustrated
on-line discussion of amateur artists' latest masterpieces. TinyMUDs are indeed
limited only by the imagination of the builder - with heavy emphasis on the
word "limited".

        TinyMUDs have a short lifespan, and operate like slash-and-burn
agriculture: once a site has been farmed by a TinyMUD, thousands of players
have been either hooked on TinyMUDs or put off all MUAs forever.  The addicts
will choose another site elsewhere, the rest are effectively lost.

        As an example, consider two related TinyMUDs, Islandia and BloodMUD.
They had the same seed, but grew in opposite directions.  The fact that they
are both regarded as "classic" TinyMUDs gives testimony to the ephemerality of
such MUAs on InterNet.

        Islandia began as recently as January 1990. By its close in November
1990, it was regarded as a "tradition" among TinyMUD users. It had as its core
a 1000-object (ie.  rooms, exits and portable objects) database called
TinyBASE.  This was put on general release to make the task of starting up a
TinyMUD from scratch easier.

        Islandia started at Berkeley, but was moved to different sites as it
increased in size.  It was constantly added to, and grew to be huge. In the
month of October, it had 1,503 players (from a total of 3,271) and 14,900 rooms
- a phenomenal size for a MUA.  However, of those 14,900 rooms, only 7,503 were
used that month...

        Islandia was a friendly place, with friendly people, and famed for its
many beautifully designed rooms. Its maintainers scoured the database removing
useless or incomplete creations, trying to keep it to a manageable size and
reasonably consistent.  However, they finally decided to take the system down
simply because, despite their efforts, it had grown too large; besides, they
were wearying of trying to trim the database in the face of its relentless
growth towards full capacity.

        The maintainers also felt that the game was too old. People were using
the system as a means to annoy others, which was taken as a sign of decay.
Since TinyMUDs offer no facilities for game management, this fate eventually
befalls all such programs, except in the case where being nasty is the whole
point of playing.

        Such was indeed the case with BloodMUD. The TinyBASE database was taken
as a starting point, and developed along themes of blood, violence and sleaze.
Rooms were deliberately corrupted by other players, with special attention
giving to vandalising TinyBASE.  BloodMUD was a reaction to the "nice"
atmosphere that pervaded Islandia - and was a lot more fun to play. It finally
disappeared when the database was accidentally deleted, but by then it had sunk
into depravity.

        By giving game-writing powers to anyone and everyone, it was hoped that
TinyMUD would be a means of promoting individual expression and group
interaction.  It was a brave attempt, but it didn't work. Instead, TinyMUD has
probably done more harm than good, at least in the short term, with many
American academics growing up holding narrow views of what constitutes a MUA.
On a commercial network, a game like TinyMUD would rapidly burn up as soon as
it acquired a modest user base.

Summary:
        TinyMUD is not so much a MUA as a forum for conversation where
participants have pinned short pieces of prose on the wall for the benefit of
anyone with the inclination to read them.  If this kind of MUA gets a strong
hold in the USA, it could set the industry back several years.

Quotes:

        "TinyMUD isn't a MUD in the classical sense of the term; it isn't a
         game.  In TinyMUD, all people can really do is create things and
         interact with others. It has built up a considerable following,
         and today is perhaps the most popular MUD on the InterNet."
                Bill Wisner [player]

        "TinyMUD was written as a game. Jim Aspnes did not go 'Gee, I think
         I will create a social environment that will replace reality and
         have dozens of kids fail out of school because they are so
         addicted by this game.'"
                Edwin Huang [player]

        "The *primary* value of TinyMUD is as an experiment in
         computer-mediated social interaction."
                Michael Mauldin [Julia author]

        "TinyMUD: mainly social.  Little programming available in objects,
         false exits and fail messages being the main programmability.
         It's simple, but could get boring."
                Glenn Crocker [player]

        "Combat, adventuring, levels etc.  are not part of this game. It is
         possible that you could add these features to the game, seeing as
         the whole TinyM* series is notably more flexible (and consequently
         less well defined as a gaming system) than any other I've seen."
                Duncan Howard [MUD1 arch-wiz]

        "One thing which draws people to TinyMUD is the dynamic room/object
         creation, but AberMUD would *never* allow *everyone* to create
         things.  There is also a problem that AberMUD is a *much* more
         complex program than I think TinyMUD will ever get to. Dynamic
         room creation in an object-oriented type game is very hard to
         implement because the game requires many more flags and such than
         TinyMUD."
                Michael Barthelemy [player]

        "With many people allowed to build freely, you get problems with
         non-finished parts of the world and parts that are totally
         different in character from the rest of the game. Walking from a
         fantasy castle to an SF setting or finding a large joystick in the
         centre of the castle may be fun the first couple of times, but it
         kills the atmosphere."
                Jorgen Holmberg [player]

        "I have personally received pages from people who're sorry that
         Islandia has to go and would like us to keep it going."
                Conrad Wong [Islandia maintainer]

        "BloodMUD was a fun place, near anarchy, as close as one could get.
         People did horrible things and generally broke MUD taboos whenever
         possible. It was not a MUD for socialisation or exquisite
         building, it was a MUD for being nasty and killing. ... In short,
         it was an excellent place."
                Martin Terman [player]

        "I put the kill command in when I was still assuming ...  it would
         be difficult to detect disconnects. It was called 'kill' as a joke
         - and I assumed that putting a 100p charge on it would keep people
         from using it very often."
                Jim Aspnes [author]

        "Eventually they [TinyMUDs] are going to get too big for their
         servers, no matter how large they already are. ... Smaller MUDs
         are at the low part of the exponential growth curve, and have a
         great deal more life ahead."
                Conrad Wong [Islandia maintainer]

        "If you have a big MUD with 10,000 rooms and things enough to keep
         you happy 'til doomsday, the players won't look for them.  After
         the initial fun wears off, they stop playing and start chatting,
         never to play again."
                Jorgen Holmberg [player]

        "Nobody pays attention to building on Tiny*s, except for newbies
         occasionally, but they're lowly peons and soon grow out of it
         anyway. So nobody builds there."
                Patrick Wetmore [player]

        "I came across a room with an intriguing name. When I looked, I saw
         "dir1 dir2 dir3 dir4 dir5". After typing "dir1" I was then
         presented with another list of about 35 names (trying the other
         directions, I was presented with similar sized lists of different
         names). I picked one name and typed it in, and was suddenly taken
         into someone's domain.  The size of each domain was limited only
         by the owner's imagination and the number of pennies they had
         available. When it dawned on me that each room behind the numbered
         portals were actually links to created kingdoms and the like, the
         sheer enormity of the game took my breath away."
                Comms Plus! [magazine]


5.7     TinyMUCK.

Name:                   TinyMUCK
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Stephen White,
                        "Lachesis"
Location:               InterNet
        Brigadoon       dante.cs.uiuc.edu
        CAMUCK          flounder.berkeley.edu
        FurryMUCK       hobbes.catt.ncsu.edu
        MbongoMUCK      mbongo.ucsd.edu
        MedMUCK         thesis2.hsch.utexas.edu
        Pegasus         l_cae05.icaen.uiowa.edu
        QuartzPARADISE  quartz.rutgers.edu
        TinyHORNS       bashful.cc.utexas.edu

Brief Description:
        TinyMUD with better building.

Historical Notes:
        Version 1.0 was written by White, however he has left the project and
there is now a programming team developing the system, headed by "Lachesis".

Review:
        TinyMUCK is a version of TinyMUD that has been drastically modified to
make building more powerful and controllable. Players need to have the "mucker"
bit set by a wizard, which enables them to "muck about" with the game. Thus,
visitors and casual players are denied the ability to wreak havoc (although if
they really want to, there's little to stop them once granted the mucker bit).
TinyMUCK is very popular, and people starting up their own MUA these days
usually choose it in preference to TinyMUD.

        The big difference between TinyMUCK and TinyMUD is programmability.
TinyMUD provides users with very basic creation facilities, but TinyMUCK has
its own interpreted programming language, TinyMUF ("Multi-User Forth"). This is
flexible and powerful, but has a reputation of being difficult to use.

        TinyMUF (or just MUF) is basically the same as Forth, with a few new
library routines. It has three types of constant: integer, string and database
reference (an index into the database that is unique to every game object). The
language is stack-based, with library routines that operate on the stack (eg. +
pops off two elements, and pushes back their sum). Variables are static, and
there are functions to set and fetch them; variables' names (addresses) need to
be dereferenced to obtain the values they hold. MUF has a limited "if-then"
construct, but no "if-then-else". The game-specific library routines do things
like print a string on someone's screen.  There is some protection offered to
players' creations in that "important" properties of objects cannot be modified
except by their creator.

        To make programming easier, there is an on-line, line-oriented editor
built in.  Source code is stored, which means tried-and-tested creations can be
moved easily to other TinyMUCKs.  MUF programs tend to be longer than in most
MUAs - a simple slot machine (gambling pennies) is, for example, around 150
lines long. TinyMUCK can read TinyMUD databases, but not vice-versa.

        TinyMUCK comes with plenty of documentation, and compared to other
building-oriented MUAs on InterNet looks rather attractive. It works, and it
can perform many powerful tricks.  Its problem is that the people doing the
building have little experience of a thorough, well-written MUA.  The best
example of this comes from TinyMUCK's own advertisement on InterNet: under the
headline "Can *your* MUD do this?" was a short transcript of a TinyMUCK session
where the player created a "camera" object, took a "photograph" of another
object with it, and then "projected" back the image.  This is genuinely
impressive, except the photograph was of a red rose "with the fragrance of
spring". This lack of attention to detail ensures that unless there is strict
quality-control from above, any MUA which allows arbitrary, unchecked additions
to its database is going to suffer severe problems maintaining overall depth.

Summary:
        TinyMUCK is a decided improvement on TinyMUD, but it's really just one
short step on the long road back to LPMUD-like MUAs.  The sooner programmers of
TinyMUD derivatives realise this, the better.

Quotes:

        "Why wait for 'more powerful' MUDs when you can have all this?"
                TinyMUCK 2.0 [promotional material]

        "TinyMUCK 2.0 is better documented than any other MUD in public
         distribution."
                TinyMUCK 2.0 [promotional material]


5.8     TinyMUSH.

Name:                   TinyMUSH
Importance:             2
Author(s):              Larry Foard
Location:               InterNet
        Sanctuary       valkyrie.ecn.uoknor.edu
        TinyCWRU        solarium.scl.cwru.edu
        TinyMUSH        sigh.berkeley.edu
        TinyTIM         grape.ecs.clarkson.edu
        ToonMUSH        uokmax.ecn.uoknor.edu
        TwinPeaks       corona.ecn.uoknor.edu

Brief Description:
        TinyMUD with modifications.

