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The following is reprinted from The Pragmatist, August 1988. Some of
the examples and data are dated, but the arguments are still
valid.(rbs)
TWELVE REASONS TO LEGALIZE DRUGS
There are no panaceas in the world but, for social afflictions,
legalizing drugs comes possibly as close as any single policy could.
Removing legal penalties from the production, sale and use of
"controlled substances" would alleviate at least a dozen of our biggest
social or political problems.
With proposals for legalization finally in the public eye, there
might be a use for some sort of catalog listing the benefits of
legalization. For advocates, it is an inventory of facts and arguments.
For opponents, it is a record of the problems they might be helping to
perpetuate.
The list is intended both as a resource for those wishing to
participate in the legalization debate and as a starting point for
those wishing to get deeper into it.
Are we ready to stop wringing our hands and start solving problems?
1. Legalizing drugs would make our streets and homes safer.
As Jeffrey Rogers Hummel notes ("Heroin: The Shocking Story," April
1988), estimates vary widely for the proportion of violent and property
crime related to drugs. Forty percent is a midpoint figure. In an
October 1987 survey by Wharton Econometrics for the U.S. Customs
Service, the 739 police chiefs responding "blamed drugs for a fifth of
the murders and rapes, a quarter car thefts, two-fifths of robberies
and assaults and half the nation's burglaries and thefts."
The theoretical and statistical links between drugs and crime are
well established. In a 2 1/2-year study of Detroit crime, Lester P.
Silverman, former associate director of the National Academy of
Sciences' Assembly of Behavior and Social Sciences, found that a 10
percent increase in the price of heroin alone "produced an increase of
3.1 percent total property crimes in poor nonwhite neighborhoods."
Armed robbery jumped 6.4 percent and simple assault by 5.6 percent
throughout the city.
The reasons are not difficult to understand. When law enforcement
restricts the supply of drugs, the price of drugs rises. In 1984, a
kilogram of cocaine worth $4000 in Colombia sold at wholesale for
$30,000, and at retail in the United States for some $300,000. At the
time a Drug Enforcement Administration spokesman noted,
matter-of-factly, that the wholesale price doubled in six months "due
to crackdowns on producers and smugglers in Columbia and the U.S."
There are no statistics indicating the additional number of people
killed or mugged thanks to the DEA's crackdown on cocaine.
For heroin the factory-to-retail price differential is even
greater. According to U.S. News & World report, in 1985 a gram of pure
heroin in Pakistan cost $5.07, but it sold for $2425 on the street in
America--nearly a five-hundredfold jump.
The unhappy consequence is that crime also rises, for at least four
reasons:
* Addicts must shell out hundreds of times the cost of goods, so
they often must turn to crime to finance their habits. The higher the
price goes, the more they need to steal to buy the same amount.
* At the same time, those who deal or purchase the stuff find
themselves carrying extremely valuable goods, and become attractive
targets for assault.
* Police officers and others suspected of being informants for law
enforcement quickly become targets for reprisals.
* The streets become literally a battleground for "turf" among
competing dealers, as control over a particular block or intersection
can net thousands of additional drug dollars per day.
Conversely, if and when drugs are legalized, their price will
collapse and so will the sundry drug-related motivations to commit
crime. Consumers will no longer need to steal to support their habits.
A packet of cocaine will be as tempting to grab from its owner as a
pack of cigarettes is today. And drug dealers will be pushed out of
the retail market by known retailers. When was the last time we saw
employees of Rite Aid pharmacies shoot it out with Thrift Drugs for a
corner storefront?
When drugs become legal, we will be able to sleep in our homes and
walk the streets more safely. As one letter-writer to the Philadelphia
Inquirer put it, "law-abiding citizens will be able to enjoy not living
in fear of assault and burglary."
2. It would put an end to prison overcrowding.
Prison overcrowding is a serious and persistent problem. It makes
the prison environment, violent and faceless to begin with, even more
dangerous and dehumanizing.
According to the 1988 Statistical Abstract of the United States,
between 1979 and 1985 the number of people in federal and state prisons
and local jails grew by 57.8 percent, nine time faster than the general
population.
Governments at all levels keep building more prisons, but the number
of prisoners keeps outpacing the capacity to hold them. According to
the Federal Bureau of Prisons' 1985 Statistical Report, as of September
30 of that year federal institutions held 35,959 prisoners-41 percent
over the rated prison capacity of 25,638. State prisons were 114
percent of capacity in 1986.
Of 31,346 sentenced prisoners in federal institutions, those in for
drug law violations were the largest single category, 9487. (A total of
4613 were in prison but not yet sentenced under various charges.)
Legalizing drugs would immediately relieve the pressure on the
prison system, since there would no longer be "drug offenders" to
incarcerate. And, since many drug users would no longer need to commit
violent or property crime to pay for their habits, there would be fewer
"real" criminals to house in the first place. Instead of building more
prisons, we could pocket the money and still be safer.
Removing the 9487 drug inmates would leave 26,472. Of those, 7200
were in for assault, burglary, larceny-theft, or robbery. If the
proportion of such crimes that is related to drugs is 40 percent,
without drug laws another 2900 persons would never have made it to
federal prison. The inmates who remained would be left in a less
cruel, degrading environment. If we repealed the drug laws, we could
eventually bring the prison population down comfortably below the
prison's rated capacity.
3. Drug legalization would free up police resources to fight crimes
against people and property.
The considerable police efforts now expended against drug activity
and drug-related crime could be redirected toward protecting innocent
people from those who would still commit crime in the absence of drug
laws. The police could protect us more effectively, as it could focus
resources on catching rapists, murderers and the remaining perpetrators
of crimes against people and property.
4. It would unclog the court system.
If you are accused of a crime, it takes months to bring you to
trial. Guilty or innocent, you must live with the anxiety of impending
trial until the trial finally begins. The process is even more
sluggish for civil proceedings.
There simply aren't enough judges to handle the skyrocketing
caseload. Because it would cut crime and eliminate drugs as a type of
crime, legislation would wipe tens of thousands of cases off the court
dockets across the continent, permitting the rest to move sooner and
faster. Prosecutors would have more time to handle each case; judges
could make more considered opinions.
Improved efficiency at the lower levels would have a ripple effect
on higher courts. Better decisions in the lower courts would yield
fewer grounds for appeals, reduing the caseloads of appeals courts; and
in any event there would be fewer cases to review in the first place.
5. It would reduce official corruption.
Drug-related police corruption takes one of two major forms.
Police officers can offer drug dealers protection in their districts
for a share of the profits (or demand a share under threat of
exposure). Or they can seize dealer's merchandise for sale themselves.
Seven current or former Philadelphia police officers were indicted
May 31 on charges of falsifying records of money and drugs confiscated
from dealers. During a house search, one man turned over $20,000 he had
made from marijuana sales, but the officers gave him a "receipt" for
$1870. Another dealer, reports The Inquirer, "told the grand jury he
was charged with possession of five pounds of marijuana, although 11
pounds were found in his house."
In Miami, 59 officers have been fired or suspended since 1985 for
suspicion of wrongdoing. The police chief and investigators expect
the number eventually to approach 100. As The Palm Beach Post
reported, "That would mean about one in 100 officers on the thousand
man force will have been tainted by one form of scandal or another."
Most of the 59 have been accused of trafficking, possessing or
using illegal drugs. In the biggest single case, 17 officers allegedly
participated in a ring that stole $15 million worth of cocaine from
dealers "and even traffic violators."
What distinguishes the Miami scandal is that "Police are alleged to
be drug traffickers themselves, not just protectors of criminals who
are engaged in illegal activities," said The post. According to James
Frye, a criminologist at American University in Washington, the gravity
of the situation in Miami today is comparable to Prohibition-era
Chicago in the 1920s and '30s.
It is apt comparison. And the problem is not limited to Miami and
Philadelphia. The astronomical profits from the illegal drug trade
are a powerful incentive on the part of law enforcement agents to
partake from the proceeds.
Legalizing the drug trade outright would eliminate this inducement
to corruption and help to clean up the police's image. Eliminating
drug-related corruption cases would further reduce the strain on the
courts, freeing judges and investigators to handle other cases more
thoroughly and expeditiously.
6. Legalization would save tax money.
Efforts to interdict the drug traffic alone cost $6.2 billion in
1986, according to Wharton Econometrics of Bala Cynwyd, Pa. If we ad
the cost of trying and incarcerating users, traffickers, and those who
commit crime to pay for their drugs, the tab runs well above $10
billion.
The crisis in inmate housing would disappear, saving taxpayers the
expense of building more prisons in the future.
As we've noted above, savings would be redirected toward better
police protection and speedier judicial service. Or it could be
converted into savings for taxpayers. Or the federal portion of the
costs could be applied toward the budget deficit. For a change, it's a
happy problem to ponder. But it takes legalization to make it
possible.
7. It would cripple organized crime.
The Mafia (heroin), Jamaican gangs (crack), and the Medellin Cartel
(cocaine) stand to lose billions in drug profits from legalization.
On a per-capita basis, members of organized crime, particularly at the
top, stand to lose the most from legalizing the drug trade.
The underworld became big business in the United States when
alcohol was prohibited. Few others would risk setting up the
distribution networks, bribing officials or having to shoot up a
policeman or competitor once in a while. When alcohol was
re-legalized, reputable manufacturers took over. The risk and the high
profits went out of the alcohol trade. Even if they wanted to keep
control over it, the gangsters could not have targeted every
manufacturer and every beer store.
The profits from illegal alcohol were minuscule compared to the
yield from today's illegal drugs. They are the underworld's last
great, greatest, source of illegal income--dwarfing anything to be made
fromgambling, prostitution or other vice.
Legalizing drugs would knock out this huge prop from under organized
crime. Smugglers and pushers would have to go aboveboard or go out of
business. There simply wouldn't be enough other criminal endeavors to
employ them all.
If we are concerned about the influence of organized crime on
government, industry and our own personal safety, we could strike no
single more damaging blow against today's gangsters than to legalize
drugs.
8. Legal drugs would be safer. Legalization is a consumer protection
issue.
Because it is illegal, the drug trade today lacks many of the
consumer safety features common to other markets: instruction sheets,
warning labels, product quality control, manufacturer accountability.
Driving it underground makes any product, including drugs, more
dangerous than it needs to be.
Nobody denies that currently illegal drugs can be dangerous. But so
can aspirin, countless other over-the-counter drugs and common
household items; yet the proven hazards of matches, modeling glue and
lawn mowers are not used as reasons to make them all illegal.
Practically anything can kill if used in certain ways. Like heroin,
salt can make you sick or dead if you take enough of it. The point is
to learn what the threshold is, and to keep below it. That many things
can kill is not a reason to prohibit them all--it is a reason to find
out how to handle products to provide the desired action safely. The
same goes for drugs.
Today's drug consumer literally doesn't know what he's buying. The
stuff is so valuable that sellers have an incentive to "cut" (dilute)
the product with foreign substances that look like the real thing.
Most street heroin is only 3 to 6 percent pure; street cocaine, 10 to
15 percent.
Since purity varies greatly, consumers can never be really sure how
much to take to produce the desired effects. If you're used to 3
percent heroin and take a 5 percent dose, suddenly you've nearly
doubled your intake.
Manufacturers offering drugs on the open market would face different
incentives than pushers. They rely on name-brand recognition to build
market share, and on customer loyalty to maintain it. There would be
a powerful incentive to provide a product of uniform quality: killing
customers or losing them to competitors is not a proven way to
success. Today, dealers can make so much off a single sale that the
incentive to cultivate a clientele is weak. In fact, police persecution
makes it imperative to move on, damn the customers.
Pushers don't provide labels or instructions, let alone mailing
addresses. The illegal nature of the business makes such things
unnecessary or dangerous to the enterprise. After legalization,
pharmaceutical companies could safely try to win each other's
customers--or guard against liability suits--with better information
and more reliable products.
Even pure heroin on the open market would be safer than today's
impure drugs. As long as customers know what they're getting and what
it does, they can adjust their dosages to obtain the intended effect
safely.
Information is the best protection against the potential hazards of
drugs or any other product. Legalizing drugs would promote consumer
health and safety.
9. Legalization would help stem the spread of AIDS and other
diseases.
As D.R. Blackmon notes ("Moral Deaths," June 1988), drug
prohibition has helped propagate AIDS among intravenous drug users.
Because IV drug users utilize hypodermic needles to inject heroin
and other narcotics, access to needles is restricted. The dearth of
needles leads users to share them. If one IV user has infected blood
and some enters the needle as it is pulled out, the next user may shoot
the infectious agent directly into his own bloodstream.
Before the AIDS epidemic, this process was already known to spread
other diseases, principally hepatitis B. Legalizing drugs would
eliminate the motivation to restrict the sale of hypodermic needles.
With needles cheap and freely available, the drug users would have
little need to share them and risk acquiring someone else's virus.
Despite the pain and mess involved, injection became popular
because, as The Washington Times put it, "that's the way to get the
biggest, longest high for the money." Inexpensive, legal heroin, on
the other hand, would enable customers to get the same effect (using a
greater amount) from more hygienic methods such as smoking or
swallowing--cutting further into the use of needles and further slowing
the spread of AIDS.
10. Legalization would halt the erosion of other personal liberties.
Hundreds of governments and corporations have used the alleged
costs of drugs to begin testing their employees for drugs.
Pennsylvania Rep. Robert Walker has embarked on a crusade to withhold
the federal money carrot from any company or agency that doesn't
guarantee a "drug-free workplace."
The federal government has pressured foreign countries to grant
access to bank records so it can check for "laundered" drug money.
Because drug dealers handle lots of cash, domestic banks are now
required to report cash deposits over $10,000 to the Internal Revenue
Service for evidence of illicit profit.
The concerns (excesses?) that led to all of these would disappear
ipso facto with drg legalization. Before drugs became big business,
investors could put their money in secure banks abroad without fear of
harassment. Mom-and-pop stores could deposit their cash receipts
unafraid that they might look like criminals.
Nobody makes a test for urine levels of sugar or caffeine a
requirement for employment or grounds for dismissal. However, were
they declared illegal these would certainly become a lot riskier to
use, and hence a possible target for testing "for the sake of our
employees." Legalizing today's illegal drugs would make them safer,
deflating the drive to test for drug use.
11. It would stabilize foreign countries and make them safer to live
in and travel to.
The connection between drug traffickers and and guerrilla groups is
fairly well documented (see "One More Reason," August 1987). South
American revolutionaries have developed a symbiotic relationship with
with coca growers and smugglers: the guerrillas protect the growers
and smugglers in echange for cash to finance their subversive
activities. in Peru, competing guerrilla groups, the Shining Path and
the Tupac Amaru, fight for the lucrative right to represent coca
farmers before drug traffickers.
Traffickers themselves are well prepared to defend their crops
against intruding government forces. A Peruvian military helicopter
was destroyed with bazooka fire in March, 1987, and 23 police officers
were killed. The following June, drug dealers attacked a camp of
national guardsmen in Venezuela, killing 13.
In Colombia, scores of police officers, more than 20 judges, two
newspaper editors, the attorney general and the justice minister have
been killed in that country's war against cocaine traffickers. Two
supreme court justices, including the court president, have resigned
following death threats. The Palace of Justice was sacked in 1985 as
guerrillas destroyed the records of dozens of drug dealers.
"This looks like Beirut," said the mayor of Medellin, Colombia,
after a bomb ripped apart a city block where the reputed head of the
Medellin Cartel lives. It "is a waning of where the madness of the
violence that afflicts us can bring us."
Legalizing the international drug trade would affect organized
crime and subversion abroad much as it would in the United States. A
major source for guerrilla funding would disappear. So would the
motive for kidnapping or assassinating officials and private
individuals. As in the United States, ordinary Colombians and
Peruvians once again could walk the streets and travel the roads
without fear of drug-related violence. Countries would no longer be
paralyzed by smugglers.
12. Legalization would repair U.S. relations with other countries and
curtail anti-American sentiment around the world.
a. When Honduran authorities spirited away alleged drug lord Juan
Matta Ballesteros and had him extradited to the United States in April,
Hondurans rioted in the streets and demonstrated for days at the U.S.
embassy in Tegucigulpa.
The action violated Honduras's constitution, which prohibits
extradition. Regardless of what Matta may have done, many Hondurans
viewed the episode as a flagrant violation of their little country's
laws, just to satisfy the wishes of the colossus up North.
b. When the U.S. government, in July 1986, sent Army troops and
helicopters to raid cocaine factories in Bolivia, Bolivians were
outraged. The constitution "has been trampled," said the president of
Bolivia's House of Representatives. The country's constitution
requires congressional approval for any foreign military presence.
c. One thousand coca growers marched through the capital, La Paz,
chanting "Death to the United States" and "Up with Coca" last May in
protest over a U.S.-sponsored bill to prohibit most coca production.
In late June, 5000 angry farmers overran a U.S. Drug Enforcement
Administration jungle base, demanding the 40 American soldiers and
drug agents there leave immediately.
U.S. pressure on foreign governments to fight their domestic drug
industries has clearly reinforced the image of America as an
imperialist bully, blithely indifferent to the concerns of other
peoples. To Bolivian coca farmers, the U.S. government is not a beacon
of freedom, but a threat to their livelihoods. To many Hondurans it
seems that their government will ignore its own constitution on request
from Uncle Sam. Leftists exploit such episodes to fan nationalistic
sentiment to promote their agendas.
Legalizing the drug trade would remove some of the reasons to hate
America and deprive local politicians of the chance to exploit them.
The U.S. would have a new opportunity to repair its reputation in an
atmosphere of mutual respect.
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Okay 2C-B is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine. Its the phenethylamine
analogue of DOB. The 2C is because its had a 2-carbon chain sticking off
of the phenyl ring (which is why its a phenethylamine instead of an
amphetamine), and I *assume* the B is because of the Br atom in the 4
position.
+--------- the second (beta - carbon)
|
v
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| |
|| |
|| | ^
/ \ // \ |
Br \// OCH3 +------------ the first (alpha - carbon)
Doses are 12-24mg, Duration is 4-8 hours. Doses of 100mg have been taken
safely. 2C-B seems to be an extraordinarily colorful hallucingen similar
to LSD -- apparently somewhat analytical and dissasociative in higher doses
or in those sensitive to those effects.
Quote from Ecstasy: The MDMA Story...
[begins with a quotation from Alexander Shulgin]:
2C-B... is a tool... which ties the mental processes directly
and constructively into the physical soma.
The analgesic effects experienced with many, if not most,
psychedelic drugs, are not present with 2C-B. On the
contrary, there is increased body awareness of every kind,
including skin sensitivity, heightened responsiveness to
smells, tastes, and sexual stimulation.
One experiences increased consciousness of physical
health and energy, or, on the other hand, sharpened
awareness of any body imbalance or discomfort.
2C-B allows for rich visual imagery and intesnse eyes-
closed fantasy without the cluttering up of the mental field
with too much elaboration... It is a superb tool for learning
and growth.
[...] At high doses (above 30 mgs.), 2C-B is intensely hallucinogenic,
and, like any major psychedelic, can be frightening for certain people.
In small doses, it becomes a mild sensory enhancer but does not have the
strongly empathogenic qualities that MDMA has.
Perhaps the best use that has been found for 2C-B is as a synergist
with MDMA. When taken together, the MDMA pushes the non-specific 2C-B
reaction in a more warm and emphathetic direction. Because 2C-B is a
psychedelic drug, and therefore not fully predictable, its action can take
the user in many different directions. But if the set and setting are right,
2C-B can enhance the desire for sexual orgasm during an MDMA experience.
The synergy of the two substances can on occasion be a true aphrodisiac.
Shulgin writes in PiHKAL:
"The most succesfful reports have followed a program in which the two drugs
are not used at the same time, nor even too closely spaced. It appears that
the optimum time for the 2C-B is at, or just before, the final baseline
recovery of the MDMA."
DOB: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Bromoamphetamine. The only chemical difference is
the addition of an extra carbon to the chain. This turns the
phenethylamine into an alpha-methyl-phenethylamine (because the
addition of a carbon means attatching a methyl group to the
alpha carbon of the phenethylamine) also called a phenylisopropylamine
or simply an amphetamine.
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| | |
|| | |
|| | CH2
/ \ // \
Br \// OCH3
DOB has a potency of 1.0-3.0 mg and duration of 18-30 hours. Its very
similar to LSD. It seems to be more colorful than LSD and less dissociative
than 2C-B based on the reports I've read. The index of safety is probably
something like over 1,000 times the effective dose.
2C-D (LE-25): 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylphenethylamine. This is the 2 carbon
homologue of DOM (2C-B is to DOB as 2C-D is to DOM). The difference
between 2C-D and 2C-B is simply the replacement of the Br atom with
a methyl group.
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| |
|| |
|| |
/ \ // \
H3C \// OCH3
2C-D has a potency of 20-60mg and a duration of 4-6 hours. Seems to also
be very colorful. Shulgin notes: "Wow! This particular compound is what
I call a pharmacological tofu. It doesn't seem to do much by itself, always
teasing, until you get to heroic levels. But a goodly number of experimental
therapists have said that it is excellent in extending the action of some
other materials. It seems to boost the waning action of another drug, without
adding its own color to the experience." At 150mg+ it appears it might be
a full blown 2C-B-like psychedelic, however. No info on the toxic dose.
DOM (STP): 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine. Again, simply the addition
of an extra carbon to the chain to turn the phenethylamine 2C-D into
the ampehtamine DOM. And the replacement of the Br atom in DOB with
a methyl group would give you DOM also.
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| | |
|| | |
|| | CH2
/ \ // \
H3C \// OCH3
DOM has a potency of about 3-10mg and a duration of 14-20 hours. This was
first synthesized by Shulgin, and is what he calls his "Problem Child" (in
reference to Albert Hofmann's name for LSD). It gained a considerable
amount of use in the 60's and people taking 30mg+ (a whopping dose) had
some very dissasociative, bad trips. It was known as STP, which stands for
the motor oil additive actually, but was also known as "Serenity,
Tranquility and Peace". From the descriptions it seems LSD-like, with
possibly even more of a head-trip. 5-10mg seems *much* more appropriate
from the descriptions with very good effects. Only at higher (20-30mg)
doses does it appear to get really nasty.
And for chemical comparison, MDA and MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine respectively... They're somewhat similar
to DOM and DOB -- all the ring substituents need to be knocked off and
replaced with the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring. Then for MDMA you've got the
addition of a methyl group to the nitrogen amine.
MDA:
O /\\ / \ NH2
/ \ / \\ / \ /
/ || | |
H2C || | |
\ || | CH2
\ / \ //
O \//
MDMA:
O /\\ / \ NHCH3
/ \ / \\ / \ /
/ || | |
H2C || | |
\ || | CH2
\ / \ //
O \//
Also we might as well throw in amphetamine if you all haven't figured out
what that should look like yet (replace the NH2 with NHCH3 to get
methamphetamine -- identical substitution as between MDA and MDMA).
Also, if you knock off the CH2 from amphetamine, you'll get phenethylamine
which is the prototype chemical for all the drugs I've listed so far, although
itself its inactive.
amphetamine:
/\\ / \ NH2
/ \\ / \ /
|| | |
|| | |
|| | CH2
\ //
\//
And just for kicks here we have good old LSD which looks nothing like all
these other chemicals:
/ C2H5
H. CON
'. / \ C2H5
/ \
/ \
|| |
|| N
/\\ /\ / \
/ \\ / \ / CH3
|| | | \
|| | | H
\ // \ /
\// \/
| ||
| ||
HN-------
Hope you enjoyed that. Chem dweebs please check to make sure I got
everything correct. I didn't have time to go over this with a fine-toothed
comb.
From: cutrell@nic.cerf.net (Doug Cutrell)
>Date: 8 Jul 92 23:31:16 GMT
>Newsgroups: alt.drugs
>Subject: Re: LSD.
>
>Lamont Granquist writes:
>>DOB has a potency of 1.0-3.0 mg and duration of 18-30 hours. Its very
>>similar to LSD. It seems to be more colorful than LSD and less dissociative
>>than 2C-B based on the reports I've read. The index of safety is probably
>>something like over 1,000 times the effective dose.
>
>This figure is probably based on animal experiments described
>by Shulgin in Pihkal. However, he goes on to say that the
>index of safety is probably much lower than this. He says
>there are numerous reports of overdoses causing vascular
>arterial spasm, and gives one verified account of a couple who
>thought they had MDA and took quantities appropriate for that
>compound... i.e. around 100 mg. The woman died, the man lived
>after convulsions and a week in a coma. Since the standard dose
>is 1-3 mg., the lethal dose is more like 30 times the effective
>dose.
>
>Doug Cutrell
>cutrell@cerf.net
In article <1992Sep21.164122.7151@sol.ctr.columbia.edu> locklin@titan.ucc.umass.edu () writes:
>what the heck is 2C-B?
A clipping from simsong@nextworld.com's PIHKAL postings:
(I have fixed some character-set lossage)
---
#20 2C-B; 4-BROMO-2,5-DIMETHOXYPHENETHYLAMINE
SYNTHESIS: A solution of 100 g of 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in 220 g
nitromethane was treated with 10 g anhydrous ammonium acetate, and
heated on a steam bath for 2.5 h with occasional swirling. The
deep-red reaction mixture was stripped of the excess nitromethane
under vacuum, and the residue crystallized spontaneously. This crude
nitrostyrene was purified by grinding under IPA, filtering, and
air-drying, to yield 85 g of 2,5-dimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene as a
yellow-orange product of adequate purity for the next step. Further
purification can be achieved by recrystallization from boiling IPA.
In a round-bottomed 2 L flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and
placed under an inert atmosphere, there was added 750 mL anhydrous
THF, containing 30 g LAH. There was then added, in THF solution, 60 g
2,5-dimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene. The final solution was a dirty
yellow-brown color, and it was kept at reflux temperature for 24 h.
After cooling, the excess hydride was destroyed by the dropwise
addition of IPA. Then 30 mL 15% NaOH was added to convert the
inorganic solids to a filterable mass. The reaction mixture was
filtered and the filter cake washed first with THF and then with MeOH.
The combined mother liquors and washings were freed of solvent under
vacuum and the residue suspended in 1.5 L H2O. This was acidified
with HCl, washed with with 3x100 mL CH2Cl2, made strongly basic with
25% NaOH, and reextracted with 4x100 mL CH2Cl2. The pooled extracts
were stripped of solvent under vacuum, yielding 26 g of oily residue,
which was distilled at 120-130 deg C at 0.5 mm/Hg to give 21 g of a white
oil, 2,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamine (2C-H) which picks up carbon dioxide
from the air very quickly.