Historical Notes:
        Another approach by the Berkeley group to making TinyMUD usable.

Review:
        TinyMUSH is an enhancement to TinyMUD that is easier for beginners to
use than is TinyMUCK, but which irritates trained programmers. It differs from
TinyMUD primarily in that it provides daemons that can be programmed to fire
when an event occurs.  This is similar to an AI technique, production systems,
however in TinyMUSH the production rules are called V-functions. They are
short pieces of code that provide a means of storing, changing and displaying
information.  Some fields are expected for all objects, such as what happens
when it is dropped, killed, or listened to.

        Recognising that in enormous databases players rarely bump into each
other by accident, and that normal travel between rooms can involve a string of
thirty or more directions, TinyMUSH has more liberal teleportation rules than
TinyMUD, enabling players to materialise in other players' creations without
permission.

        TinyMUSH does have one kind of object that may be of general
applicability in MUAs - the puppet. This is an item that can relay information
to players.  Example uses in a fantasy setting would be a crystal ball or a
magic-user's familiar.  Although some of the advanced UK MUAs have similar
objects, most do not.

        TinyMUSH is a nice idea, and the notion that one small change can cause
great changes to occur elsewhere in the database is attractive.  However,
programming this kind of system and controlling the interactions between
daemons is a nightmare even if there's only one programmer: with lots of people
programming objects, it will soon be virtually impossible for anyone to predict
the effects of actions or figure out the cause of some change. The problem goes
away if the changes that daemons can make are limited, but then so does all the
power.

        A version of TinyMUSH runs on a public-access bulletin board in
Toronto.

Summary:
        A worthy attempt, but, inevitably, destined for obscurity.

Quotes:

        "When a user does X to Y, the MUSH can be programmed to fire off
         all kinds of small 'programs'. I use quotes, because these aren't
         so much programs as one-line attachments to object Y. Qualities
         maybe."
                Duncan Howard [MUD1 arch-wiz]


5.9     TinyMOO.

Name:                   TinyMOO
Importance:             3
Author(s):              Stephen White
Location:               Internet belch.berkeley.edu

Brief Description:
        TinyMUD with better building.

Historical Notes:
        MOO stands for "MUD, Object-Oriented". TinyMOO is an enhancement to
TinyMUD, written in 1990. White also wrote the original TinyMUCK.

Review:
        The main difference between TinyMOO and TinyMUD is that it transfers
the power to create objects away from the system administrators and towards the
players who are builders.

        Objects are implemented in a simple, C-like language, and can easily be
specialised (so that even non-programmers can create).  This is achieved by a
class hierarchy and an inheritance (ie.  object-oriented) approach.

        TinyMOO is not yet distributed publicly.

Summary:
        Another attempt to make TinyMUD safer, TinyMOO is basically a means of
allowing people to share a programming experience, chat a little, and do
nothing else.

Quotes:

        "The current version is stable, however I'm in this bad habit of
         tinkering and tinkering with it without releasing it."
                Stephen White [author]


5.10    UberMUD.

Name:                   UberMUD
Importance:             3
Author(s):              Marcus Ranum
                        ("Jerry_Cornelius")
Location:               none

Brief Description:
        An experiment in MUA building language design.

Historical Notes:
        Began as a project to improve on TinyMUD. It was written from scratch,
and generated a lot of interest - Ranum was willing to give every idea a
hearing. A mailing list was established to organise messages between interested
parties, and when UberMUD was completed the mailing list enlarged its brief and
stayed on. So far, most of the discussions on it still concern UberMUD,
however.  The Uber part of its name comes from the German, as in Ubermensch.

Review:
        UberMUD was conceived as an alternative to TinyMUD, with much improved
building facilities. It incorporated many ideas, some of which were clearly
ridiculous but others of which showed sufficient promise to be included in many
post-UberMUD InterNet MUAs. In particular, its system of protecting objects
from misuse by others (using a form of permission inheritance) looks like
making an impact.

        The UberMUD language - U - was low-level, a cross between Forth and C
(Forth semantics, C syntax).  There were no predefined data structures, as
everything was implemented directly in U, nothing hard-wired.  Objects were
atomic entities to which properties could be attached; that meant that things
like inheritance had to be implemented in U (MUD2's MUDDLE language, which has
the same overall aims as U, has inheritance built in automatically: this helps
with function matching). U's only predetermined factor was the order in which
programming-language objects were searched to find code to execute: verb first,
noun second, player third.

        Despite all the ideas that were included in UberMUD, some simple things
were left out (gender pronoun substitution being the most glaring omission).
It had the capacity to implement them, but no-one put them in. The mistake made
was to believe that by having a flexible implementation language that allows
pretty much anything to be phrased in it, everything necessary actually would
be phrased in it. Definition languages have to be either specific (ie. with
much assumed, but able to guide a new programmer in database design) or general
(ie.  assuming nothing except that the programmer knows what is to be
programmed).

        Nowadays, UberMUD is maintained as the focus for discussions on MUAs in
general, but it has signally failed thus far to widen the topic of discussion
beyond UberMUD itself.


Summary:
        UberMUD is available as a teaching tool for people wishing to write
their own MUAs, but proved too cumbersome itself to use in practice.

Quotes:

        "The author seems to have mostly lost interest now that the code is
         finished.  Today, the code is used more as an example of what can
         be done with MUDs than an actual production system."
                Bill Wisner [player]

        "UberMUD has implemented the biggest advance of all. It requires
         you to write the code on your local machine and upload it to the
         game, thereby automatically saving a copy that can be uploaded
         onto a second machine just as easily."
                Lauren Burka [player]

        "The Ubermud mailing list is now, more generally, called mudwiz. It
         has expanded its mandate to include wizards from all MUDs, not
         just Uber."
                Clay Luther [mudwiz postmaster]

        "I'm pretty much tired of working on it, and don't plan on doing
         much more with it than I have (I wanted to prove it could be done,
         mostly)."
                Marcus Ranum [author]


5.11    Other InterNet MUAs.

        The MUAs here are either one-off systems not on proper public release,
or vapourware. Suspected spoof MUAs (eg. CoreMUD) have been omitted.


Name:                   Cthulhu
Author(s):              Bill Burdick, Mitch Adler,
                        Roy Riggs

Historical Notes:
        The first version was written in Spring 1988 in C by Riggs.  It was
essentially just a souped-up TinyMUD. In autumn 1988, the game was rewritten in
a version of object-oriented Lisp.  Spring 1989 saw the first version of Mob,
the game's database definition language; this was based on Objective C, and was
scrapped. The second version of Mob came out Autumn 1989, based on Smalltalk
and written in Lisp. The game itself was written in Mob shortly afterwards; the
Mob interpreter was rewritten again in Spring 1990, using C. The game was
scheduled for release Summer 1990.

Review:
        If Cthulhu, or whatever it is eventually called, delivers all it
promises it will roughly on a level with a slightly above average UK MUA.
Nevertheless, this is good going to say that the programming team has no access
to these games for ideas (except the rather obsolete AberMUD), and has
developed its system from scratch.

        Cthulhu supposedly has intelligent mobiles, weapons, armour, clothing,
spells and glowing objects.  There is some depth insofar as containers are
concerned, since they can have a rigid (box) or floppy (bag) shape, however
there is nothing similar to MUD2's transparency, for example, and the
containers have no lids. There is a powerful form of "attach" available,
although granting this to ordinary players is perhaps rather foolhardy on the
designers' part.

        There is an on-line system for room building, with players having
control only over their own creations. This appears primarily to be because
such functions are de rigeur on InterNet MUAs these days.

        The wish-list of things on the drawing board includes many
standard-issue features from the better UK MUAs. Using "look" to see in another
room, and printing text messages modulo a player's ability to sense what they
contain is nothing new in the MUA industry. Nevertheless, if such seemingly
"advanced" features gained a foothold on InterNet MUAs, it may hasten the day
when the vacuous TinyMUD-like MUAs are abandoned and more traditional games
replace them.

Summary:
        Sounds good, but as yet unseen.

Quotes:

        "We can't sell anything written on a Purdue machine. We haven't
         been giving out any sources either. Basically, we are too
         dissatisfied with the old stuff to release it to the public eye,
         and none of the new stuff is finished yet."
                Roy Riggs [author]


Name:                   DUM II
Author(s):
Location:               InterNet
        AdaDUM II       legolas.cs.umu.se

Brief Description:
        LPMUD-like MUA with no on-line building.

Notes:
        DUM II is something of a reaction to the unrestricted, unchecked
building possible in TinyMUD and, to a lesser extent, LPMUD.  All wizzes have
privileges to build, however they may only submit their designs to the game's
maintainers ("gods").  These people write any necessary code, make
modifications for consistency, and consult with the designer if they feel their
suggestions need significant change or are inappropriate. New areas are then
thoroughly playtested before being opened.

        This form of editorial control is, perhaps, the best way to ensure that
room-building progresses naturally, and linearly over time.  Its main
disadvantage is that the gods may not have the time required to deal with every
submission speedily or fairly, and they need to be skilled programmers. Some
players may also be tempted to take advantage of them.

Quotes:

        "This [gods editing suggestions], and the fact that zones are not
         opened until play-tested, makes the general quality of zones and
         puzzles high."
                Jorgen Holmberg [player]


Name:                   MIDgaard
Author(s):              Andrew Plotkin

Brief Description:
        A shell of a MUA, meant for complex building.

Historical Notes:
        Finished in Spring 1990, due to go up in the Summer but so far nowhere
to be seen. Designed to be run as a commercial system.

Review:
        MIDgaard is a basically empty game, like TinyMUD, with the intention
that players add to it themselves. It is object-oriented with an extensible
classification system, and its power lies in the ability of players to program
objects.

        The game has nothing substantial built in - no spells, combat, persona
details or the like. This sort of thing is up to the game builders to
implement. The game is reported to have a tight security system that ensures
the zones people build are distinct from one another and cannot be spoiled by
other builders. This implies that objects created by one builder cannot be used
in someone else's zone, although any game running under those conditions would
be infuriating to play.

        MIDgaard's authors are obviously pleased with their game, since they
hope to run it commercially (charging around $20/month flat fee - this is
comparable to commercial UK MUAs). Object creation, as it uses limited hardware
resources (disc space etc.), will be surcharged.

        However, MIDgaard's rationale is fundamentally flawed. The authors
think that because they have a game which compares well with TinyMUD, it will
attract players in the real world.  However, as has been noted elsewhere, room
building is not really an interesting or fruitful thing for people to do -
TinyMUD's success is entirely down to the fact that it allows people to
communicate over a distance while being less of a CPU hog than systems that do
it a whole lot better. If MIDgaard's programmers think they can sell a simple
chatline under the guise of its being a game, they are in for a tragic
surprise.

Summary:
        Over-rated, and also behind the times.

Quotes:

        "Since the maintainers of MIDgaard will be employed by MIDgaard, we
         will have great motivation to keep things running smoothly, and
         make interesting stuff."
                Andrew Plotkin [author]


Name:                   PennMUD
Author(s):              Charles Hannum ("MycroftXXX"),
                        Michael Barthelemy ("Edheler"),
                        David Singh ("Cyric"),
                        Al Catalfamo ("Satan"),
                        and 10 others

Brief Description:
        On-line AD&D.

Historical Notes:
        PennMUD took the InterNet world by storm in Spring 1990, when its
incredible design was announced.  After a flurry of scepticism, which PennMUD's
promoters answered in disparaging tones that alienated them from the rest of
the InterNet MUA community, they took umbrage and clamped up. Nothing has been
heard of them since, except that the authors are no longer at the university
(Pennsylvania).

Review:
        Take the AD&D handbooks, enumerate all the ideas without considering
their implementation, and you'll end up with a fair approximation to PennMUD
(also called NeXTMUD on occasion).  Detail was everything (but, for the most
part, unnecessary).

        There were to be 7 basic character classes, 6 different races, 9 basic
statistics, an unspecified number of languages, spells with verbal and physical
components, a game divided into "days" of 4 hours real-time duration,
encumbrance affecting speed of movement, a currency with exchange rates for
different coin types, a barter system, wet/dry and temperature factors for
rooms, rolling resets, objects saved when you quit (with periodic persona file
searches to return "special" objects that stayed out of play too long),
vehicles, and several towns. Object creation was to be available, by extending
the level system beyond god (ie. wiz). And this list just scratches the
surface.

        Not all proposals were completely unimplementable or totally
undesirable, but most were.  One neat idea that may work in existing MUAs is
limiting the number of objects that can be seen in a dark room depending on the
intensity of the persona's light source.

        PennMUD combined all the worst things from MUAs with the worst things
from games like Island of Kesmai.  Fortunately, its specification team was so
ambitious that it will be many years before anything as complex as PennMUD
becomes publicly available.  By then, traditional MUAs will hopefully have a
strong enough toehold that when large, multinational games companies enter the
field they will not ignore the hidden-depth, freestyle MUAs in favour of the
explicit-bells-and-whistles role-playing monsters.

Summary:
        Archetypal vapourware.  All impossible design, and no substance
whatsoever. The worst is, even if it had been written it wouldn't have been
much fun to play due to the fearsome constraints it would have imposed in the
name of role-playing.

Quotes:

        "We are still working on the god/demigod commands and do not have a
         list made up as of yet. If you can think of any commands that you
         would like to see implemented at these levels, please note me on
         them with a full description of the command."
                Michael Barthelemy [project designer]

        "To keep the game moving, you might consider dilating time for rest
         and movement commands.  The amount of realism that is lost is not
         nearly as important as the amount of boredom that is alleviated."
                Andrew Thomas [would-be player]


Name:                   SMUG
Author(s):              Jim Aspnes

Notes:
        SMUG (Small Multi-User Game) was written by Aspnes as a would-be
successor to his own TinyMUD. The primary goal was to include a programming
language that ran at a high speed, but which was safely accessible to all
players.  The language includes an inheritance hierarchy, but has fewer tools
in general than either TinyMUCK or LPMUD.
        The project ground to a halt in mid-1990, so Aspnes recently made the
sources available as ideas material for other MUA writers.

Quotes:

        "A secondary goal was to show that you didn't have to have 15,000
         lines of code to do this."
                Jim Aspnes author


Name:                   VAXMUD

Brief Description:
        Standard MUD1 clone.

Historical Notes:
        Written in 1987 by students at Strathclyde University, and distributed
in binary form only. It is still being added to.

Notes:
        VAXMUD is written in Fortran, and runs only on VAX VMS systems. The
scenario it comes with is hard to customise, and the fact that source code is
unavailable makes it doubly unpopular.
        The game saves objects carried when a player quits, a practice which in
general can lead to games being tied up for some considerable time.


Name:                   YAMA
Author(s):              Alan Cox ("Anarchy")

Brief Description:
        A program for writing MUAs.

Historical Notes:
        Alan Cox's latest project, based on his experience in writing AberMUD.

Notes:
        YAMA is intended to be used for writing MUAs, and in that sense it is
more properly described as a database definition language plus interpreter than
a game itself. It was written to be fast, efficient and powerful. It is also
reputedly difficult to learn. It is player-extensible, however its
programmability in this respect is not as good as, say, LPMUD.
        YAMA is presently in beta-test.

Quotes:

        "It has been aptly described as an assembly language for MUDs."
                Bill Wisner [playtester]

        "It is a game in the spirit of the original MUD; TinyMUD players
         need not apply."
                Bill Wisner [playtester]

6.      Reviews - Non-MUAs.

Name:                   Air Warrior
Location:               GEnie
Pricing Structure:      $35/hour 8am - 6pm
                        $5/hour 6pm - 8am
                        (no UK access point)

Brief Description:
        Multi-player flight simulator.

Historical Notes:
        Written by the Kesmai Corporation, who also wrote Island of Kesmai and
Megawars III.

Review:
        Flight simulators are usually best-sellers for single-user computer
games.  Air Warrior is a normal flight simulator with a comms package built in,
a client program of the most sophisticated kind yet developed. Why the Kesmai
Corporation haven't done something similar for their other multi-player games
is a complete mystery.

        All the work is done by the user's home machine. Information is passed
from the host computer, and is assimilated into the user's machine's database;
the display is updated accordingly.  Commands are processed and passed back up
the line to the host. The user's computer is therefore acting as a front-end
for the game; furthermore, it is smart in that it generates its display itself
- sending complete screen images down the telephone line in real-time is not
yet possible, given the narrow bandwidth of present-day telephone networks.
Indeed, even if it were possible it might not be desirable - Air Warrior has an
off-line practice mode built in, which would be impossible to use in a system
that obtained all its graphics from a host machine.

        The terminal software necessary to play Air Warrior is available for
the Macintosh, Amiga, Atari ST and IBM PC. Fancy instrument displays can be
downloaded from an on-line database, or designed by the user.

Summary:
        State-of-the-art IMPCG. The game itself isn't particularly brilliant,
but the graphics are stunning and there's nothing else quite like it - yet.

Quotes:

        "Where conventional multi-user games like MUD or Micronet's Shades
         can only portray their game-world using text messages, Air Warrior
         gives you all the animated 3D graphics and sound you'd expect from
         any single-player flight sim."
                ACE [magazine]

        "The first thing you need to realise about aerial combat is that
         the main objective is to survive. Shooting down enemies is just
         icing on the cake."
                Cap'n Trips [player]

        "One thing's for sure: US gamers are taking to the game in their
         droves, joining GEnie and possibly even buying modems just so they
         can play it. Let's hope it - or something similar - reaches
         Britain soon!"
                ACE [magazine]


Name:                   Astroid
Location:               Minitel

Brief Description:
        Multi-player on-line arcade game.

Review:
        Astroid (formerly Astro) marks Third Millenium Systems' entry into the
non-MUA interactive computer game market (they also produce Shades and Trash).
Unlike all other commercial games of this type except Air Warrior, it was
written specifically to be used with client software. Players thus get quality
graphics and sound effects if they have the appropriate disc and an IBM PC or
an Atari ST.

        The player's screen is a pilot's eye view of the cockpit and the
universe.  This looks like a flight simulator, but isn't - all action takes
place within two-dimensional planes.

        The game itself is a standard arcade-style shoot-em-up with exploration
and mineral mining thrown in. There is ship-to-ship communication that allows
players to talk to one another, but Astroid's fast pace leaves little time for
such pleasantries.

Summary:
        A definite step in the right direction, but it'll be a long time before
such games are widely available in the UK.

Quotes:

        "Astroid is the most sophisticated game of its kind today, and in
         its underlying architecture we see a glimpse of the potential
         offered by developing network and terminal technologies for
         interactive entertainment."
                Mike Brown [Third Millenium Systems]


Name:                   BattleTech
Location:               Chicago BattleTech Centre

Brief Description:
        Very high-technology arcade game.

Historical Notes:
        Based on the BattleTech inter-robot role-playing game.

Review:
        BattleTech is unlike all the other games described in this report.
Rather than being played over the telephone lines, players interact over an
ethernet LAN. Each sits at a console in a cockpit, and they battle in real-time
over a simulated 10 miles by 10 miles landscape in assorted weather conditions.
Although the system is not quite complete, and is LAN-based, the point is that
all it does could be implemented equally well over a sufficiently wide-band
telephone network.

        The BattleTech console has six audio speakers, one of which is for
inter-player communication. There is a microphone, a numeric keypad for
punching in missile co-ordinates and a joystick for aimed laser fire. Movement
is via a hand-held throttle and two foot pedals. Visually, there is one primary
screen, several secondary screens, and numerous illuminated instruments.

        Players work in teams, up to four a side.  There's only one BattleTech
centre at the moment, but others are planned.

Summary:
        IMPCGs will only have come of age when products like BattleTech are
available to home users over the telephone network.

Quotes:

        "It drives like a tank."
                Ross Babcock [technical director]

        "This is the game of futuristic mechanised combat we all know and
         love - but this time it's for real!"
                GMI [magazine]


6.1     Fantasy Sports.

Name:                   Football/Hockey/Baseball
Location:               CompuServe,
                        USA Today Sports Center

Brief Description:
        Simulations of sports leagues.

Review:
        There are several Fantasy Sports available on US networks, but as they
are all basically the same idea their reviews have been combined.

        Fantasy Sports' players take control of a sports team and guide it
through a season of matches against other players. Team members can be
transferred and new members drafted, paid for using game money.  Team selection
is made before each match, and the games are played to coincide with matches in
the real world.

        Participating in Fantasy Sports takes little time - a few minutes a
day.  The overall goal is to win the league title, and there is usually a
real-life prize associated with it - a stay at a baseball training camp, for
example.