To a well-stirred solution of 24.8 g 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine in 40
mL glacial acetic acid, there was added 22 g elemental bromine
dissolved in 40 mL acetic acid. After a couple of min, there was the
formation of solids and the simultaneous evolution of considerable
heat. The reaction mixture was allowed to return to room temperature,
filtered, and the solids washed sparingly with cold acetic acid. This
was the hydrobromide salt. There are many complicated salt forms,
both polymorphs and hydrates, that can make the isolation and
characterization of 2C-B treacherous. The happiest route is to form
the insoluble hydrochloride salt by way of the free base. The entire
mass of acetic acid-wet salt was dissolved in warm H2O, made basic to
at least pH 11 with 25% NaOH, and extracted with 3x100 mL CH2Cl2.
Removal of the solvent gave 33.7 g of residue which was distilled at
115-130 !C at 0.4 mm/Hg. The white oil, 27.6 g, was dissolved in 50
mL H2O containing 7.0 g acetic acid. This clear solution was vigorous
stirred, and treated with 20 mL concentrated HCl. There was an
immediate formation of the anhydrous salt of
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine hydrochloride (2C-B). This mass
of crystals was removed by filtration (it can be loosened considerably
by the addition of another 60 mL H2O), washed with a little H2O, and
then with several 50 mL portions of Et2O. When completely air-dry,
there was obtained 31.05 g of fine white needles, with a mp of 237-239
deg C with decomposition. When there is too much H2O present at the time
of adding the final concentrated HCl, a hydrated form of 2C-B is
obtained. The hydrobromide salt melts at 214.5-215 deg C. The acetate
salt was reported to have a mp of 208-209 deg C.
DOSAGE: 12 - 24 mg.
DURATION: 4 - 8 h.
QUALITATIVE COMMENTS: (with 16 mg) A day at the Stanford museum.
Things were visually rich, yet I felt that I was reasonably
inconspicuous. The Rodin sculptures were very personal and not
terribly subtle. I saw Escher things in the ceiling design, when I
decided to sit in a foyer somewhere and simply pretend to rest.
Walking back, the displays seen in the bark of the eucalyptus trees,
and the torment and fear (of others? of themselves?) in the faces of
those who were walking towards us, were as dramatic as anything I had
seen in the art galleries. Our appetites were enormous, and we went
to a smorgasbord that evening. A rich experience in every possible
way.
(with 20 mg) The drug effect first became known to me as a shift of
colors toward golden and rose tones. Pigments in the room became
intensified. Shapes became rounder, more organic. A sensation of
lightness and rivulets of warmth began seeping through my body.
Bright lights began pulsing and flashing behind my closed lids. I
began to perceive waves of energy flowing through all of us in unison.
I saw all of us as a gridwork of electrical energy beings, nodes on a
bright, pulsating network of light. Then the interior landscape
shifted into broader scenes. Daliesque vistas were patterned with
eyes of Horus, brocades of geometric design began shifting and
changing through radiant patterns of light. It was an artist's
paradise Q representing virtually the full pantheon of the history of
art.
(with 20 mg) The room was cool, and for the first hour I felt cold
and chilled. That was the only mildly unpleasant part. We had been
hanging crystals earlier that day, and the visions I had were
dominated by prismatic light patterns. It was almost as if I became
the light. I saw kaleidoscopic forms -- similar to, but less intense
than, when on acid -- and organic forms like Georgia OUKeefe flowers,
blossoming and undulating. My body was flooded with orgasms --
practically from just breathing. The lovemaking was phenomenal,
passionate, ecstatic, lyric, animal, loving, tender, sublime. The
music was voluptuous, almost three-dimensional. Sometimes the sound
seemed distorted to me, underwater like. This was especially so for
the less good recordings -- but I could choose to concentrate on the
beauty of the music or the inadequacy of the sound's quality, and
mostly chose to concentrate on the beauty.
(with 24 mg) I am totally into my body. I am aware of every muscle
and nerve in my body. The night is extraordinary -- moon full.
Unbelievably erotic, quiet and exquisite, almost unbearable. I cannot
begin to unravel the imagery that imposes itself during the finding of
an orgasm. Trying to understand physical/spiritual merging in nature
-- .
EXTENSIONS AND COMMENTARY: Four quotations were chosen arbitrarily
from literally hundreds that have worked their ways into the files.
The vast majority are positive, ranging from the colorful to the
ecstatic. But not all are. There are people who choose not to go
into the corporeal but, rather, prefer the out-of-body experience.
They express discomfort with 2C-B, and seem to lean more to the
Ketamine form of altered state, one which dissociates body from mind.
There have been reports of several overdoses that prove the intrinsic
safety of this compound. Prove is used here in the classic British
sense; i.e., to challenge. "The proof of the pudding is in the
eating," is not a verification of quality, but an inquiry into the
quality itself. (The French simplify all this by using two separate
verbs for prove.) One overdose was intentional, the other accidental.
(with 64 mg) "I found only mild visual and emotional effects at the 20
milligram dose, so I took the remaining 44 milligrams. I was
propelled into something not of my choosing. Everything that was
alive was completely fearsome. I could look at a picture of a bush,
and it was just that, a picture, and it posed no threat to me. Then
my gaze moved to the right, and caught a bush growing outside the
window, and I was petrified. A life-form I could not understand, and
thus could not control. And I felt that my own life-form was not a
bit more controllable." This was from the comments of a physician who
assured me that he saw no neurological concerns during this dramatic
and frightening experience.
(with 100 mg) I had weighed correctly. I had simply picked up the
wrong vial. And my death was to be a consequence of a totally stupid
mistake. I wanted to walk outside, but there was a swimming pool
there and I didnUt dare fall into it. A person may believe that he
has prepared himself for his own death, but when the moment comes, he
is completely alone, and totally unprepared. Why now? Why me? Two
hours later, I knew that I would live after all, and the experience
became really marvelous. But the moment of facing death is a unique
experience. In my case, I will some day meet it again, and I fear
that I will be no more comfortable with it then than I was just now.
This was from the comments of a psychologist who will, without doubt,
use psychedelics again in the future, as a probe into the unknown.
Many of the reports that have come in over the years have mentioned
the combination of MDMA and 2C-B. The most successful reports have
followed a program in which the two drugs are not used at the same
time, nor even too closely spaced. It appears that the optimum time
for the 2C-B is at, or just before, the final baseline recovery of the
MDMA. It is as if the mental and emotional discoveries can be
mobilized, and something done about them. This combination has
several enthusiastic advocates in the psychotherapy world, and should
be the basis of careful research when these materials become legal,
and accepted by the medical community.
A generalized spectrum of 2C-B action can be gleaned from the many
reports that have been written describing its effects. (1) There is a
steep dose response curve. Over the 12 to 24 milligram range, every 2
milligrams can make a profound increase or change of response.
Initially, one should go lightly, and increase the dosage in
subsequent trials by small increments. A commonly used term for a
level that produces a just perceptible effect is Rmuseum level.S This
is a slightly-over-threshold level which allows public activities
(such as viewing paintings in a museum or scenery watching as a
passenger in a car) to be entered into without attracting attention.
There can be considerable discomfort associated with being in the
public eye, with higher doses. (2) The 2C-B experience is one of the
shortest of any major psychedelic drug. Wherever you might be, hang
on. In an hour or so you will be approaching familiar territory
again. (3) If there is anything ever found to be an effective
aphrodisiac, it will probably be patterned after 2C-B in structure.
There are two "Tweetios" known that are related to 2C-B. (See recipe
#23 for the origin of this phrase.) The 2-EtO- homologue of 2C-B is
4-bromo-2-ethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine, or 2CB-2ETO. The
unbrominated benzaldehyde (2-ethoxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde) had a
melting point of 47.5-48.5 deg C, the unbrominated nitrostyrene
intermediate a melting point of 76-77 deg C, and the final hydrochloride
a melting point of 185-186 deg C. The hydrobromide salt had a melting
point of 168.5-169.5 deg C. It seems that one gets about as much effect
as can be had, with a dosage of about 15 milligrams, and increases
above this, to 30 and to 50 milligrams merely prolong the activity
(from about 3 hours to perhaps 6 hours). At no dose was there an
intensity that in any way resembled that of 2C-B.
The 2,5-DiEtO- homologue of 2C-B is
4-bromo-2,5-diethoxyphenethylamine, or 2CB-2,5-DIETO. The
unbrominated impure benzaldehyde (2,5-diethoxybenzaldehyde) had a
melting point of about 57 deg C, the unbrominated impure nitrostyrene
intermediate a melting point of about 60 deg C, and the final
hydrochloride a melting point of 230-231 deg C. The hydrobromide salt
had a melting point of 192-193 deg C. At levels of 55 milligrams, there
was only a restless sleep, and strange dreams. The active level is
not yet known.
I have been told of some studies that have involved a positional
rearrangement analogue of 2C-B. This is
2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (or 6-BR-DMPEA). This would be
the product of the elemental bromination of DMPEA, and it has been
assayed as the hydrobromide salt. Apparently, the intravenous
injection of 60 milligrams gave a rapid rush, with intense visual
effects reported, largely yellow and black. Orally, there may be some
activity at the 400 to 500 milligram area, but the reports described
mainly sleep disturbance. This would suggest a stimulant component.
The N-methyl homologue of this rearranged compound was even less
active.
--
Eli ebrandt@jarthur.claremont.edu
============================================================================
Well, in a thread recently, there was some talk aabout bromo
mescaline, and mention was made of the entry in the Student Handbook of
our esteemed institution that deals with the drug in question. Well, it is
Reed folklore that tells us that bromo mescaline was first synthesized here
at Reed (BTW, it is not folklore that Dr. Demento graduated from Reed),
but the drug is real, to which several friends can attest. Since I have the
ol' Student Handbook right in front of me, I'll tell y'all what it sez.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From _The Reed College Student Handbook_, in the "Drug Article That Ate Reed
College", by Marty Smith:
Bromo-mescaline. The most terrifying hallucinogen known to man. The effects
last 3-5 hours, the visuals are awe-inspiring and the head trip is light,
usually. The catch is, first, for it to act like bromo, you have to snort
it. This is really intense, because in about two to five minutes, you're
tripping you ass off, the world is melting. The incredible speed with which
this happens is one of the things those who like it like about it. However,
when it gets up your nose it hurts. This is probably an understatement. It's
really amazingly painful. You'll be suprised that you would actually do this
to yourself. It has been described as having red hot knives shoved up your
nose, or being kicked in the face by a psychedelic horse. You may briefly
entertain notions of dying. This all dies down after about twenty minutes,
though, and you're lucky there will be no nausea at all afterward. (It helps
to have eaten a starchy meal about an hour and a half earlier.) Otherwise,
you might have about 20 minutes of mild nausea. The visuals are real good.
To have visuals this intense on acid you'd have to be on so much that you
couldn't talk. On bromo you could discuss them reasonably coherently.
A word about dosage. One hit is one fourtieth of a gram. This is a
fact. Do not say something stupid like, "Oh, let's do a lot," and hoot up a
couple of lines the size of your thumb. I have some friends who did this,
and they ended up lying under some bushes, at night, in the rain, unable
even to yell for help, and now they will not do drugs for the next five
million jillion years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
That's the straight dope (none of the many puns intended).
late,
miguel
=========================================================================
Ah, the memories this brings back. I was at Reed in 1979, and bromo was
plentiful and popular at Reed at that time. The descriptions of its
effects that I've read on this board are, I would say, rather accurate.
The effects are different, and more dramatic, than LSD.
At the time, it was usually sold in single dosages in clear gel capsules.
I didn't snort it (I didn't care for the pain), but found the effects to
be most effective when eating it as well. I ate 3 capsules one night
when I was bored, and had the most earth-shattering experience of my
life. Hallucinations were so intense that I could not recognize people and
could not understand what they were saying. I saw spinning pinwheels made
of knife blades reflecting all the colors of the rainbow on the walls. I
thought I was shivering from cold at one point, and remarked as much to
a friend of mine (this before I was hallucinating so heavily that I couldn't
recognize or uderstand people). He told me I wasn't shivering at all; I
realized he was right, and the sensation that I was shivering suddenly
changed to a sensation that I had powerful electrical energies pulsing
through my body.
I had many more bizarre experiences that night (including a mild panic
when I thought I was moving backward in time), but I don't want to drone
on here. Suffice it to say that the drug is real, and the descriptions
of its effects on this board are not exaggerations.
==========================================================================
pierre@media.mit.edu (Pierre St. Hilaire) writes:
> Sure. And table salt releases sodium and chlorine in your
>body, so you will both catch fire and suffocate if you take it.
>
> Adding halogen atoms to psychedelic amines can significantly
>modify their potency, duration, and effects. Read Alexander Shulgin's
>PIKHAL for an extensive discussions on halogenated substituted
>phenylethylamines.
yes, i believe that "bromomescaline" 2-CB aka CBr... 2,5-dimethoxy-4-
bromophenethylamine. the reason why it probably burns going up your nose
is that it may lack any kind of anaesthetic action (unlike MDA, MDMA, and
particularly cocaine), while still being in the form (probably) of a
hydrochloric salt (where the HCl comes from).
culled from the MDMA FAQ:
}
} CBr is 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Bromophenethylamine. The
} "sometimes frightening" part probably comes from taking more than the
} full dose, and the literature suggests that with larger dosages come
} disproportionately larger responses, unlike some other psychedelics
} we all know and love. I've had very enlightening experiences with CBr,
} and they grew better in quantum leap fashion.