        Fantasy Sports are usually uncomplicated, and they are not properly
interactive.  They do, however, generate a lot of discussion among players, and
were the games displayed graphically they would attract an even wider audience.

Summary:
        Multi-user, but not really interactive. When interactive versions do
come out in the USA, someone there will make themselves an awful lot of money.

Quotes:

        "The most exciting part was when I won the BERRA National League
         Championship in 1987. Unfortunately, I wasn't able to defend my
         title in 1988; I came in fourth.  Other than that, it's exciting
         when one of your pitchers throws a two-hit shutout, or when your
         catcher hits two home runs and six RBIs in one game, and you know
         that your team has been helped in the overall standings as a
         result."
                Bill Gallagher [player]

        "When Boomer Esiason limps off the field with a sprained ankle or
         Greg Swindell develops arm trouble, the Fantasy Sports owner has
         to find a way to bolster his team and continue to compete.
         Replacing Esiason or Swindell may mean gambling on an unproven
         rookie, signing a free-agent or putting together a trade for a
         seasoned veteran."
                CompuServe [magazine]


6.2     Island of Kesmai.

Name:                   Island of Kesmai
Location:               CompuServe
Pricing Structure:      $12.50/hour plus
                        $9.40/hour for UK players

Brief Description:
        First-generation graphics game.

Review:
        Island of Kesmai (or IOK) is Compuserve's best-selling game - its
popularity exceeds that of British Legends, which came on-line later.

        IOK is primarily a role-playing game. Beginners have to select from
various character classes and races (each of which have their advantages and
disadvantages), and they are assigned 6 property values (strength,
intelligence, dexterity, wisdom, stamina and constitution). The parallels with
AD&D are clear.

        IOK is in many ways like a conventional MUA.  Players move by typing in
directions, and there are commands to pick up, drop, examine and throw objects.
There is little breadth, true, and hardly any depth, but it does have
complexity enough to merit a 160+ page manual. Subtle differences between
character classes, and a range of effects dependent on players' statistics, do
give an impression of realism.

        The main point about IOK, however, is its display. Rather than textual
room descriptions, IOK gives a bird's eye view of the area local to the player.
The game is grid-based, and players see a 6 by 6 matrix drawn using pairs of
ASCII characters. This may be incomplete, since areas not in line-of-sight are
not drawn.

        The display is crude.  Common features have their own symbols (eg.
walls are [], fire is **), but mobiles (critters) and players are simply listed
as letters, with a key to decode them printed alongside the map; this is
necessary because players can occupy the same square, and thus couldn't be
drawn graphically. There is some informational content in mobiles' names, eg.
!Nocha is of neutral alignment, +Nocha would be evil (and likely to attack).

        There are client programs available which make playing IOK easier, and
which tart up the display.  However, at present there is no software on general
release that produces quality graphics (an Amiga terminal driver has been made
available just this month, but so far only 6 people have downloaded it).  This
is something which must surely come soon - if IOK were given Dungeon Master
graphics, for example, it would be almost irresistible.  The game is structured
specifically for automatically-generated graphical displays, and it's amazing
that nothing beyond crude ASCII is used.

        The atmosphere in IOK is enforced friendliness.  Attacking other
players, while possible, produces howls of outrage and the attacker will become
a pariah.  Communication over distance is not possible, so even if there are 50
people playing you can only talk to those in the same "room" as you.

        Players in IOK progress by finding money, and using it to buy equipment
or training.  There is no overall goal - the players just try to keep alive.
However, since some people have been playing for years, they can build up
incredibly powerful personae, and it is unlikely that they will ever die. Even
if they do, they will be resurrected automatically unless killed by a
flesh-eating mobile. In order to keep these long-term players from getting
bored, the game is continually added to, with new sections of increasingly
dangerous monsters and bigger rewards. This does have the effect of keeping
high-level players interested, but it makes the game even more daunting for
newcomers. Because of this, IOK has two games - basic and advanced.

        The game does have resets, but they are over a long period of time - 60
days or so. Individual objects and puzzles can be reset on their own -
necessary, as players take them with them when they quit.

        In many ways, IOK is like Rogue or Hack. It has a similar display,
similar commands, slightly more depth (mobiles that speak gibberish, mobiles
that can only be damaged by weapons made of a certain material), and is
multi-player.  Nevertheless, even Hack is compulsive, and as IOK is
multi-player that makes it doubly so.

        IOK appeals to people who like complex (yet often arbitrary)
interactions between objects, lots of detailed rules, and no descriptive text.
Were a large games company to muscle in on the play-by-modem scene, this is the
kind of game they'd probably go for. In the long term, it's a bad move because
IOK makes many mistakes - it can't go on expanding indefinitely, for example.
However, with a good client it could be very impressive for a few years, and
that would certainly be enough to make a large amount of money.

Summary:
        Basically, Island of Kesmai is an average, role-playing style MUA, with
a crude graphical interface and not a great deal else.  However, it is tuned to
perfection, and when a proper client is written it should be very impressive.

Quotes:

        "In 2.5 years of playing, I've never been on-line when there
         weren't at least 3 other players, and there are usually 10-60
         players."
                Dragon [magazine]

        "When you become involved in Island of Kesmai, you find yourself
         thinking of it not so much as a game but as a place."
                Randy Eichman [player]

        "Expect your first dragon-slaying outing to take a few hours. Your
         adventure could end in glory or in a dragon's stomach, but chances
         are you'll have a great time either way."
                CompuServe [magazine]

        "Kesmai's creators have fashioned a revolutionary experience."
                Dragon [magazine]



Name:                   MegaWars III
Location:               CompuServe
Pricing Structure:      $12.50/hour plus
                        $9.40/hour for UK players

Brief Description:
        Multi-player space warfare game

Historical Notes:
        Written by the Island of Kesmai team, MegaWars III is a greatly
enhanced version of MegaWars I.

Review:
        MegaWars III is, at heart, a multi-player version of the old Star Trek
game that was popular on mainframe computers in the late 1970s. More detail
have been added, with an economic system, troop landings, planets, gas giants
(for fuel), and an overall goal - to become emperor of the galaxy.

        Resets are several weeks apart.  Players colonise planets, raise
revenue, build more ships, and spread throughout the galaxy. Unlike Prestel's
StarNet, the game runs in real time and orders are not "batched"; even
experienced players must spend several hours a day playing if they are to stand
any chance of becoming emperor. For this reason, players usually join teams, so
that other team members can protect their growing empire while they're away.

        The screen display is a simple ASCII bird's eye view.  It's only really
essential for ship-to-ship combat, so can be turned off at other times. Its
size is adjustable, up to 32 by 32 squares. Again, there is no client software
for users, so any ideas of sprite-driven missiles racing across the screen and
exploding in vibrant colour must be dismissed: all you get on MegaWars III is
an exclamation mark if you're lucky.

        CompuServe also have a very basic cut-down space combat game called
SpaceWAR. Unlike MegaWars III, however, it does not feature inter-player
communication, just high-speed combat.

Summary:
        MegaWars III is basically a simple core, with lots of added detail that
significantly changes the gameplay. As with most cursor-addressing games, its
appeal would be greatly improved if it had specialist client software that
dealt with proper graphics, instead of relying on ANSI escape codes.


Name:                   NetHack
Location:               InterNet

Brief Description:
        Multi-player Hack.

Historical Notes:
        Hack is a development of Rogue, a single-player game where the player
wanders around a computer-generated dungeon slaying monsters and casting
spells.  NetHack is the multi-player version of Hack.

Review:
        NetHack is one of a series of games developed from Rogue, and shares
many of the latter's features.  Players are given an overhead view of their
dungeon level, and move around using arrow keys. Players are supposed to
co-operate in their attempts to find the lower reaches of the dungeon.  There
is no direct communication between players within the game - it works best when
played by two people on adjacent terminals.

        Work is beginning on the USA academic MUA circuit aimed at combining
NetHack with standard MUAs, eg. LPMUD.  This should produce something along the
lines of Island of Kesmai, but with more traditional MUA features rather than
IOK's detailed role-playing orientation.

        There are already two NetHack lookalikes with a MUA flavour. Myth was
written by Per Abrahamsen in Denmark using C++, and incorporates many classes
useful for such games; it is, however, rather primitive.  Strathclyde
University has VAXMUF (Multi-User Fight), with 100 levels, 100 spells and using
ASCII graphics.  Neither of these is as widespread as NetHack.

        Other InterNet games based on Rogue are Larn, Moria and Omega, and
multi-player versions of these may be forthcoming in the near future.
Galacticomm bulletin boards already carry an ANSI-graphics game called
Androids!.

Summary:
        Although there probably are people willing to pay to play NetHack, the
real developments will come when the game is merged with existing MUA
technology and is given a proper server.

Quotes:

        "I tried linking up a TinyMUD to Hack. One was in ANSI C and the
         other was in C. Although it did some really impressive stuff, it
         failed as a 'good attempt' to get them to link up - but I believe
         it is possible to do it."
                Ashgon [player]


6.3     Sniper!

Name:                   Sniper!
Author(s):              Steve Estvanik ("Yngvi")
Location:               CompuServe
                        $12.50/hour plus
                        $9.40/hour for UK players

Brief Description:
        Man-to-man World War II combat game.

Historical Notes:
        Based on the TSR boardgame.

Review:
        In Sniper!, players control not individuals, but a squad of
individuals, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. This is a growing
trend in single-user role-playing games. The player takes on the position of
the squad's commanding officer.

        The game uses IOK-like cursor addressing to draw a 10 by 60 map on the
players' screens, however the game is difficult to play without having first
downloaded a copy of the full-sized map, of which the screen display is only a
part.

        The game has a levels system: ranking points are given for each
engagement, and when a certain number have been achieved the player is
promoted.  Whether a brigadier general would actually be involved in man-to-man
combat isn't at issue...

        Sniper! is a two-player game. Players can play against the computer or
against themselves, or even watch other people play; however, they will
normally play against someone else.  Missions can be either patrol, infiltrate
or specific, and can take place in different areas (Sicily, Normandy,
Ardennes), each with its own map. A game will normally last between 20 to 45
minutes for players of similar rank, but if there's a big disparity then it
could all be over in 10 minutes.

        Being a two-player game drastically reduces the amount of socialisation
that can take place. There is a saloon bar for friendly discussion, but little
to do in the game itself.  Sniper!  is not for role-players.  Unlike
modem-to-modem games, it does actually run on CompuServe's computers, and
therefore can only be played there. It's not merely a place for players to make
contact and then call each other separately; if it were, it wouldn't be as
lucrative as it is at present.

        Like IOK, Sniper!  does not have graphical client software. Since most
American players use either an IBM PC or a Macintosh, this is inexcusable. The
display it does have can be in colour, but it is composed of single ASCII
characters; it is even more difficult to decipher than IOK's.

        Sniper! has a reputation for intricacy and complexity. As with IOK,
experienced players like being able to talk about fine, subtle details.  It is
certainly possible to play Sniper! without being aware of all the rules, but
unlike normal MUAs there is little fun to be gained in discovering them:
they're all available explicitly, and just have to be read and learned. Battle
tactics are the "exploratory" side to the game.

Summary:
        An adaptation of a boardgame that takes out all the tedious
manual-reading during play and replaces it with tedious manual-reading before
play.  A good game for seriously minded wargamers.

Quotes:

        "Some people enjoy role-playing and use the radio to send insults
         or jibes when they hit, or complain when they miss."
                Steve Estvanik [author]

        "You have to think on your feet. While you're in the game, it's a
         real battle. Things happen, and you have to react. It's like a
         game of high-speed chess."
                Peter Soehnlen [player]


6.4     The Spy.

Name:                   The Spy
Author(s):              Blane Bramble
Location:               IOWA and/or Synergy
Pricing Structure:      free

Brief Description:
        First-generation graphics game.

Review:
        A budding IOK-style game. Players are espionage agents armed with a gun
and some grenades, who wander around a maze attempting to dispose of one
another.  Since there are no puzzles, playing The Spy alone is, at the moment,
pointless.

        The graphics used are simple ASCII characters, with screen addressing
via VT52 codes.  As with IOK, line noise can badly trash a screen. Also as with
IOK, The Spy would benefit enormously from a client program that took the
simple ASCII and turned it into a proper, high-quality pictorial display.

Summary:
        A new game: playable, but badly in need of more MUA-like features.
Probably going nowhere itself, but it may spark someone to attempt something
more sophisticated, along IOK lines.

Quotes:

        "The idea is to provide a multi-user game with a semi-graphical
         user interface (similar to that found in the games Hack, Moria,
         Omega and so on)."
                Blane Bramble [author]

Name:                   You Guessed It!
Location:               CompuServe
Pricing Structure:      $15.50/hour plus
                        $9.40/hour for UK players

Brief Description:
        Multi-player trivia quiz game.

Historical Notes:
        Based on a US TV programme vaguely similar to Family Fortunes.

Review:
        You Guessed It! (or YGI for short) is a simple multi-player quiz game
with a now sadly diminished following on CompuServe. Players are asked a series
of questions in turn by the program, and score points for 'correct' answers;
the quotes are because the questions are based on the most popular answer given
by 100 people surveyed in the mid-west, and are not always factually correct,
eg.  "Name a famous Italian opera" was answered "Carmen" by more people than
was any other opera. Players can challenge the survey results, in which case a
majority vote by all players is required for the new answer to be accepted.

        Players can win bonus points for some answers, and these can be added
up and turned into real cash; for legal reasons only US citizens aged 18 and
over may do this, however.  To pay for the prizes, there's a $3/hour surcharge
on YGI contestants.

        YGI's main problem is sterility. At the moment, its database contains
around 2,000 questions, and some players have seen them all and recorded the
answers.  New questions involve taking surveys, which is expensive, although
2,000 is still rather measily.

        The main reason people play YGI is nothing to do with the game itself,
though.  It has a lobby area, where players go to wait for a game to start, and
they chat to one another there.  Forming friendships in this way is the real
reason people play. YGI is therefore really little more than a chatline.

        The past few years have seen a decline in YGI, as it has lost players
to British Legends, which provides better communication facilities with the
bonus of role-playing - something YGI's socialisers enjoy.

Summary:
        YGI is an innocuous quiz program that was successful for reasons its
authors had not considered: the game itself was merely a focal point to draw
like-minded people together, and it had no staying power of its own in the
face of opposition from a fully-fledged MUA. YGI is now reduced to cult status.

Quotes:

        "Will you have fun?  Will you learn more about your friends on
         CompuServe?  Will you discover the Meaning of Human Existence? -
         You guessed it!"
                You Guessed It! [promotional material]

7.      Discussion.

7.1     Organisation.

        This section contains a selection of representative quotes on a variety
of MUA-related subjects. Some of the quotes presented are solicited, unlike
those in previous sections; most, however, are taken without permission from
public sources such as magazine articles, bulletin boards, and InterNet's
rec.games.mud list.

        Between quotes are connecting paragraphs advancing the main points.  At
the end of each subsection is a summary.

7.2     Why Do People Play?

        The first and most obvious reason people play MUAs is because it's fun
to do so. In some cases, 'fun' is perhaps too weak a word, however:

        "There was little doubt that playing MUD was exciting and
         stimulating.  After one long evening interview, wishing to
         experience the game first hand, I agreed to join a player as he
         prepared to access Essex. Not all who wished to play could, as it
         was strictly on a 'first come, first served' basis, and as the
         methods of access were no straightforward much of the excitement
         seemed to hinge upon whether one could gain entry. While waiting
         to see if his efforts had been successful, the interviewee thrust
         his wrist to me to feel his racing pulse. He did not get in, but
         stated that he always got an 'adrenalin high' before and during
         play."
                Margaret Shotton
                [Computer Addiction? A study of computer dependency]

        Many MUA players feel this kind of a buzz playing the game -
particularly killers, ie. those who attack other personae with intent to cause
them harm.  The 'thrill' of the hunt can be so strong that it doesn't always
matter who wins the eventual fight - and in many ways, if the killer is taking
a risk then it can be an even greater attraction (like gambling).  Similarly,
role-players can enjoy deceiving other people into believing things that aren't
true, although realising that someone has attempted to trick you is rarely as
exciting as avoiding persona death in a fight.

        Contrast the heart-pounding excitement of the above MUD1 player with
the faint enthusiasm of a TinyMUD veteran:

        "Why do I MUD? Same reason you use the phone. And it's a lot
         cheaper."
                Bryant Durrell [Islandia founder]

        Here, it's mere convenience that determines why Durrell plays.
TinyMUDs have little or no puzzles, exploration is seldom rewarding, so they
settle down into chatlines. Players who met when the game first started, and
were learning to build rooms together, struck bonds of friendship.  However,
when the futility of that activity sinks in, they just sit around talking. New
players don't get the same initial fun, so don't play for very long, and older
players are lost through general attrition.  Eventually, the game/chatline is
deserted.

        (The reason it's cheaper, incidentally, is because Durrell uses
InterNet, so the costs are borne by others).

        So it seems there is a distinction between a MUA that models reality in
some way and one that merely provides chatline facilities, with the former
having more staying power than the latter because the emotional talons with
which it holds its players are stronger.  Why is this so, though?  Why should
interaction that occurs in a computer-moderated fantasy world be any more
gripping than straight CB-style interaction?

        "I remember the first time I was killed in MUD - it was deliberate.
         I was in tears. I really knew what it was like to be dead, the
         simulation was so real."
                An interviewee (male)
                [Computer Addiction? A study of computer dependency]

        The reason is that a good MUA can be believable. If it works the same
way as the real world, then the players use the same mind-set as if they were
in the real world, and hence emotional response to events in the MUA world are
as if they were affecting the player directly in the real world. In a chatline,
nothing happens; people don't interact, they merely communicate. Whatever,
there must certainly be some other players - a SUA may be lifelike, but it's
essentially private. For a world to seem truly real, it must be a shared
experience.

        "One thing is for sure, and that is that the multi-user feature is
         very important."
                Lars Pensjo [LPMUD author]

        If, however, MUA worlds can seem to the players like they are real,
should events that take place in these worlds be treated as if they were
real-world events? Or are they distinct?  Should players shrug off what happens
to them? What if they can't?

        "MUDs are games. Deal with it."
                Clay Webster [player]

        This is a popular view: people who are unable to switch off when they
leave a MUA ought to learn to do so, because the bottom line is that a MUA is
just a game, and haranguing people about what they did in the game is as
pointless as haranguing authors about what happened in books they wrote.  This
viewpoint is held mostly by people who have never played a MUA, have played but
never let themselves become emotionally absorbed by it, or who play killer
personae in order to get a kick out of annoying someone who doesn't hold the
"MUAs are games" viewpoint.

        Surely, though, things which wield this kind of emotional power over
people can't be mere games? The passions roused in (traditional) MUAs have the
kind of fire to them normally reserved for religious or political evangelism.
People aren't so much playing the MUA as living it.

        "Ready for the shocker?  Reality is a game. It has rules (physics),
         players (life forms), and many goals. ... I won't deny that MUDs
         are games, but if that is so then reality can also be considered a
         game."
                Ray Cromwell [TinyMUD player]

        This argument is intended to show by reducto ad absurdum that MUAs (or
at least TinyMUDs) aren't really games, because if they were then everything is
a game.  However, perhaps it be applied in reverse: if real life is as much a
game as is a MUA, perhaps MUAs are as much a reality as real life?

        "My MUD philosophy is that it's more than just a game, it's a
         virtual reality."
                Bruce Woodcock [TinyMUD player]

        Correct. Although the popular conception of virtual reality is a mass
of electronic headsets and cybergloves containing Tomorrow's World presenters,
MUAs are precisely the same thing, only instead of the images being generated
by a computer they're created by the imagination of each individual player.

        The 'virtual' in 'virtual reality' is used in the same sense as
'virtual image' in optics: the appearance of a real reality is there, but it
actually doesn't exist. However, if it truly doesn't exist, then nothing that
occurs in it really happens either, and therefore it should have no effect on
the real world (which, we assume, does exist).

        "All repeat after me: IT'S ONLY A GAME!"
                Anton Rang [TinyTalk author]

        The crucial point is that the virtual reality does exist; not in the
same way as real life, but as a conceptualisation which can have an effect on
people in real life.

        "I'm hesitant to label it 'just a game'. Sure it looks like a game.
         It uses a text-adventure metaphor for social interaction.
         However, that geeky phrase doesn't even *begin* to convey the
         complexities of 'what mud is'."
                Stephen White [TinyMUCK author]

        When a player like Shotton's interviewee controls a persona in a MUA
and becomes absorbed to such an extent that he is oblivious to the real world,
concentrating only on the virtual reality, then the player and his persona
fuse; he 'becomes' his persona in that MUA. As far as the player is concerned,
things are happening not to the persona but to he himself. He can do things
that are impossible in the real world, and be whoever he wants to be. That's
the attraction.