}
} + wonderful and gently insightful (semi-wilderness, daytime, friends).
} + profoundly sexual with glimpses of bird-animal forms (indoors, nightime,
} lover) minor telepathic imagery.
} + sexual and shamanic, native american imagery (indoors, day-night, alone).
} + profound native american imagery (indoors, night, after cannabis, friend)
} actually slept a bit (too much cannabis) and awoke to the most wonderful
} visuals (friend in other room - ditto).
} + full-blown spirit animals all night long (desert, night, friend, good THC
} 1/2 way thru trip) - mountain lion (very playful) and eagle most prominent
} two deer (incredibly loving), a wolf (very brief), fantastic living plant
} spirits, entities in mountain, mucho native american imagery, et. al.
} very telepathic with friend. brief teleportation/desert-zoom experience.
} understood the ancients' fascination with constellations. imparted with
} sudden knowledge in extreme detail - confirmed later by ex-lover, scared
} ex-lover shitless.
}
} My last experience with CBr changed my life in many profound ways (for the
} better). With THC and a little concentration I can get back to some of those
} places. With no THC and a lot of concentration I can get back to some of
} those places. Remember.
}
} I believe CBr is recognized as an enthogen and an entactogen, and
} unfortunately it's now Schedule 1. :-( Put this one on the top of
} the list of drugs to be legalized.
===========================================================================
Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 00:22:14 -0800
From: Alexander T. Shulgin
To: lamontg@milton.u.washington.edu
Subject: bromo
}
} Hi:
}
} There has been quite a flow of stuff on the subject of BROMO on
} alt.drugs entry. Maybe you can post some parts of the following
} that might answer some of the comments, questions, or errors
} being put out there on the topic.
}
} (1) Bromomescaline is without doubt 2C-B. The dosage, the
} duration, the nature of the experience, all seem consistent with
} this assignment. Also, as you have indicated, the replacement of
} a methoxy group (of mescaline) with a bromo atom gives the
} isomeric structure (a little rearrangement needed) of 2C-B.
}
} (2) It releases bromic acid. Of course not. Bromic acid
} (HBrO3) is an unstable chimera which is substantially unknown.
} Probably what is meant is that it releases hydrobromic acid
} (HBr) but then there is no experimental evidence that HBr is
} released either. I suspect that the bromine atom stays on the
} drug molecule all the way through the kidney, and that there
} is no release of this element at any time in the body.
}
} (3) It is illegal, or a scheduled drug. No so. 2C-B was added
} to the German law in January of this year, but in the US it is
} still an unnamed drug in Federal law.
}
} (4) It burns on snorting (insufflation). It sure does, but this
} is most likely due to the fact that it is extremely insoluble in
} water, and probably sits on the mucous membranes for quite a
} while until it dissolves and is absorbed. And until this happens
} it irritates and blisters the skin at the sites where the solid
} particles of the drug happen to settle. Once absorbed, the
} pain disappears, and the effects start. A challenge to this
} would be to snort the acetate or the hydrobromide salt, both of
} which are quite a bit more soluble in water. These should have
} the same psychological effect, and they should act even more
} quickly (no slow dissolving) and act with little or no pain.
}
} I would love to know who in the wide wide world of information
} input discovered the term bromic!! It cannot believe it has any
} merit.
}
} Can you drift some of this on to the world of alt.drugs and
} satisfy this search for information?
}
} Thanks.
}
} Sasha
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: J
Subject: Re: 2CB
Date: Wed, 13 Oct 1993 00:55:23 GMT
In article <0gh7cbq00Uh748I6wt@andrew.cmu.edu> Michael J Minnich <inhuman+@CMU.EDU> writes:
>
>I was wondering if anyone has had any experience with 2CB. I've read
>Gracie&Zarkov's description of it, but they took something like 3 times
>the reccomended dosage, so it didn't seem very typical.
Their report surprises me somewhat. Definitely atypical, although it
does seem to be the case that people's response to 2C-B varies
markedly. Most people find it to be very good, over a range of
dosage levels.
>Anyone care to relate personal experiences, or point me in the direction
>of an FTP site with more information on it? Thanks...
Here is an anonymous discussion of the effects of 2C-B:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
For me, 2C-B seems to be in a different league from all other drugs.
No other experience has come close to that of 2C-B. Superficially,
it seems to lie somewhere between MDMA and psilocybin, i.e. it is
both entactogenic (in a way I find more wholesome and satisfying
than MDMA or MDE) and psychedelic. Unlike psilocybin, it leaves
the ego much more intact - the mind remains clear and comfortable
throughout. Unlike MDMA it is unlikely to cause inappropriate
emotional bonding between people - only to encourage appropriate
bonding.
My first experience with 2C-B was with four doses, each of about
20-25mg of the hydrochloride, spaced by 40 minute intervals. The
experiment was conducted in private with one other person.
Because of the spaced doses, the onset was gradual and gentle.
I was slowly lifted out of my ordinary life, and taken to a
state of pure heaven. Laurie Andersen once said "Paradise is
like where you are right now, only much much better" and this
about sums it up. Everything around me was somehow transformed
into absolute perfection. There were mild visual distortions
which were tasteful decorations but in no way got in the way.
All sensation became the most pleasurable possible - food,
touch, sound, sight, sex were all simply perfect, but none
of this was at all overwhelming. Throughout I remained totally
calm, rational, and in control, just feeling better than I
have ever felt before. There was a sense of "this is the best -
I have finally arrived - I am complete and need never look
further than this." 2CB is heaven, but it is also mundane -
there are no fireworks, no fake euphoria - the change is
so subtle you could almost forget it is there. We weren't
moved to do anything differently - just to exist in this in
this beautiful state and behave normally.
With one foot in heaven and one foot on earth, just after the
peak, I found myself in a state of introspection. I felt so
indescribably emotionally beautiful that it brought me to
tears. Then, all the cares and worries of recent weeks came
flooding at me, but not at an unbearable rate. It was as if
the 2C-B were saying "I have given you 2 hours of perfect
bliss, but you are about to return to your normal life. Here
are some issues which are bothering you, and now is the
perfect time to do something about them". The self-analysis
was honest and useful - not distorted and certainly not
superficial - and it was compelling and motivating.
The comedown was slow and gentle. There was no sense of loss,
no desire to regain the state immediately (or at all!); on
the contrary, the subtle return to normality was welcome.
Every state between heaven and earth felt just right.
If it is impossible to adequately describe any drug induced
state in words, this is doubly true with 2C-B. For me, the
2C-B experience is unparalleled, so I would recommend that
people try it. Some do not seem to enjoy it, some do not seem
to understand it, but many do.
A few final notes: My experiences suggest that there is nothing
that can be added to the 2C-B experience - nothing can make
it better than it is, and so all other drugs should be avoided
contemporaneously. Also, insufflation seems to increase the
potency 2-3 times, as well as somewhat shortening the duration.
The onset is rapid (half to three minutes) and somewhat disorienting,
and can approach the feel and intensity of smoked DMT, particularly
in a visual sense. The burning pain associated with snorting 2C-B
can detract from the experience initially.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
J
=============================================================================
From: Mark_Farone@sfa.ufl.edu (Mark Farone)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: 2CB
Date: 18 Apr 1994 12:28:10 GMT
Message-ID: <Mark_Farone-180494082742@128.227.37.18>
In article <766538637-0-4072@chop.isca.uiowa.edu>, David Roknich
<Hologram@chop.isca.uiowa.edu> wrote:
> dg596@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Russell Faraday)writes:
> Another new sensation gripping our little pocket of cultural
> coolness is something called 2CB. As a discussion starter, I'd
> ......
> 2CB is a designer drug that was not illegal until a few morons
> blathered publicly about its existance in the early 80s
With respect to US laws, 2cb (aka Nexus, Zenith) wasn't scheduled until
late 1993.
Its actual chemical name is 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine.
The Feds were alerted when a rather rich fella in Tampa, FL took some to
relieve impotence, as it was being promoted. When started tripping he
called the DEA and the next thing you know...
See _Federal Register_, Vol. 58, No. 212, Thurs. Nov 4,1993 page 58819-20.
--
__________________________________________________________________________
Mark Farone "A pile of rocks ceases to be a rock pile when
University of Florida somebody comtemplates it with the idea
Mark_Farone@sfa.ufl.edu of a cathedral in mind." -Saint Exupery
=============================================================================
From: coutsoft@cheshire.oxy.edu (Michael Coutsoftides)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: 2CB
Date: 23 Apr 1994 09:12:16 -0700
Message-ID: <940423.091216.3567@cheshire.oxy.edu>
2cb unfortunately is now scheduled. I had the opportunity to
experience it about a year ago before scheduling and I'll tell you a bit
about it.
A friend of mine and I weighed out 25mg each and proceeded to
ingest it via insufflation. Needless to say, it was the most painful
annoying long lasting burn I have ever felt. It burned my sinuses and all
the way down the back of my throat as I got the "drips". My face felt like
it was going to fall off. Combine this with virtually instant
disorientation and nausea, you get two guys that are scared shitless. I've
done my share of excessive hallucinogen doses. But this didn't even come
close to comparing to any of them. It felt like we jumped out of a
building and were free falling faster and faster into a psychedelic world
which didn't seem all that great in lieu of the aforementioned symptoms. I
was actually pretty sure we had od'd and contemplated calling 911.
Unfortunately, I couldn't even make it to the phone if I tried. We had a
sober friend watch us and make sure we were physically ok. As the trip
picked up speed and intensity, shit got really strange. On most
hallucinogens, you can make things move if you stare at em for a bit, but
in this world, EVERYTHING is moving and doesn't stop. Which made me start
to feel motion sickness. I saw 4 foot fluroescent spheres float by with
intricate fractal patterns on them. Our 'guide' wasn't all that bright and
was flipping tv channels and stopped on True Stories of The Highway
Patrol. Not a good thing to watch in this state of mind. We then proceeded
to wheel of fortune where I can swear the people were in the middle of the
living room and letters were flying by us. The experience was like going
from sober to 1000mcg in about 5 minutes. It was actually pretty scary
because we both thought we'd finally done it and were gonna die. But we
were too tweaked to express it. About an hour into it, we realized we were
going to live and the nausea and burning had for the most part subsided,
save the fact that my nose and sinuses were swollen for about 2 days.
After about an hour, it gets kind of like an intense LSD trip.. the
coolest thing is there is really no analytical game playing as with LSD
and you can pretty much discuss what's going on with a good deal of
coherence. The effects dropped off pretty rapidly and by the 4 hour mark
we felt almost totally sober.
I've done 2cb via capsule and have never had it affect me that way
at even 2 and 3 times the dose. It's something I'll never do again because
of A. the pain and B. the intensity. It was too much too fast. I might eat
it again though if it ever becomes unscheduled ;). I did notice something
interesting though. At sea level, a 20 mg dose is pretty mellow... kinda
like LSD but feels more like Mescaline. Yet, we also did it at a
campground in the mountains 6000 feet up. It took under 20 minutes to hit
orally while at sea level it was over an hour. Mind you both times this
was done with a full stomach with exactly the same type of food. I thought
it curious that it was so much more intense at altitude than sea level and
know it wasn't just a fluke situational thing.. any ideas?
Have fun.. good luck and be careful. If you're gonna snort it, be prepared
for lots of pain and a 50% chance of hurling. Also, don't do what a guy we
know did and call 911 because he thought he was gonna wig out. He got
transported to the hospital and by the time he got there about an hour had
gone by and it was tolerable. Needless to say, he felt like an idiot.
Moral: No matter where you are, hold tight, about an hour into it.. you'll
mellow way out.
It's also kinda hard on the body too.. really tweaky. Nice thing about it
is, that when it's over, it's over. No lingering head buzzing and loops
like the end of an LSD trip where you're no longer hallucinating but are
still unable to sleep. This stuff has a really sharp peak and drop off.
Peace.
M.
drugs/5_deaths.txt
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an13187@anon.penet.fi (H-Man)
Subject: MDMA article #1
Message-ID: <1993Jul3.005303.4695@fuug.fi>
Date: Wed, 30 Jun 1993 02:03:49 GMT
[some bs deleted - cak]
JAMA(R) 1987; 257: 1615-1617
March 27, 1987
SECTION: ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
LENGTH: 2656 words
TITLE: 'Eve' and ' Ecstasy' ;
A Report of Five Deaths Associated With the Use of MDEA and MDMA
AUTHOR: Graeme P. Dowling, MD; Edward T. McDonough III, MD; Robert O. Bost, PhD
ABSTRACT: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA, "Ecstasy" ), a synthetic
analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, has been the center of recent debate
over its potential for abuse vs its use as a psychotherapeutic agent.