        Of course, a sudden change back to real life is going to be jarring.
The emotions felt by the player as he lived in the virtual reality cannot be
shaken off when he leaves that reality any more than real life emotions can be
dismissed at the drop of a hat. No wonder Shotton's interviewee cried when his
persona - ie. he himself - was killed in MUD1.

        MUAs are not merely chatlines with games screwed on top; rather, they
are a whole that is greater than the sum of these two parts. Of course, a good
deal of their insidious attraction is that they can lure not just people who
want a virtual reality buzz, but ones who simply like games and ones who simply
like chatlines. People who just like talking can do that in a MUA if they want
to. TinyMUD has a very weak 'learn what to do' game about it when it is first
installed at a site, and then it rapidly degenerates into a chatline; however,
even then it has enough of a virtual world about it to have prompted this
recent posting on InterNet:

        "I was thinking about things today, and realised that I was
         spending more than 8 hours a day MUDding, skipping classes and
         ignoring homework in favour of all the socialisation of the MUDs.
         It also hit me that I was going to flunk out of college if I
         didn't stop it. I'm addicted bad.  Real bad. ... To all of you who
         insist that MUD is a game, I disagree. MUD is a socialisation tool
         that just happens to allow you to go adventuring and solve
         puzzles. Problem is, that I over-used it, to the exclusion of a
         real life."
                Garth Minette [ex-TinyMUD player]

        MUAs are very addictive.  Chatlines can be addictive, and games can be
addictive, but neither compares remotely with what a MUA can do to people. It
happens in all MUAs:

        "The burnout player has a very clear profile - he is a very active
         player who cannot be missed when he is in the game, he is chatty
         and likeable, a fighter (but not very good), and he sparkles,
         bubbles, burbles and froths all over chat.  Above all, he wants to
         be involved with everything. The symptoms are very obvious from
         the outset: long hours of play every day may gradually move into
         peak time, followed by a furious activity towards the end of the
         first quarter, with a 'well I might as well be hanged for stealing
         a sheep as a lamb' attitude just before the bill arrives. Then the
         painful farewell to friends and enemies moments before dad
         consigns the modem to the dustbin. Then, silence forever. He is
         never seen again. Burnout."
                Pip Cordrey [IOWA owner]

        Apart from the predictable grouse about telephone charges, Cordrey has
a genuine point here.  People who like the world offered by a MUA more than
they do the real world will often spend a lot of time there. If they are
obliged to pay for their time after having played, and are aware that they
can't, they'll play as much as they can before being cut off. This will
increase their addiction even more, and when the phone is finally disconnect
then the sudden wrench from the MUA can be devastating.  Players have described
it as 'cold Turkey'.

        "MUDs are addictive, as we who play them are well aware. Gibson and
         the rest were right about the addictive possibilities of
         cyberspace.  They were just wrong about the magnitude."
                Bryant Durrell [Islandia founder]

        The intersection between game and chatline which is so addictive is a
form of role-playing. The term is appropriate, however note:

        "Role-playing games have attracted some criticism; US religious
         fundamentalists have managed to conflate them with satanism and
         other evils - such as psychiatry."
                Computer Weekly [magazine]

        That's why these days, in discussing their relationship to their
persona, smart American MUA players stay on the virtual reality bandwagon.

        "In my case, Sir Bruce Sterling is mostly me. His words are
         generally my words in that situation, his actions often the ones I
         would take.  But there are slight differences. I can do things in
         MUDs I can't in real life, which allows options I don't have in
         real life. And when I kill in virtual reality, it doesn't mean I'd
         actually kill under the same circumstances in real life, since
         no-one *really* dies or even ceases to exist on MUDs if they are
         killed."
                Bruce Woodcock [player]

        Why is role-playing seductive?  Its principal attraction is that it
allows players to be someone else, to take on an assumed identity.  They can be
themselves, but when things go wrong they don't feel so bad about it. Anonymity
is the key.

        "Considering my MUD persona - and I only have one, which probably
         says a lot in itself - there are a lot of similarities.  I
         definitely hide behind the anonymity, but share a large number of
         traits (not all good) with my MUD personality."
                Mike Prudence [player]

        Anonymity also enables players to take on completely different roles,
behaving outrageously, safe in the knowledge that they can't be hurt in the
real world.

        "Interaction can mean anything from kissing to killing or
         stealing."
                The Economist

        Often, this involves sexual manipulation - sometimes subtle, but not
always:

        "The hozer: 'Yo, babe! I got this amazing ten-inch love muscle.
         Wanna date?  Lie down and spread your legs.' Hozers are usually
         college freshmen with no social skills who can't get sex any other
         way. They tend to skew the male/female ratio on MUDs even further
         by causing all female characters in the vicinity to change to male
         or gender-neutral characters."
                Lauren Burka [TinyMUD player]

        The ability to live out sexual fantasies in a MUA does attract certain
people, especially to games set up precisely for that purpose (eg. Zone). This
can cause managerial problems if it is uninvited. Something common in all MUAs,
though, is cross-gender playing.  Most male players play female personae
(usually admitting that they are really male if questioned) and many female
players play male personae (usually not admitting it if asked).  Sometimes,
males playing females will attempt to get themselves picked up by players they
think are male:

        "The slut: 'Hey, does anyone here want a blow-job?' The slut comes
         in all different shapes and sizes, but her description always
         includes mention of her luscious lips and prominent nipples.  95%
         of all sluts are played by male players.  Most of these used to be
         hozers."
                Lauren Burka [TinyMUD player]

        Rarely will this totally brazen technique fool anyone, but an
accomplished role-player can build up amazingly detailed on-line relationships
over time.  Quite what the fun in this involves is hard to say - it's probably
to do with enjoying manipulation other people, although the challenge of
role-playing may be a significant factor. Certainly, it can lead to tragic
cases where a player falls in love with a persona played by someone of their
own gender (almost invariably they're both male - females don't appear to
indulge in this kind of thing with quite the same dedication). Most MUAs will
have that happen to them at some time in their history unless they're very well
managed.

        Male players in some games have developed a defence against the
possibility that the female persona that they are talking to is actually male:

        "If you see a persona with a female name, it's really a male. If
         they come up and talk all feminine and giggle, it's still a male.
         If they phone you, meet you in a park, chat for two hours about
         MUD and produce logs of their games, it's still a male playing the
         persona. If you actually see them sitting down, playing the game,
         behaving just like they do when you've snooped them, then they
         might be the real thing but the chances are they're not. You can't
         be too careful!"
                Richard Bartle [Comms Plus!]

        Except in games with a near-even male/female ratio, many women adopt
the same attitude:

        "Perhaps it's because women are so scarce on the computers that
         some men haven't realised that they don't have to talk any
         differently to us. I know that some women conceal their gender
         from those who think that just because someone says that they are
         female, this is an invitation to be harassed.  This loss of
         freedom seems to be a high price to pay to get respect."
                Paola Kathuria [Comms Plus!]

        The 'freedom' Kathuria is talking about is that of being able to be
yourself.  Many new female players will be scared off by male players trying to
chat them up all the time, and will not play as male personae because they
object to being forced into a role by the attitudes of others.

        For those women who play openly as females, a barrage of pick-up lines
can be expected (not normally meant to be offensive, just very numerous because
there are many more males per female player). Once this has died down, women
can play pretty much the same way as men. By then, however, male players will
often have formed a visual impression of them that might not fit physical
reality.

        "In my experience, unless I have got to know someone well enough to
         call them a (platonic) friend, after face-to-face meetings things
         are never the same back on the talkers. I have therefore developed
         a rule of not meeting people while I am getting to know them and
         instead just relish wanting to meet them. I am inclined to think
         that if I were male there would be no problem. I put this down to
         my hunch that when men meet women on a computer the way women are
         imagined to look like tends to be more like an ideal than someone
         who may be skinny or fat, spotty, six feet tall or four feet
         short. I know that when I started to meet people I had a real
         shock when I found out they wore glasses or had a beard."
                Paola Kathuria [Comms Plus!]

        This reluctance to meet people face-to-face is quite sad in a way,
because whereas more men than women get immediate pleasure from role-playing,
more women than men find that their true enjoyment manifests itself in the way
in which friendships and companionship can form between players over time.

        "The biggest attraction for me would have to be the people here. I
         have developed many friendships that I will cherish for years to
         come."
                Stargazer [BL player]

        In two games at least (Shades and British Legends), players have
married people whom they first met in the game. If female players don't want to
go to face-to-face meetings for fear of shattering their friends' illusions of
them, it can detract from their overall enjoyment of the MUA. Long-standing MUA
players who may have jealously guarded their anonymity initially will often
gladly turn up at face-to-face meetings to renew their friendships.

        "One of the most interesting features of the MUG phenomenon is
         their social aspect, not just in the game but outside as well.
         Every game holds social gatherings, and at these events all the
         players get together and enjoy meeting the people behind the
         personae. It's always amazing to see people who were battling each
         other in cold fury the previous evening sitting down together over
         a pint discussing tactics."
                Pip Cordrey [Confidential]

        To summarise, then: chatlines can be addictive, games can be addictive;
combining the two should therefore be addictive, and yes, MUAs do attract
people who like chatlines and people who like games. However, MUAs can exert an
influence over a large number of these players out of all proportion to that of
either a chatline or game alone.  MUAs have an emotional hold over their
players which stems from the players' ability to project themselves onto their
game personae, feeling as if the things which happen to the game personae are
happening directly to the players themselves.

        When persona and player fuse, as they do in a good MUA, events are
given an impact far beyond that of the mere words that convey them.  The game's
virtual reality becomes (temporarily) the player's reality.  Players can do
things and have things done to them that are impossible in real life; they can
experience feelings and imbue feelings in others that real life denies them.
It's the belief that things are happening to you, not to a game persona, that
makes MUAs unique.

        This must be understood by the reader. The really exceptional thing
about interactive, multi-user computer games of the MUA variety is not that
you're chatting to someone miles away (although that can be fun), and it's not
that you're competing against a real human instead of a machine (although that
can also be fun); it's that you're existing in another world.  That's the root
of their appeal.

        "You get very excited with adventure games. Your adrenalin goes up
         and you get very tense. It's fascinating that you forget you are
         hunched over a computer and that others are - you feel you are all
         together in the magic land of MUD.  It's a further extension from
         reading a book. It's totally engrossing - the mind is focused on
         one thing and you don't notice anything else."
                An interviewee (female)
                [Computer Addiction? A study of computer dependency]


7.3     Why Do People Not Play?

        If MUAs are as entertaining as has just been claimed, why do some
people start playing them and then give up shortly afterwards?

        New players are the lifeblood of MUAs, as they are needed to replenish
the older players who stop playing for personal or financial reasons. They also
stop a game from becoming sterile.  Hence, most MUAs make some effort to keep
new players for long enough to get them hooked.

        One of the things commonly cited as a reason for not playing a MUA is
that it is too daunting. There is a class of person that finds huge amounts of
pre-game reading a real appetiser for the game, and who by the time they've
read all the documentation will be raring to go. Many people do not like it,
however. They want simple, basic instructions, and they don't want to be told
just how much they'll need to know to play the game in earnest - it's just too
awesome.

        The best way to achieve this is by means of on-line help. Players can
ask for assistance on specific game-related topics, and the game will give them
details. Purists argue that this spoils the atmosphere, but it's necessary if
players are to learn gradually rather than be put off by an initial flood of
facts.

        "Virtual reality is not hurt by being able to find out how the
         virtual reality is mapped to the real reality at any time.  It's
         very unrealistic not to be able to whisper to someone because I
         forgot the command and the help command is not global. Sheesh."
                Lee Brintle [player]

        However, the crucial factor in ensnaring new players into a game is how
the other players react. New players are often confused in their first session,
and longer-standing players can help enlighten them.

        "If you give people a little guidance, they'll all pull in the same
         direction, rather than one zillion different directions."
                Mike Prudence [TinyMUCK player]

        Unfortunately, the behaviour of other players is as potent in its
ability to scare off newcomers as it is to welcome them.  In male-heavy games,
women have special difficulties as outlined earlier.  However, everyone suffers
verbal abuse from time to time from anonymous personae.  Older players will
dismiss it without comment, but newcomers (and especially journalists looking
for a story) are often shocked, and can easily be driven away (which is, of
course, exactly what their abuser intended).

        "One of the most annoying things is when I'm sitting in a public
         (or private) place and someone comes by and starts swearing and
         insulting me and everyone else in there."
                Gregory Blake [player]

        Proper game management, especially the ability of arch-wizzes to find
out to which account any persona belongs, can do a great deal to stop these
practices.  However, they'll always be open to misuse by people using guest
accounts, where no link between a persona and a real person can be determined.

        Swearing and sexual innuendo can creep into any public service with a
chatline component - 'sleaze' is the term used to refer to it. Due to
mismanagement in some MUAs, eg. Shades, an attitude has set in that this is
somehow inevitable, and that when anyone plays a MUA the result is a
transformation comparable with that of Dr Jekyll's to Mr Hyde.  Since this can
be used as an argument against allowing MUAs at all, it is important that it be
recognised as fallacious.

        "Computer interaction seems to make people nastier and more
         obnoxious. It doesn't: it merely gives the rude and ignorant more
         efficient and anonymous means to display their rudeness and
         ignorance."
                Lauren Burka [TinyMUD player]

        In other words, MUAs don't make people behave badly; all they do is
enable people who want to behave badly to do so.  In a properly organised MUA,
bad behaviour by an individual will occur at most twice: the first time, if
they appear to have thought it was OK to do what they did, they'll perhaps be
let off with a stern warning; the second time, they're ejected.  Games that
allow wrongdoers to return have a harder time of maintaining discipline.  That
said, when people play MUAs their emotions are often difficult to contain, so
when disputes do break out they can escalate rapidly.

        Note that sleaze is not limited to MUAs, and that BT is very sensitive
about it:

        "Should you receive offensive or abusive material over any of our
         data transmission services or feel that material on a database is
         offensive and you wish to complain, please register your complaint
         in one of the following ways. ..."
                W. R. Broadhead
                [head of BT MNS Customer Service Unit,
                 in a letter to PSS customers]

        It is impossible to deal with sleaze so long as narrow-minded
individuals have access to a system and know they cannot be traced.  Automated
censorship is presently impossible - computers would throw out words like
'Scunthorpe', and if they didn't then players would use them as swearwords.

        To summarise: new players will lose interest if they find a game looks
too complicated to play, or if it is too sleazy for them.  More experienced
players will leave if sleaze gets really bad, but otherwise have a higher
tolerance of it. Good game management can reduce the amount of sleaze, in the
same way as good Home Office policing can reduce the amount of sleaze on ham
radio. However, it can't ever be removed 100%. You can discourage people from
breaking a code of acceptable behaviour (eg.  by throwing them out), but you
can't actually stop them from breaking it.

        "If you think about it, you will realise that a game is just a
         coded collection of rules. With a multi-user adventure these
         rules are complex, and defy being entirely coded. So some
         externally applied rules have to exist. The purpose of rules in
         the game is to ensure that the game is fair and enjoyable to all
         players."
                Pip Cordrey [IOWA owner]


7.4     Why Do People Stop Playing?

        MUAs do lose long-standing players. Sometimes it's because the games
are boring, or no longer games (as with TinyMUD and derivatives).  Other times,
the players or their circumstances change: they get older, change job, die,
move house, marry, have children.

        However, in the UK at least, the main reason that people stop playing
is because telephone charges are too high. The evidence for this is
overwhelming - almost every professional article on the subject complains about
the cost.

        "The main obstacle to MUD, and similar programs, gaining a wider
         airing is the cost of making a telephone call."
                Popular Computing Weekly [magazine]


        "The problem area with this way to play is the cost and speed at
         which it operates. Current costs are prohibitive."
                New Computer Express [magazine]


        "These games are expensive to play, habit forming, and rapidly
         becoming big business."
                PC Plus [magazine]


        "No MUG is free when it comes to your telephone bill!"
                GM [magazine]


        "Maybe the forthcoming changes to BT might lead to a more
         enlightened attitude to telephone charges for this type of
         service. For the home user, however, MUD playing will be limited
         to the rich or the resourceful."
                The Times

        The service BT provides is held in contempt by everyone in the
commercial comms field. Usage patterns for MUAs are very different to those of
voice users, with players commonly sitting down for several hours at a stretch
playing a game. During that time they are, of course, occupying slots on the
same exchanges that normal telephone users are paying full-price to use,
however since they have no choice in the matter it can hardly be said to be
their fault.  Even the absolute minimum price for a local telephone call in the
UK works out at 5.06p per 240 seconds, ie. L0.759/hour; for a long-distance
call, it's 5.06p per 38 seconds, ie. L4.794/hour. An evening of playing even a
free MUA would cost the players anything between L2 and L14 each. Even for
commercial games, the bulk of the money players pay ends up in BT's coffers.

        BT is very complacent about all this; after all, it's making money by
doing nothing, so why bother?  Indeed, since there are some people who
apparently spout sleaze in these games, perhaps it would be better in the long
run if they were all shut down? Less hassle for all concerned...

        BT could make a lot more money from MUAs if it dropped its prices. One
large phone bill will drive a person off a MUA, whereas they are likely to
accept smaller ones over a much longer period. L300 for one quarter nets BT
L300; L75 per quarter for two years nets BT L600. People don't play less when
the price goes up, they either continue to play or just stop.  It's an issue
for Market Research to determine the exact trade-off point for maximum income,
but it's definitely below 75p/hour.

        Another important point is that although BT makes money from MUAs,
they're commercially unattractive to games companies.  Players are prepared to
pay only a certain amount per hour to play, but if BT takes the lion's share of
that then there's little profit for the MUA authors.  This means companies that
specialise in computer games prefer to invest their energies elsewhere, and so
the number of commercial MUAs is small.  The more games there are, the more
players, and therefore the more income due to BT overall.

        BT does provide alternative services for its users. Most of these
suffer from the fact that they are distance-dependent: most telephone numbers
may be local to London, but MUAs often hold a special appeal to people in
remote areas, for whom a long-distance call is 5 or 6 times as much. Present
facilities and their disadvantages are as follows:

- PSS
    Allows inexpensive data transfer compared to direct dial over a modem
    long-distance, but is still a local call plus a high premium of several
    pounds per hour (depending on the amount of data sent).

- 0800 numbers
    Players don't get big phone bills, they get big bills from the MUA owners,
    who in turn get the big phone bills. If they are charged up front to use
    the service, this can be beneficial - people don't get any nasty surprises.
    Unattractive to MUA owners because it's distance-dependent, and local
    callers subsidise distance callers. If, however, all calls to the number
    cost the MUA owners the same, and that amount was equal to or less than the
    price of a local call, it would be a very satisfactory option - especially
    if the MUA providers could claim back the VAT on their phone bills.

- 0345 numbers
    These are numbers that are a local phone call from anywhere in the country.
    They're a cross between 0800 calls and normal calls - long-distance calls
    are subsidised by the owner of the 0345 number. If local call rate from
    pretty well everywhere in the country could be guaranteed, with no hidden
    charges, this would be a reasonable second-best option.

- 0898 numbers
    These are the premium call-rate numbers, where users pay enormous amounts
    per minute and BT gives some of the resulting money to the 0898 number
    owner. This would work well for MUAs if the prices weren't so incredibly
    high - L19.80/hour. Bring it down to L1 or L1.50 an hour and it would be
    more reasonable. Players would get even larger phone bills to pay all at
    once, however, and thus may be even more inclined to give up their gaming.

- Midnight Lines
    Midnight lines allow their owner to pay a flat fee per quarter and make
    unlimited phone calls any distance in the UK, so long as they do so between
    midnight and 6am.  Best used as a call-back system, where players dial the
    game, give their password, log off, and the game calls them back on its
    midnight line; this way, only the game needs the midnight lines, not the
    players. The problem with these lines is that only the most hardened of
    players will stay up so late before they can start to play.

        Given that BT's options are limited by its charter, there probably
isn't much scope for altering these services or providing similar ones. As far
as MUA players are concerned, the best solution is to have a service like the
0800 numbers where calls can be made from any distance and don't appear on the
users' phone bill. Different prices for different times of day are a reasonable
thing for BT to ask, but they should always be the same as or less than a local
phone call. The MUA provider would sell players 'credits', take these away from
their total at a certain rate depending on the time of day, and ask for more
when they ran out. In this way, players can see precisely how much the game is
costing them, can budget in advance, and have no nasty shocks when their phone
bills arrive:

        "In general, I think paying for credits in advance is definitely
         better than running up a bill. It allows players to budget, and
         avoids the problems a lot of new players could encounter of a huge
         bill arriving after the first month or so, which puts them off
         playing and therefore loses the game a customer."
                Phil Purle [MUD2 player]

        From the MUA providers' point of view, the best solution is a service
like the 0898 numbers. This is because they'll get more people playing during
the day using their companies' resources; also, BT does all the billing.
However, the 0800-lookalike solution is probably fairer.