Following its emergency classification in Schedule 1 by the Drug Enforcement
Administration in 1985, 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, "Eve") has
appeared as MDMA's legal replacement. MDMA is thought to be safe by
recreational users and by psychotherapists who support its use. The details of
five deaths associated with the use of MDMA and MDEA are reported. In three
patients, MDMA or MDEA may have contributed to death by the induction of
arrhythmias in individuals with underlying natural disease. In another
patient, use of MDMA preceded an episode of bizarre and risky behavior that
resulted in accidental death. In another patient, MDMA was thought to be
the immediate cause of death. Death as a consequence of the use of these
drugs appears to be rare, but it does occur; this outcome may be more common
in individuals with underlying cardiac disease.
TEXT:
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, " Ecstasy" ), a synthetic
analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), was first developed as an
appetite suppressant in 1914 but was never marketed. In the early 1970s, a
small number of psychiatrists began using it as an adjunct to psychotherapy,
noting that it appeared to facilitate therapeutic communication, increase
patient self-esteem, and limit the use of other drugs (G. Greer, MD,
unpublished data, 1983; Greer and Strassman [n1]; and Shafer [n2]).
Since 1983, MDMA has become a popular recreational drug, especially among
college students. It is also known as "XTC," "Adam," and "MDM" and is sold as
gelatin capsules or loose powder for $10 to $40 per 100-mg dose (Newsweek,
April 15, 1985, p 96). Users report that the drug is a pleasant way to get
in touch with oneself and that it does not produce hallucinations (Newsweek,
April 15, 1985, p 96; Life, August 1985, pp 88-94; and Baum [n3]).
Until July 1, 1985, MDMA was not a controlled substance and was legally
available for use. At that time, the Drug Enforcement Administration placed
MDMA in Schedule 1 on an emergency basis, as a drug with high potential for
abuse and without accepted medical use. It was claimed that the abuse
potential of MDMA was proved by its widespread use. In addition, because of
the structural similarity to MDA, which had been shown to selectively damage
serotonin nerve terminals in rat brains, [n4] dangerous side effects were felt
to be possible.
It was only later that Drug Enforcement Administration officials learned of
the therapeutic use of MDMA in psychiatry. While MDMA is still available on
the illicit drug market, a related drug, 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine
(MDEA, "Eve"), has appeared as a non-scheduled substitute for MDMA, with
milder but similar effects.
MDMA is reported to be safe by psychotherapists and users (Newsweek, April
15, 1985, p 96; Baum [n3]; and Gehlert et al [n5]), but the medical literature
contains few articles on MDMA or MDEA, and no controlled trials to document
and investigate their clinical effects have been completed. [n2] One death
related to the use of MDMA has been reported in the popular media (Life,
August 1985, pp 88-94). This article describes five patients, seen over a
period of nine months (June 1985 to March 1986) in Dallas County, in which
MDMA or MDEA were thought to have caused or contributed to death.
METHODS
All cases were examined by the Chief Medical Examiner's Office of Dallas
County. Body fluid and tissue samples were screened for the presence of
alkaline drugs, including MDMA and MDEA, by the method of Foerster et al.
[n6] Gas chromatography was used with fused methylsilicone and fused 5%
phenylmethylsilicone columns connected to flame ionization detectors.
Identification was based on retention times on the two columns and confirmation
was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. MDMA or MDEA levels were
quantitated by gas chromatographic comparison with known standards of these
drugs. Body fluids were also screened for the presence of acid and neutral
drugs, narcotics, and alcohol.
REPORT OF CASES
CASE 1. -- The body of a 22-year-old man was found at the base of an
electrical utility tower. He was reportedly last seen alive the previous
evening when he ingested an unknown quantity of MDMA. Examination at the
scene suggests that he drove his automobile to the utility tower and climbed it
to a height of 13 m. At 1:23 AM, he came too close to one of the 138 000-V
power lines, was electrocuted, and fell to the ground.
At autopsy, widespread burning of the clothing and the skin of the face,
thorax, abdomen, and both arms was noted, consistent with his having received a
high-voltage electrical shock. Other injuries, presumably sustained in the
fall, included a complete atlantooccipital dislocation, rib fractures,
pulmonary contusions, and lacerations of the liver.
Postmortem toxicology showed MDMA in the blood, but unfortunately, the
amount could not be quantitated. No alcohol or other drugs were present.
CASE 2. -- A 25-year-old man was seen by his family physician complaining of
pleuritic chest pain on inspiration. Physical examination results and chest
roentgenogram were unremarkable, and a follow-up appointment was arranged for
the next day. While he was driving home, his truck jumped a curb and struck a
telephone pole. His only apparent injury was a small laceration of the
forehead, but he required cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the scene and en
route to the hospital. He was pronounced dead one-half hour after the
accident.
At autopsy, the only injury was a 4-cm laceration on the right side of the
forehead. The proximal left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary
arteries were narrowed to less than 75% of their original area by
atherosclerotic plaques, and the lumen of the right coronary artery was
narrowed to a pinpoint 5 cm from its origin. The heart was not enlarged
(280 g), and there was no evidence of recent or old myocardial infarction.
The other organs were unremarkable.
Although the cause of death was listed as atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease, postmortem toxicology revealed 0.95 mg/L (4.6 mu mol/L) of MDEA and
0.8 mg/L (3.6 mu mol/L) of butalbital in the blood. No alcohol was detected.
CASE 3. -- A 32-year-old man with a history of asthma was found dead beside
his car. A 0.5% epinephrine inhaler was in his hand. He had been drinking
alcohol with friends until two hours prior to the discovery of his body.
Postmortem examination showed gross and histologic features of acute and
chronic bronchial asthma, including hyperinflation of the lungs, mucus
plugging, peribronchial muscular hyperplasia, submucosal eosinophilic
infiltrates, and thickening of bronchial basement membranes. The remaining
organs were congested but were otherwise unremarkable.
The cause of death was attributed to asthma; however, postmortem toxicology
showed 1.1 mg/L (5.7 mu mol/L) of MDMA in the blood. No alcohol or
theophylline were detected.
CASE 4. -- A healthy 18-year-old woman ingested 1 1/2 "hits" of Ecstasy
(approximately 150 mg) and an unknown amount of alcohol within a 60- to
90-minute period. Shortly thereafter, she collapsed, and on arrival of the
paramedics, she was found to be in ventricular fibrillation. She was
pronounced dead after resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful.
Autopsy findings included pulmonary congestion and edema, associated with
congestion of other viscera. Postmortem toxicology revealed 1.0 mg/L (5.2 mu
mol/L) of MDMA and 40 mg/dL (8.7 mmol/L) of ethanol in the blood.
CASE 5. -- A 21-year-old man was found unconscious after ingesting three
Ecstasy capsules (approximately 300 mg), one propoxyphene capsule (65 mg),
and several drinks over a period of ten to 11 hours. Attempts at
resuscitation were unsuccessful.
Significant autopsy findings were confined to the heart, which was enlarged
(420 g) due to concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and slight dilatation.
The coronary arteries contained scattered, nonocclusive, atheromatous plaques,
and the valves were unremarkable. Histologically, some myocytes showed
enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei, but there was no evidence of the bizarre cells
found in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Given the absence of coronary atherosclerosis and valvular abnormalities and
the lack of history of hypertension, the cause of death was attributed to
idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Postmortem toxicology showed the following drug
levels in the blood: MDEA, 2.0 mg/L (9.7 mu mol/L); propoxyphene, 0.26 mg/L
(0.8 mu mol/L); and norpropoxyphene, 1.0 mg/L (3.1 mu mol/L). MDEA levels
in other body fluids and tissues are shown in the Table. No MDMA (the drug
the decedent thought he was taking) or alcohol was present.
Clinical, Autopsy, and Toxicology Findings in Five Deaths Associated With MDMA
and MDEA Use
[SEE ORIGINAL SOURCE]
COMMENT
MDMA and MDEA are structurally related to MDA, as shown in the Figure.
All three drugs share structural similarities to methamphetamine, which has
sympathomimetic properties, and to mescaline, a hallucinogen. MDA was a
popular drug of abuse during the 1960s, and although several deaths related
to MDA overdose were reported, [n7-n11] these appeared to be rare occurrences.
MDMA and MDEA apparently cause euphoria and enhanced sociability as MDA
does, [n7] but they are not thought to be hallucinogenic. [n3] Both have a
rapid onset of action of approximately one-half hour. [n12] MDMA users
describe three phases of action: an initial period of disorientation,
followed by a rush during which the user experiences tingling and may
exhibit spasmodic jerking motions, and finally a period of "happy
sociability" (Life, August 1985, pp 88-94). Generally, MDMA's effects wear
off in four to six hours [n1]; however, confusion, depression, and anxiety
have been reported by some users for several weeks after a single dose. [n2]
To date, there have been no reports of MDMA - or MDEA-related deaths in the
medical literature, but one death has been described in the popular press
(Life, August 1985, pp 88-94). The five cases reported herein and
associated with MDMA and MDEA use were seen in Dallas and surrounding
counties within a period of nine months (June 1985 to March 1986). In four
patients, MDMA or MDEA appears to have played only a contributory role in
causing death, while in the fifth, MDMA was the immediate cause of death.
Although MDMA has not been described as causing bizarre behavior
(Newsweek, April 15, 1985, p 96; Life, August 1985, pp 88-94; Shafer [n2];
and Baum [n3]), case 1 illustrates that such behavior is possible. Although
it is not possible to rule out suicidal intent, information available from
relatives and friends indicates that this individual's behavior was
motivated solely by his use of MDMA.
The role of MDMA and MDEA in patients 2 and 5 is more difficult to
delineate, particulary in the presence of low concentrations of other drugs
(butalbital in patient 2, propoxyphene in patient 5). Both individuals
suffered from underlying cardiac diseases, which could have been responsible
for death without MDMA or MDEA use. However, MDMA is known to have
sympathomimetic actions, including mydriasis and hyperhidrosis (Life, August
1985, pp 88-94; Greer and Strassman [n1]; Shafer [n2]; and Riedlinger
[n13]). Although their cardiovascular effects are unknown, MDMA and MDEA
may well have actions similar to their parent amphetamines, including
increased cardiac output, hypertension, and induction of arrhythmias. [n14]
Arrhythmias are a recognized mechanism in amphetamine-related deaths, [n15]
and are thought to be the mechanism of death in both patients 2 and 5.
These two cases are not unlike an MDMA -related death, reported in the
popular press (Life, August 1985, pp 88-94), wherein an individual with known
cardiac disease died suddenly, shortly after taking a large dose of MDMA.
Therefore, it is possible that these drugs can induce or augment potentially
fatal arrhythmias in those individuals with predisposing cardiac diseases.
Clearly, this is an area that needs further study.
In patient 3, MDEA use was associated with the sudden death of an individual
who had asthma. The absence of theophylline in postmortem blood samples and
his use of an over-the-counter epinephrine inhaler indicate that the
individual was not likely receiving adequate medical therapy. Inadequate
treatment is a major finding reported in those dying suddenly of asthma,
[n16] so it is possible that this individual would have suffered his fatal
attack even if he had not taken MDEA. Amphetamines, in general, relax
bronchial smooth muscle, which would tend to argue against MDEA's playing a
contributory role in initiating the acute attack. [n14] However, based on
the previous discussion, one cannot rule out the possibility that MDEA
potentiated a cardiac arrhythmia in this individual whose cardiopulmonary
function was already impaired as a result of asphyxia induced by his asthma
attack.
Use of MDMA was thought to be the immediate cause of death in patient 4.
This 18-year-old woman was healthy prior to her death. Autopsy revealed that
she had no underlying natural disease that would predispose her to sudden
death. If the witnesses to the event are reliable, she did not taken an
extraordinarily large amount of MDMA (approximately 150 mg). The mechanism
of death was clearly a cardiac arrhythmia, as she was determined to be in
ventricular fibrillation on the arrival of paramedics. The low dose of MDMA
ingested resulting in sudden death may be an example of an idiosyncratic
reaction, or may suggest that the toxic-to-therapeutic ratio of MDMA is low.
To our knowledge, levels of MDMA and MDEA in human blood and tissues have
not previously been reported, so it is difficult to interpret the significance
of the drug concentrations found. It is interesting to note that the blood
MDMA level of 1.0 mg/L (5.2 mu mol/L) in patient 4, where the cause of death
was attributed to MDMA intoxication, is slightly lower than that in patient 3
of 1.1 mg/L (5.7 mu mol/L), where an anatomic cause of death (ie, asthma) was
found. At the present time, it is not known whether these represent unusually
high or just "therapeutic" levels of MDMA. The tissue distribution of MDEA
in patient 5 shows the highest concentrations of this drug in liver and
lung. Amphetamines are metabolized in the liver and are also excreted in the
urine in varying proportions, depending on urine pH. [n14] Metabolism of
MDEA in the liver may account for the relatively high levels found in this
organ; however, the significance of the high lung and lower kidney
concentrations is unknown.
Unfortunately, these five cases do little to resolve the present controversy
as to the abuse potential and dangers of MDMA and MDEA vs the possible
therapeutic usefulness of MDMA in psychotherapy. Deaths directly and
indirectly related to the use of MDMA and MDEA do occur; however, they appear
to be rare at this time. Their rarity is confirmed by the recently published
statistics of the Drug Abuse Warning Network for 1985. Neither MDMA nor MDEA
was included in the list of drugs found most frequently by 73 medical examiner
facilities across the United States (drugs reported less than ten times were
excluded from this list). [n17] It would appear that preexisting cardiac
disease may be one factor that predisposes individuals to sudden death while
using these drugs. It is hoped that the reporting of these cases will
inaugurate a search for more objective information about MDMA and MDEA.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: From the Department of Pathology, University of
Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, and the Southwestern Institute of
Forensic Sciences, Dallas. Dr Dowling is now with the Departments of
Pathology at the Universities of Calgary and Alberta, and is the Assistant
Deputy Chief Medical Examiner in Alberta. Dr McDonough is now the Associate
Medical Examiner in Connecticut.