        A third alternative is for BT to charge the MUA providers a flat fee
for a number that can be dialled by anyone without costing them anything - a
sort of 0800/midnight/land line. This may be subject to time-of-day
restrictions, perhaps only working at cheap-rate times. Provided the cost of
doing this wasn't too large, it would benefit both the player (free calls to
the MUA in the evening) and the MUA (daytime calls from users on their company
phones).  However, as a service it's perhaps a little complicated to operate.

        All this assumes use of the existing telephone network. There are
likely to be problems, however, in that providing new services primarily for
transmitting and receiving data doesn't ensure that they will be used for those
purposes.  For example, if a company bought a data 0800 number that only cost
it local call access outside business hours, there is nothing to prevent its
being used for voice communication. It could, of course, be made a condition of
having such a line that there should always be a modem on the end, but this may
prove expensive to police.

        Although at this stage there is probably insufficient evidence to tempt
all but the most progressive of companies into setting up a data-oriented
network, nevertheless that's probably the best way to proceed.  Certainly it
will be needed in the future, it's just a question of how long BT or their
competitors (such as they are) wait before implementing it (or realising that
they'll even need it - mind you, Finland has it already, and it's free). Local
phone calls to a special data node will doubtless be with us for some time to
come, but a national packet-switched data network that people don't require a
special account to use will come eventually. All they'd have to do is dial the
appropriate code for the data network followed by the number of the recipient,
and instead of being charged on a time basis they'd be charged on a data
transmitted/received basis.  If CompuServe can knock up a system that gives
local call access to their mainframes from pretty well anywhere in the USA, BT
can surely manage something in Britain.

        Of course, if BT is ever allowed to run its services on a subscription
basis like cable TV, other avenues are open:

        "I do feel that you're best off following the example of US TV or
         radio - don't charge the end-user if at all possible, and pull in
         the revenue someplace else."
                Bryant Durrell [Islandia founder]

        Summarising this, then, there are several options available for people
who wish to use IMPCGs. A very important consideration is the cost: if at all
possible, it should be standard countrywide, irrespective of distance; also, it
should be no more expensive than a local phone call - otherwise, why would
people a local call away bother with it?

        MUAs are played most frequently in non-business hours, which may give
some leeway in implementing changes to existing approaches.  Of these, the most
favoured are where all the cost is borne by the information provider, either as
a flat fee per line or time-dependent as at present.

        Ideally, data communications should have their own network which
charges on a data sent/received basis rather than for time used.  Voice sends
lots of data over a short period, but on-line services send smaller amounts
over a longer period, and furthermore can be carried more efficiently if their
computer-oriented nature is known. This, a datanet would achieve.

        "The quality of networked services in the UK is very poor, and I do
         not wish the work that we have done up to this point to be swamped
         by poorly managed highly commercial services."
                Pip Cordrey [IOWA owner]


7.5     What Does the Future Hold?

        "With the software industry definitely looking for new ideas to
         keep home computer users interested, the multi-user game is
         strongly tipped as being a hot item."
                Datamation [magazine]

        "At a time when the microcomputer software industry is entering a
         period of crisis - the number of new ideas for computer games is
         painfully small - the idea of multi-user games has been put
         forward as the next big area for development."
                Computing [magazine]

        MUAs are fun, rewarding to play, and compulsive. From a software
author's point of view, they're a dream: the software is not made public, so
there is no danger of piracy; people pay for them continually, they don't just
make a one-off payment; larger computers acting as a host mean that more
sophisticated games can be written than work on home micros. A pity BT takes
such a huge percentage of the revenue. Nevertheless, MUAs are definitely the
future.

        But what exactly is that future? The present trend in MUA design is for
games that allow players to add rooms etc. to it themselves. For many reasons,
this approach is unlikely to be successful commercially - quality, security and
the UK copyright laws are the main objections. However, that is not to say that
new alternatives should not be examined; too many MUAs these days are formula
issues that use the old, tried-and-trusted approaches.

        "The main thing hampering game development is the fact that the
         people writing them are content to produce yet another Shades
         clone.  It seems that whilst there is a lot of enthusiasm for
         writing your own games, nobody is willing to be a bit adventurous
         and try and make things a little more complex."
                Wabit [player]

        To seasoned players, the older MUAs look very dated. If members of the
general public were given a wider access to these games, then after a while
they'd come to feel the same way too. Unless work starts soon on the "next
wave" of MUAs, there'll be nothing there to take their place.

        "Hopefully, they will be replaced by new games, but who is going to
         write them?  And who is going to back them? BT don't need to
         replace Shades, it still brings in the money..."
                Wabit [player]

        The authors are there, but the backers aren't.  Even CompuServe doesn't
commission games, it merely deigns to permit them on its network.  Prestel will
allow companies access to its user base, but at L6,500 per entry point plus
L260 per channel, both sums charged annually, there are few takers.
Unfortunately, BT is too big an organisation for this to make much difference
to it, and its charter means that cross-subsidisation is not allowed; thus,
Prestel couldn't let new services join it for free in the knowledge that this
would generate income for the telephone division, because Prestel itself would
have to pay for the connection and would get nothing (or comparatively little)
in return.

        MUA authors and carriers generally agree on the next big step in MUAs:

        "I see it splitting several ways. There'll be the continuing
         MUD/Shades type games, there'll be an increase in on-line
         chat/conferencing systems concentrating on the 'social' side of
         MUGs as they are, and there'll be the hard-edged commercial
         things, probably graphical games."
                Nigel Hardy [Comms Plus!]

        Graphics are seen as being the key to bringing MUAs to a wider
audience; sound, too, if possible.  Viewdata, sadly, is nowhere near good
enough, despite Prestel's doggedness.

        "To market MUDs successfully, the interface between host and client
         must be improved. It is a small percentage of the buying public
         that will suffer through typing and reading to enjoy a few hours'
         escapism. If someone were to combine the ease of watching
         television with the interactivity of MUDs and make it available to
         the world at large, they would soon put the passive networks (NBC,
         ABC, BBC, ITV etc.) out of business."
                Duncan Howard [author of An Introduction to MUD]

        Graphical MUAs are possible right now, it's just that no MUA author has
the financial clout to do anything about it.  The approach is not to send
photographic images down the line, but instead to provide these on disc or
multimedia systems at the user end. The MUA host merely transmits a few control
codes that say "Print background 219, with a tree at co-ordinates (314, 16),
and Eric at (210, 101) with a face using identikit image 12/11/23/1/92." This
doesn't need ISDN telephone links, and it's the way games like Air Warrior
work.

        "Graphical MUGs won't work until the BT monopoly is broken and 15
         year olds can afford to play shoot-em-and-run type games over the
         phone."
                Graeme [Ripper author]

        IMPCGs in the future will, in general, be one of the following types:

- Arcade style.
    These will appeal to people who like blasting aliens. However, blasting
    aliens is a lonesome thing, and players will not take kindly to being
    blasted by other people. When teenagers play such games over the phone,
    it'll be because that's a way the computer companies have figured they can
    make more money out of it. Making people pay as they play is always going
    to be more lucrative than making them pay once only.

- Strategy.
    These are mainly going to be two-player games between 'older' players of a
    generation that came too early for AD&D. People enjoy playing things like
    chess by post, and will enjoy playing such games by phone. They are
    unlikely to come in their hordes, however; this is a niche market. Networks
    will only be necessary as a place to meet opponents before playing direct-
    dial.

- Simulators.
    The players take sides in a competitive environment of fast action and/or
    skill. This covers everything from flight simulators to rock climbing.
    Doubtless there will be people who want to play golf against a real human
    being in a laserdisc rendition of the US Masters course, but whether
    they'll keep coming back for more or grow tired when the novelty wears off
    (or they keep losing) is uncertain.

- Chatlines.
    Not really games, but such a socially useful tool that despite the sleaze
    factor they'll eventually conquer all. They'll appeal to people who are
    prudish about playing games but who don't mind a little gossip.

- MUAs.
    Chatlines plus games.  Unbeatable, except for people who "don't like
    dragons and suchlike", ie. are too old or set in their ways. With graphics
    and sound, they'll be absolutely sensational.

        There is going to be an enormous market for IMPCGs. Although the UK has
a significant lead in MUAs, it'll disappear in a couple of years once the US
academics get working on it in earnest, unless the UK industry is given
support.  If not, it'll be brushed aside by the US and Japanese giants,
particularly purveyors of arcade games and simulators who have suddenly become
aware of "virtual reality" and may implement such systems leap-frogging
present-day MUAs completely.

        There is a demand for these simulator games, unquestionably. However,
the danger is that they will constitute all the games on offer.  There's a
common misunderstanding among company people discussing playing games over the
phone: they think that the reason people do it is because they relish the
challenge of taking on a real human being in a test of skill. They don't.
People may have that idea initially, but any long-standing MUA player will tell
you that it's not really this that keeps people playing. To some extent it's
the social aspect of the game that holds the key, but the real juice is the
virtual reality.

        To summarise: single-player games that are modified merely by giving
them more players will probably have some considerable appeal.  This will be
enough to satisfy their backers.  However, shared virtual reality is where the
big bucks lie hidden, and the first company to make a top-notch graphical MUA
available to a large user base will clean up.

        "Business users pay for the system and we have to look after them,
         but we get a lot of satisfaction from the home users who come on
         the system in the evenings. They are the lifeblood - no, the SOUL
         of MicroLink"
                Derek Meakin [MicroLink chairman]


7.6     Conclusion.

        BT has been lucky enough to have the leading technology for IMPCGs take
root in its front garden. It can nurture this young shoot until it is strong,
then plant its seeds elsewhere, or it can dig it up and wait a few years until
someone else sells one at the garden centre.

        BT can watch or participate - preferably the latter.


        "For adult educators and researchers, text-based virtual realities
         offer an opportunity to enter a synthetic society either as
         observers of the sociology (and sociopathy) of a predominantly
         adolescent culture, or as mission-oriented contributors to the
         informal education and enrichment of the young people populating
         the ethereal world of Cyberion City."
                Barry Kort [BBN scientist]