Reprints not available.
The authors are grateful to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of
Dallas County for granting permission to publish these cases. We also wish to
thank the toxicology technologists of the Institute of Forensic Sciences for
their technical assistance, Elizabeth Todd, PhD, Thomas Kurt, MD, and Graham
Jones, PhD, for their helpful suggestions, and Sylvia Plehwe for typing the
manuscript.
Standards for MDMA and MDEA levels were provided by the Drug Enforcement
Administration South Central Regional Laboratory, Dallas.
REFERENCES:
[n1.] Greer G, Strassman RJ: Information on " Ecstasy. " Am J Psychiatry
1985;142:1391.
[n2.] Shafer J: MDMA: Psychedelic drug faces regulation. Psychol Today
1985;19(5):68-69.
[n3.] Baum RM: New variety of street drugs poses growing problem. Chem Eng
News 1985;63(36):7-16.
[n4.] Ricaurte G, Bryan G, Strauss L, et al: Hallucinogenic amphetamine
selectively destroys brain serotonin nerve terminals. Science
1985;229:986-988.
[n5.] Gehlert DR, Schmidt CJ, Wu L, et al: Evidence for specific
methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( Ecstasy) binding sites in the rat brain.
Eur J Pharmacol 1985;119:135-136.
[n6.] Foerster EH, Hatchett D, Garriott JC: A rapid comprehensive screening
procedure for basic drugs in blood or tissues by gas chromatography. J Anal
Toxicol 1978;2:50-55.
[n7.] Poklis A, Mackell MA, Drake WK: Fatal intoxication from
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine. J Forensic Sci 1979;24:70-75.
[n8.] Reed D, Cravey RH, Sedgwick PR: A fatal case involving
methylenedioxyamphetamine. Clin Toxicol 1972;5:3-6.
[n9.] Cimbura G: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): Analytical and forensic
aspects of fatal poisoning. J Forensic Sci 1972;17:329-333.
[n10.] Lukaszewski T: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine overdose. Clin Toxicol
1979;15:405-409.
[n11.] Simpson DL, Rumack BH; Methylenedioxyamphetamine: Clinical
description of overdose, death, and review of pharmacology. Arch Intern Med
1981;141:1507-1509.
[n12.] Shulgin AT: Psychotomimetic drugs: Structure-activity relationships, in
Iversen LL, Eversen SD, Snyder SH (eds): Handbook of Psychopharmacology. New
York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1978, vol 11, pp 243-333.
[n13.] Riedlinger JE: The scheduling of MDMA: A pharmacist's perspective. J
Psychoactive Drugs 1985;17:167-171.
[n14.] Weiner N: Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and the sympathomimetic
amines, in Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics. New York, MacMillan Publishing Co Inc, 1980, pp 138-175.
[n15.] Benowitz NL, Rosenberg J, Becker CE: Cardiopulmonary catastrophes in
drug-overdosed patients. Med Clin North Am 1979;63:267-296.
[n16.] Benatar SR: Fatal asthma. N Engl J Med 1986;314:423-429.
[n17.] Data From the Drug Abuse Warning Network. Series 1, No. 5. Rockville,
Md, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985, p 53.
GRAPHIC: Figure, Structural formulas of MDMA, MDEA, and related compounds.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/1985fda.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an13187@anon.penet.fi (H-Man)
Subject: MDMA article #4
Message-ID: <1993Jul3.005749.5817@fuug.fi>
Date: Wed, 30 Jun 1993 02:06:34 GMT
MDMA - FDA REPORT, 1985
RESPONSE:
The Food and Drug Administration has received inquiries about
the drug MDMA (3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE) referred
to in news media stories as an unregulated "DESIGNER DRUG."
The following may be used to answer inquiries.
MDMA is a psychotropic drug, street named "ADAM" and
" ECSTASY, " popular among a small number of therapists and
psychiatrists, although it has never been approved by FDA. The
therapists claim that MDMA increases perceptions of self-insight
and empathy. Recreational users claim that the drug relaxes
inhibitions and enhances communications and sex. However, no
INDs have been filed with FDA.
Chemically, MDMA is related to both the amphetamines and
mescaline and especially to a potent stimulant known as MDA.
Although it was developed in the 1970's, there was no
enforcement activity involving MDMA manufacture or possession
prior to last July. At that time, after a strong upsurge of
MDMA street use, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
proposed listing it as a "Schedule 1 Controlled Substance" --
the category for drugs with no medical use and a high abuse
potential. In the Schedule 1 category (which includes heroin,
LSD and MDA), clandestine production or sale of MDMA would be
punishable by up to 15 years in prison and a $125,000 fine.
The DEA proposal was protested by some nurses, physicians and
professors of pharmacology who wrote letters demanding a
hearing. They challenged the proposed scheduling on the grounds
that the drug has only a low or moderate abuse potential and has
great therapeutic usefulness.
DEA announced May 31, 1985 it will not wait for hearings before
acting because recent data indicate that the drug is being
abused in 28 states. DEA is using a 1984 change in the
Controlled Substances Act which allows emergency scheduling of
drugs for one year. DEA's emergency ban will become effective
July 1.
The emergency action is an interim measure to curb MDMA abuse
until the longer administrative process can be completed. DEA
has scheduled hearings June 10 and 11 in Los Angeles and July 10
and 11 in Kansas City. A third hearing will be scheduled later
in Washington, DC. FDA will participate in the hearings to
testify on the pharmacological aspects of the drug.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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and an anonymous id will be allocated automatically. You have been warned.
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/1988dea.drg
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From: carlolsen@dsm1.dsmnet.com
Newsgroups: alt.hemp
Subject: 1988 DEA MARIJUANA RULING
Date: 23 May 1994 23:08:56 GMT
Message-ID: <2rrd28$itj@dsm6.dsmnet.com>
The following can be found on pages 56-59 of a 68-page OPINION AND
RECOMMENDED RULING, FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND DECISION OF
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE by Judge Francis Young, ruling In The Matter of
MARIJUANA RESCHEDULING PETITION, Drug Enforcement Administration Docket No.
86-22, September 6, 1988.
VIII.
ACCEPTED SAFETY FOR USE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION
With respect to whether or not there is "a lack of accepted safety
for use of [marijuana] under medical supervision", the record shows the
following facts to be uncontroverted.
Findings of Fact
1. Richard J. Gralla, M.D., an oncologist and Professor of Medicine
who was an Agency witness, accepts that in treating cancer patients
oncologists can use the cannabinoids with safety despite their side effects.
2. Andrew T. Weil, M.D., who now practices medicine in Tucson,
Arizona and is on the faculty of the College of Medicine, University of
Arizona, was a member of the first team of researchers to perform a Federal
Government authorized study into the effects of marijuana on human subjects.
This team made its study in 1968. These researchers determined that
marijuana could be safely used under medical supervision. In the 20 years
since then Dr. Weil has seen no information that would cause him to
reconsider that conclusion. There is no question in his mind but that
marijuana is safe for use under appropriate medical supervision
3. The most obvious concern when dealing with drug safety is the
possibility of lethal effects. Can the drug cause death?
4. Nearly all medicines have toxic, potentially lethal effects.
But marijuana is not such a substance. There is no record in the extensive
medical literature describing a proven, documented cannabis-induced
fatality.
5. This is a remarkable statement. First, the record on marijuana
encompasses 5,000 years of human experience. Second, marijuana is now used
daily by enormous numbers of people throughout the world. Estimates suggest
that from twenty million to fifty million Americans routinely, albeit
illegally, smoke marijuana without the benefit of direct medical
supervision. Yet, despite this long history of use and the extraordinarily
high numbers of social smokers, there are simply no credible medical reports
to suggest that consuming marijuana has caused a single death.
6. By contrast aspirin, a commonly used, over-the-counter medicine,
causes hundreds of deaths each year.
7. Drugs used in medicine are routinely given what is called an
LD-50. The LD-50 rating indicates at what dosage fifty percent of test
animals receiving a drug will die as a result of drug induced toxicity. A
number of researchers have attempted to determine marijuanas LD-50 rating
in test animals, without success. Simply stated, researchers have been
unable to give animals enough marijuana to induce death.
8. At present it is estimated that marijuanas LD-50 is around
1:20,000 or 1:40,000. In layman terms this means that in order to induce
death a marijuana smoker would have to consume 20,000 to 40,000 times as
much marijuana as is contained in one marijuana cigarette. NIDA-supplied
marijuana cigarettes weigh approximately .9 grams. A smoker would
theoretically have to consume nearly 1,500 pounds of marijuana within about
fifteen minutes to induce a lethal response.
9. In practical terms, marijuana cannot induce a lethal response as
a result of drug-related toxicity.
10. Another common medical way to determine drug safety is called
the therapeutic ratio. This ratio defines the difference between a
therapeutically effective dose and a dose which is capable of inducing
adverse effects.
11. A commonly used over-the-counter product like aspirin has a
therapeutic ratio of around 1:20. Two aspirins are the recommended dose for
adult patients. Twenty times this dose, forty aspirin, may cause a lethal
reaction is some patients, and will almost certainly cause gross injury to
the digestive system, including extensive internal bleeding.
12. The therapeutic ratio for prescribed drugs is commonly 1:10 or
lower. Valium, a commonly used prescriptive drug, may cause very serious
biological damage if patients use ten times the recommended (therapeutic)
dose.
13. There are, of course, prescriptive drugs which have much lower
therapeutic ratios. Many of the drugs used to treat patients with cancer,
glaucoma and multiple sclerosis are highly toxic. The therapeutic ratio of
some of the drugs used in antineoplastic therapies, for example, are
regarded as extremely toxic poisons with therapeutic ratios that may fall
below 1:1.5. These drugs also have very low LD-50 ratios and can result in
toxic, even lethal reactions, while being properly employed.
14. By contrast, marijuanas therapeutic ratio, like its LD-50, is
impossible to quantify because it is so high.
15. In strict medical terms marijuana is far safer than many foods
we commonly consume. For example, eating ten raw potatoes can result in a
toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to eat enough
marijuana to induce death.
16. Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest
therapeutically active substances known to man. By any measure of rational
analysis marijuana can be safely used within a supervised routine of medical
care.
DEA Docket No. 86-22, Sept. 6, 1988, pages 56-59.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/2-bad-trips
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Newsgroups: rec.drugs.psychedelic
First of all please take me seriously though I bear the leprosy of an AOL
address. Here is my dilemma.
About 9 months ago I took my first shroom trip before a concert. It was
about noon and I was really exited and ready for the experience. Four of
us split a quarter. About two stems and a cap each and consumed them in a
peanut butter sandwich. Then we walked around in the field behind my
friends house for about an hour waiting for the effects. After about
forty-five minutes I began to have the sensation that trees were sucking
me in via the wind and I was drawn into this grove of trees. I climbed a
tree and looked around. The day was absolutely beautiful and everything
looked fresh and new. Then, I was walking around the field with my friend
and we were both well on our way into the trip. I said something about
how good this stuff is and there really has to be something bad about it
or everyone would do it. Shortly after that we went back inside his house
and started watching tv. It was really crazy. We watch Fantasia with the
music all the way up and then watch Nightmare Before Christmas for a
while. That is kinda when the bad trip began to set in. I started
thinking how long everything is and how their is so much time and very
little to do. I wandered around the house with the feeling that their was
something I had to do but couldn't quite figure out what it was. Then,
waiting for the ride to go to the concert I became fixated on a digital
clock and it seemed like two hours where the clock didn't change. I felt
as if I were stuck in time. I also began to feel I would be stuck like
this forever. When the ride finally arrived we were off. The car ride
was quite insane, I became catatonic and couldn't relate to anyone. I
heard little snippets of conversation such as "the way shrooms work is
that they contain just enough poison to trip but not to kill you" that
was a really great thing to say. I began to be very uncomfortable sitting
their and was fidgeting into different possition, I also pulled my shirt
away from my body a bit and my stomach seemed to come out with it. I
began to prey for my sober mind back and was experiencing muscle
contractions and tremors. I would have said take me to the hospital but I
couldn't talk. When we arrived at the concert I became aware that I was
very thirsty, when I took a drink from the gatorade bottle I felt myself
being sucked into the opening. Everyone crowded around me and asked if I
was alright which made me feel even worse. It slowly faded after about 8
hours in the middle of the concert and I was euphoric in my sobriety.
That was my first psychedelic experience and possibly the most intense
experience I have ever had. I have not tripped or shroomed since but have
smoked alot of pot with none of the anxiety or ill effects. I have also
read extensively on the safety of psychedelics and how to avoid bad trips.
Now I am considering shrooming again but do not know if it will be better
this time. If you have a bad trip is it possible to have a good
experience the second time? Or are first trips often scary and intriging?
I think my problem was that I thought too much instead of letting myself
go. I dunno but would really appreciated feedback and recommendations via
e-mail or posting. Thanks much.
------------------
I read about your shroom trip and have to tell you that i can relate. At the
moment i am coming down from a very long night (few hours) of my frist shroom
experience.
I had tripped once before...bad bad bad. But I thought that srooms would be
different. I was wrong. I guess i should tell the whole story.
A friend of mine and I split an 8th. We ate them (2stems, 2caps each) at
about 7pm. He had done it before...i hadnt and he knew that..i also told him
about the acid (2 hits alone in a dark room, need i say more). So he was the
master of the night as far as i was concerned. We smoked a joint after to kick
it in but i can't tell what is what anymore so it may be bullshit. Then we
thought it would be cool to pass time by going to the movies. OK THEN! so we
were off on our little adventure. We walked so far it seemed and crossed 2
really busy streets at night to get there. We picked a funny one..Tu Wong FU i
think and went in around 9. At this point all was very cool. But the movie
didn't start till 9:35 so we were the only people in the lobby xcept for the
people working there. I was a bit paranoid but remembered the last time and
just cleared my head of worry. So we went and sat down in the theatre all
alone. We had so much fun. We were laffing and telling stories and seeing
shit all over. There was movie trivia on the screen and that was not fun to
read but great to watch. THEN ANOTHER COUPLE WALKED IN! I told him that we
had better leave because i was laffing so hard and going bonkers.... plusssss i
had somewhere eles to be. I convinced him to leave by giving him 10 bucks to
cover the ticket cost and we snuck out the back door so nobody would think
anything weird was going on. We decided to sit on a hill by to parking lot for
a while....that was ok for a little while.. I was so great at that point but it
came in certian frames. Some frames were good and others bad. All of the
frames were a different idea or emotion. Things that just happened seemed to
take place years ago. Id say we sat on the hill for seriously 5 months...but i
think it was only 30 minutes in REALITY. I kept asking him what time it was
and he told me not to worry about it. That's cool. Then i started to feel
really sick. I was ok and then i wasnt...over and over. He could not tell if
i was serious and he kept asking me if i was really going to throw up. I
started to think about if i really was and i didn't know. THAT WAS THE BAD
TIME! I threw up a little bit and kept smoking menthols. I told him that
somehow we had to leave...or sleep there.. Every fucking car had blue lights so
i started to make myself believe we were at K-mart so i would not be scared. I
kept talking and he would laff and i was having all these revalations. I told
him and he said he understood but i started to doubt him. I still can't tell
if i was higher than he was or not.
So anyway we got up somehow and found the right way.. At one point after i
threw up i made myself come down for a sec by thinking that i was walking down
stairs...that felt good to me (to come down a bit) but he kept telling me not
to. So we were walking so many different places...it changed with each
conversation. I had to find a sober person to talk to that had done this
before. First we had to stop in his room and pee. Paranoia..and i started to
feel like you felt in the car. The door was closed...nin was playing and i
could not take that...there were voices everywhere. I sat down at his computer
to play and i pressed the power button...well it was already on and i ended up
erasing a paper he was working on. That's when he freaked me out... he was
upset and he didn't blame me but i blamed myself.. nothing was right i felt
sick again. He was foolin with stuff. So we left and i tried to talk to him
about it. It was hard. We ran into a friend of mine and i said im shrooming
and i don't want to anymore. It was the truth..my pyhsical body felt sick..but
i could not decide if i was or not.
Then Chad left me to go work on his paper and i was with my other friend. But
i was totally comfortable without him..go figure. I took some niacin which
aborts trips (mentally). I thought i was choking on the pills but i didn't
know if i was or not. I was scared. My friend was on the phone buggin me out.
I felt the niacin kick in right away and took a shower. I waws going crazy...
i thought i would never know what was real again...i was so gone. So i called
my friend and i felt better. I just crashed out with a big blanket.
I could not were my own clothes. I thought i was the root of all problems. I
will never take drugs again.
I talked to my TRUST frien and she made things good. The thing i hated about
it is i was coming down and i thought people were fuckin with me and treating
me bad. Then i remembered chad. So i called him and he was a mess. He was in
his room freaking out...so he come over. He felt like shit to.
I am afraid to take acid or shrooms agian. I dont't know why but i just can't
handle it. For some reason i am frustrated. My friends all talk about these
great trips but i can't say it was a fun experience on the whole.. I don't
want to be stuck like that...I was thinking i could be at one point. So maybe
it was a bad batch. Personally i think its becaues of the person i am in
reality..i am such a realist and everything is cut and dry to me. YES or NO?
That is where i went wrong but i don't know if it was something i can control.
so there it is...even now i am aching all over and sleep sounds great...but the
story had to be told...i think you understand.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/2cbinf.drg
+475
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
Okay 2C-B is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine. Its the phenethylamine
analogue of DOB. The 2C is because its had a 2-carbon chain sticking off
of the phenyl ring (which is why its a phenethylamine instead of an
amphetamine), and I *assume* the B is because of the Br atom in the 4
position.
+--------- the second (beta - carbon)
|
v
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| |
|| |
|| | ^
/ \ // \ |
Br \// OCH3 +------------ the first (alpha - carbon)
Doses are 12-24mg, Duration is 4-8 hours. Doses of 100mg have been taken
safely. 2C-B seems to be an extraordinarily colorful hallucingen similar
to LSD -- apparently somewhat analytical and dissasociative in higher doses
or in those sensitive to those effects.
Quote from Ecstasy: The MDMA Story...
[begins with a quotation from Alexander Shulgin]:
2C-B... is a tool... which ties the mental processes directly
and constructively into the physical soma.
The analgesic effects experienced with many, if not most,
psychedelic drugs, are not present with 2C-B. On the
contrary, there is increased body awareness of every kind,
including skin sensitivity, heightened responsiveness to
smells, tastes, and sexual stimulation.
One experiences increased consciousness of physical
health and energy, or, on the other hand, sharpened
awareness of any body imbalance or discomfort.
2C-B allows for rich visual imagery and intesnse eyes-
closed fantasy without the cluttering up of the mental field
with too much elaboration... It is a superb tool for learning
and growth.
[...] At high doses (above 30 mgs.), 2C-B is intensely hallucinogenic,
and, like any major psychedelic, can be frightening for certain people.
In small doses, it becomes a mild sensory enhancer but does not have the
strongly empathogenic qualities that MDMA has.
Perhaps the best use that has been found for 2C-B is as a synergist
with MDMA. When taken together, the MDMA pushes the non-specific 2C-B
reaction in a more warm and emphathetic direction. Because 2C-B is a
psychedelic drug, and therefore not fully predictable, its action can take
the user in many different directions. But if the set and setting are right,
2C-B can enhance the desire for sexual orgasm during an MDMA experience.
The synergy of the two substances can on occasion be a true aphrodisiac.
Shulgin writes in PiHKAL:
"The most succesfful reports have followed a program in which the two drugs
are not used at the same time, nor even too closely spaced. It appears that
the optimum time for the 2C-B is at, or just before, the final baseline
recovery of the MDMA."
DOB: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Bromoamphetamine. The only chemical difference is
the addition of an extra carbon to the chain. This turns the
phenethylamine into an alpha-methyl-phenethylamine (because the
addition of a carbon means attatching a methyl group to the
alpha carbon of the phenethylamine) also called a phenylisopropylamine
or simply an amphetamine.
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| | |
|| | |
|| | CH3
/ \ // \
Br \// OCH3
DOB has a potency of 1.0-3.0 mg and duration of 18-30 hours. Its very
similar to LSD. It seems to be more colorful than LSD and less dissociative
than 2C-B based on the reports I've read. The index of safety is probably
something like over 1,000 times the effective dose.
2C-D (LE-25): 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylphenethylamine. This is the 2 carbon
homologue of DOM (2C-B is to DOB as 2C-D is to DOM). The difference
between 2C-D and 2C-B is simply the replacement of the Br atom with
a methyl group.
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| |
|| |
|| |
/ \ // \
H3C \// OCH3
2C-D has a potency of 20-60mg and a duration of 4-6 hours. Seems to also
be very colorful. Shulgin notes: "Wow! This particular compound is what
I call a pharmacological tofu. It doesn't seem to do much by itself, always
teasing, until you get to heroic levels. But a goodly number of experimental
therapists have said that it is excellent in extending the action of some
other materials. It seems to boost the waning action of another drug, without
adding its own color to the experience." At 150mg+ it appears it might be
a full blown 2C-B-like psychedelic, however. No info on the toxic dose.
DOM (STP): 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine. Again, simply the addition
of an extra carbon to the chain to turn the phenethylamine 2C-D into
the ampehtamine DOM. And the replacement of the Br atom in DOB with
a methyl group would give you DOM also.
CH3O /\\ / \ NH2
\ / \\ / \ /
|| | |
|| | |
|| | CH3
/ \ // \
H3C \// OCH3
DOM has a potency of about 3-10mg and a duration of 14-20 hours. This was
first synthesized by Shulgin, and is what he calls his "Problem Child" (in
reference to Albert Hofmann's name for LSD). It gained a considerable
amount of use in the 60's and people taking 30mg+ (a whopping dose) had
some very dissasociative, bad trips. It was known as STP, which stands for
the motor oil additive actually, but was also known as "Serenity,
Tranquility and Peace". From the descriptions it seems LSD-like, with
possibly even more of a head-trip. 5-10mg seems *much* more appropriate
from the descriptions with very good effects. Only at higher (20-30mg)
doses does it appear to get really nasty.
And for chemical comparison, MDA and MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine respectively... They're somewhat similar
to DOM and DOB -- all the ring substituents need to be knocked off and
replaced with the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring. Then for MDMA you've got the
addition of a methyl group to the nitrogen amine.
MDA:
O /\\ / \ NH2
/ \ / \\ / \ /
/ || | |
H2C || | |
\ || | CH3
\ / \ //
O \//
MDMA:
O /\\ / \ NHCH3
/ \ / \\ / \ /
/ || | |
H2C || | |
\ || | CH3
\ / \ //
O \//
Also we might as well throw in amphetamine if you all haven't figured out
what that should look like yet (replace the NH2 with NHCH3 to get
methamphetamine -- identical substitution as between MDA and MDMA).
Also, if you knock off the CH2 from amphetamine, you'll get phenethylamine
which is the prototype chemical for all the drugs I've listed so far, although
itself its inactive.
amphetamine:
/\\ / \ NH2
/ \\ / \ /
|| | |
|| | |
|| | CH3
\ //
\//
And just for kicks here we have good old LSD which looks nothing like all
these other chemicals:
/ C2H5
H. CON
'. / \ C2H5
/ \
/ \
|| |
|| N
/\\ /\ / \
/ \\ / \ / CH3
|| | | \
|| | | H
\ // \ /
\// \/
| ||
| ||
HN-------
Hope you enjoyed that. Chem dweebs please check to make sure I got
everything correct. I didn't have time to go over this with a fine-toothed
comb.
=============================================================================
From: cutrell@nic.cerf.net (Doug Cutrell)
Date: 8 Jul 92 23:31:16 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: LSD.
Lamont Granquist writes:
>DOB has a potency of 1.0-3.0 mg and duration of 18-30 hours. Its very
>similar to LSD. It seems to be more colorful than LSD and less dissociative
>than 2C-B based on the reports I've read. The index of safety is probably
>something like over 1,000 times the effective dose.
This figure is probably based on animal experiments described
by Shulgin in Pihkal. However, he goes on to say that the
index of safety is probably much lower than this. He says
there are numerous reports of overdoses causing vascular
arterial spasm, and gives one verified account of a couple who
thought they had MDA and took quantities appropriate for that
compound... i.e. around 100 mg. The woman died, the man lived
after convulsions and a week in a coma. Since the standard dose
is 1-3 mg., the lethal dose is more like 30 times the effective
dose.
Doug Cutrell
cutrell@cerf.net
=============================================================================
Well, in a thread recently, there was some talk aabout bromo
mescaline, and mention was made of the entry in the Student Handbook of
our esteemed institution that deals with the drug in question. Well, it is
Reed folklore that tells us that bromo mescaline was first synthesized here
at Reed (BTW, it is not folklore that Dr. Demento graduated from Reed),
but the drug is real, to which several friends can attest. Since I have the
ol' Student Handbook right in front of me, I'll tell y'all what it sez.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From _The Reed College Student Handbook_, in the "Drug Article That Ate Reed
College", by Marty Smith:
Bromo-mescaline. The most terrifying hallucinogen known to man. The effects
last 3-5 hours, the visuals are awe-inspiring and the head trip is light,
usually. The catch is, first, for it to act like bromo, you have to snort
it. This is really intense, because in about two to five minutes, you're
tripping you ass off, the world is melting. The incredible speed with which
this happens is one of the things those who like it like about it. However,
when it gets up your nose it hurts. This is probably an understatement. It's
really amazingly painful. You'll be suprised that you would actually do this
to yourself. It has been described as having red hot knives shoved up your
nose, or being kicked in the face by a psychedelic horse. You may briefly
entertain notions of dying. This all dies down after about twenty minutes,
though, and you're lucky there will be no nausea at all afterward. (It helps
to have eaten a starchy meal about an hour and a half earlier.) Otherwise,
you might have about 20 minutes of mild nausea. The visuals are real good.
To have visuals this intense on acid you'd have to be on so much that you
couldn't talk. On bromo you could discuss them reasonably coherently.
A word about dosage. One hit is one fourtieth of a gram. This is a
fact. Do not say something stupid like, "Oh, let's do a lot," and hoot up a
couple of lines the size of your thumb. I have some friends who did this,
and they ended up lying under some bushes, at night, in the rain, unable
even to yell for help, and now they will not do drugs for the next five
million jillion years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
That's the straight dope (none of the many puns intended).
late,
miguel
=============================================================================
pierre@media.mit.edu (Pierre St. Hilaire) writes:
> Sure. And table salt releases sodium and chlorine in your
>body, so you will both catch fire and suffocate if you take it.
>
> Adding halogen atoms to psychedelic amines can significantly
>modify their potency, duration, and effects. Read Alexander Shulgin's
>PIKHAL for an extensive discussions on halogenated substituted
>phenylethylamines.
yes, i believe that "bromomescaline" 2-CB aka CBr... 2,5-dimethoxy-4-
bromophenethylamine. the reason why it probably burns going up your nose
is that it may lack any kind of anaesthetic action (unlike MDA, MDMA, and
particularly cocaine), while still being in the form (probably) of a
hydrochloric salt (where the HCl comes from).
culled from the MDMA FAQ:
}
} CBr is 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Bromophenethylamine. The
} "sometimes frightening" part probably comes from taking more than the
} full dose, and the literature suggests that with larger dosages come
} disproportionately larger responses, unlike some other psychedelics
} we all know and love. I've had very enlightening experiences with CBr,
} and they grew better in quantum leap fashion.
}
} + wonderful and gently insightful (semi-wilderness, daytime, friends).
} + profoundly sexual with glimpses of bird-animal forms (indoors, nightime,
} lover) minor telepathic imagery.
} + sexual and shamanic, native american imagery (indoors, day-night, alone).
} + profound native american imagery (indoors, night, after cannabis, friend)
} actually slept a bit (too much cannabis) and awoke to the most wonderful
} visuals (friend in other room - ditto).
} + full-blown spirit animals all night long (desert, night, friend, good THC
} 1/2 way thru trip) - mountain lion (very playful) and eagle most prominent
} two deer (incredibly loving), a wolf (very brief), fantastic living plant
} spirits, entities in mountain, mucho native american imagery, et. al.
} very telepathic with friend. brief teleportation/desert-zoom experience.
} understood the ancients' fascination with constellations. imparted with
} sudden knowledge in extreme detail - confirmed later by ex-lover, scared
} ex-lover shitless.
}
} My last experience with CBr changed my life in many profound ways (for the
} better). With THC and a little concentration I can get back to some of those
} places. With no THC and a lot of concentration I can get back to some of
} those places. Remember.
}
} I believe CBr is recognized as an enthogen and an entactogen, and
} unfortunately it's now Schedule 1. :-( Put this one on the top of
} the list of drugs to be legalized.
=============================================================================
Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 00:22:14 -0800
From: Alexander T. Shulgin
To: lamontg@milton.u.washington.edu
Subject: bromo
} Hi:
}
} There has been quite a flow of stuff on the subject of BROMO on
} alt.drugs entry. Maybe you can post some parts of the following
} that might answer some of the comments, questions, or errors
} being put out there on the topic.
}
} (1) Bromomescaline is without doubt 2C-B. The dosage, the
} duration, the nature of the experience, all seem consistent with
} this assignment. Also, as you have indicated, the replacement of
} a methoxy group (of mescaline) with a bromo atom gives the
} isomeric structure (a little rearrangement needed) of 2C-B.
}
} (2) It releases bromic acid. Of course not. Bromic acid
} (HBrO3) is an unstable chimera which is substantially unknown.
} Probably what is meant is that it releases hydrobromic acid
} (HBr) but then there is no experimental evidence that HBr is
} released either. I suspect that the bromine atom stays on the
} drug molecule all the way through the kidney, and that there
} is no release of this element at any time in the body.
}
} (3) It is illegal, or a scheduled drug. No so. 2C-B was added
} to the German law in January of this year, but in the US it is
} still an unnamed drug in Federal law.
}
} (4) It burns on snorting (insufflation). It sure does, but this
} is most likely due to the fact that it is extremely insoluble in
} water, and probably sits on the mucous membranes for quite a
} while until it dissolves and is absorbed. And until this happens
} it irritates and blisters the skin at the sites where the solid
} particles of the drug happen to settle. Once absorbed, the
} pain disappears, and the effects start. A challenge to this
} would be to snort the acetate or the hydrobromide salt, both of
} which are quite a bit more soluble in water. These should have
} the same psychological effect, and they should act even more
} quickly (no slow dissolving) and act with little or no pain.
}
} I would love to know who in the wide wide world of information
} input discovered the term bromic!! It cannot believe it has any
} merit.
}
} Can you drift some of this on to the world of alt.drugs and
} satisfy this search for information?
}
} Thanks.
}
} Sasha
=============================================================================
From: Mark_Farone@sfa.ufl.edu (Mark Farone)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: 2CB
Date: 18 Apr 1994 12:28:10 GMT
Message-ID: <Mark_Farone-180494082742@128.227.37.18>
In article <766538637-0-4072@chop.isca.uiowa.edu>, David Roknich
<Hologram@chop.isca.uiowa.edu> wrote:
> dg596@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Russell Faraday)writes:
> Another new sensation gripping our little pocket of cultural
> coolness is something called 2CB. As a discussion starter, I'd
> ......
> 2CB is a designer drug that was not illegal until a few morons
> blathered publicly about its existance in the early 80s
With respect to US laws, 2cb (aka Nexus, Zenith) wasn't scheduled until
late 1993.
Its actual chemical name is 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine.
The Feds were alerted when a rather rich fella in Tampa, FL took some to
relieve impotence, as it was being promoted. When started tripping he
called the DEA and the next thing you know...
See _Federal Register_, Vol. 58, No. 212, Thurs. Nov 4,1993 page 58819-20.
--
__________________________________________________________________________
Mark Farone "A pile of rocks ceases to be a rock pile when
University of Florida somebody comtemplates it with the idea
Mark_Farone@sfa.ufl.edu of a cathedral in mind." -Saint Exupery
=============================================================================
From: bgg@connect.com.au (Ben Golding)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: 2CB report from Sydney Morning Herald (18 May 94)
Date: 20 May 1994 11:34:39 +1000
Message-ID: <2rh43f$81k@warrane.connect.com.au>
A wonderfully fact-free article from the SMH.
Operation Noah is an annual campaign where people are encouraged to
call the police to dob in a drug users and suppliers. Over the years
it has been running it has been steadily galvanising public opinion
against the operation and pushing discussion of drug policy to the
fore. As you can imagine, most of the busts are people with a plant
in their backyard with neighbours who don't like them, you know,
exactly the sort of people that pose the greatest threat to society.
Ben.
--
Noah Hunts New Drug, Emma Tom, Sydney Morning Herald, Wed.18th, 1994
A dangerous new designer drug similar to ecstasy is among the
amphetamines to be targeted today in operation Noah, the annual national
drugs phone-in.
Detective Sergeant Mal Brammer, from the NSW Drug Enforcement
Agency, said the new drug, known as nexus or 2CD (sic), had originated
at dance parties in the United States.
He said nexus differed from ecstasy in that it was stronger,
lasted longer and caused hallucinations. Part of its attraction was that
it "temporarily alleviated impotency and frigidity".
"We are concerned that nexus is being mixed with or sold as
ecstasy," he said.
=============================================================================
From: bgg@connect.com.au (Ben Golding)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: 2CB report from Sydney Morning Herald (18 May 94)
Date: 21 May 1994 12:56:56 +1000
Message-ID: <2rjt9o$ip6@warrane.connect.com.au>
[quoted text deleted -cak]
Further to this article, Here's a response to the letters page:
Re: "Noah hunts new drug", Emma Tom, April 18th 1994, p.10
Before we panic about a new designer amphetamine, which Nexus is not, I
feel some clarification is in order. I am a medicinal chemist in
regular contact with Dr. Alexander Shulgin, who has devoted his life to
producing new drugs for use in therapy, and names 2C-B (not 2CD) as his
greatest discovery. Not originating at dance parties, it has been
known to the scientific community for years. Concerning legality: the
NSW poisons list prohibits chemicals of its class with hallucinogenic
properties. 2C-B is unlisted, and its hallucinogenic properties
debatable . It does not cause true hallucinations but visual
distortions at high do ses, and is subjectively different from other
drugs such as ecstasy. It is not a stimulant, and lacks side-effects
such as overheating and post-use fatigue. Unlike LSD it leaves the
user mentally clear and lucid, and so is unlikely to cause a panic
reaction. As for dangerous, 2C-B is essentially non-addictive, rel
atively short acting, has no known serious side-effects, and no
recorded overdose cases. Legal or illegal, like it or not, it will
probably be increasingly popular.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/2cbrpt.drg
+190
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
Ah, the memories this brings back. I was at Reed in 1979, and bromo was
plentiful and popular at Reed at that time. The descriptions of its
effects that I've read on this board are, I would say, rather accurate.
The effects are different, and more dramatic, than LSD.
At the time, it was usually sold in single dosages in clear gel capsules.
I didn't snort it (I didn't care for the pain), but found the effects to
be most effective when eating it as well. I ate 3 capsules one night
when I was bored, and had the most earth-shattering experience of my
life. Hallucinations were so intense that I could not recognize people and
could not understand what they were saying. I saw spinning pinwheels made
of knife blades reflecting all the colors of the rainbow on the walls. I
thought I was shivering from cold at one point, and remarked as much to
a friend of mine (this before I was hallucinating so heavily that I couldn't
recognize or uderstand people). He told me I wasn't shivering at all; I
realized he was right, and the sensation that I was shivering suddenly
changed to a sensation that I had powerful electrical energies pulsing
through my body.
I had many more bizarre experiences that night (including a mild panic
when I thought I was moving backward in time), but I don't want to drone
on here. Suffice it to say that the drug is real, and the descriptions
of its effects on this board are not exaggerations.
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: Jeremy
Subject: Re: 2CB
Date: Wed, 13 Oct 1993 00:55:23 GMT
In article <0gh7cbq00Uh748I6wt@andrew.cmu.edu> Michael J Minnich <inhuman+@CMU.EDU> writes:
>
>I was wondering if anyone has had any experience with 2CB. I've read
>Gracie&Zarkov's description of it, but they took something like 3 times
>the reccomended dosage, so it didn't seem very typical.
Their report surprises me somewhat. Definitely atypical, although it
does seem to be the case that people's response to 2C-B varies
markedly. Most people find it to be very good, over a range of
dosage levels.
>Anyone care to relate personal experiences, or point me in the direction
>of an FTP site with more information on it? Thanks...
Here is an anonymous discussion of the effects of 2C-B:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
For me, 2C-B seems to be in a different league from all other drugs.
No other experience has come close to that of 2C-B. Superficially,
it seems to lie somewhere between MDMA and psilocybin, i.e. it is
both entactogenic (in a way I find more wholesome and satisfying
than MDMA or MDE) and psychedelic. Unlike psilocybin, it leaves
the ego much more intact - the mind remains clear and comfortable
throughout. Unlike MDMA it is unlikely to cause inappropriate
emotional bonding between people - only to encourage appropriate
bonding.
My first experience with 2C-B was with four doses, each of about
20-25mg of the hydrochloride, spaced by 40 minute intervals. The
experiment was conducted in private with one other person.
Because of the spaced doses, the onset was gradual and gentle.
I was slowly lifted out of my ordinary life, and taken to a
state of pure heaven. Laurie Andersen once said "Paradise is
like where you are right now, only much much better" and this
about sums it up. Everything around me was somehow transformed
into absolute perfection. There were mild visual distortions
which were tasteful decorations but in no way got in the way.
All sensation became the most pleasurable possible - food,
touch, sound, sight, sex were all simply perfect, but none
of this was at all overwhelming. Throughout I remained totally
calm, rational, and in control, just feeling better than I
have ever felt before. There was a sense of "this is the best -
I have finally arrived - I am complete and need never look
further than this." 2CB is heaven, but it is also mundane -
there are no fireworks, no fake euphoria - the change is
so subtle you could almost forget it is there. We weren't
moved to do anything differently - just to exist in this in
this beautiful state and behave normally.
With one foot in heaven and one foot on earth, just after the
peak, I found myself in a state of introspection. I felt so
indescribably emotionally beautiful that it brought me to
tears. Then, all the cares and worries of recent weeks came
flooding at me, but not at an unbearable rate. It was as if
the 2C-B were saying "I have given you 2 hours of perfect
bliss, but you are about to return to your normal life. Here
are some issues which are bothering you, and now is the
perfect time to do something about them". The self-analysis
was honest and useful - not distorted and certainly not
superficial - and it was compelling and motivating.
The comedown was slow and gentle. There was no sense of loss,
no desire to regain the state immediately (or at all!); on
the contrary, the subtle return to normality was welcome.
Every state between heaven and earth felt just right.
If it is impossible to adequately describe any drug induced
state in words, this is doubly true with 2C-B. For me, the
2C-B experience is unparalleled, so I would recommend that
people try it. Some do not seem to enjoy it, some do not seem
to understand it, but many do.
A few final notes: My experiences suggest that there is nothing
that can be added to the 2C-B experience - nothing can make
it better than it is, and so all other drugs should be avoided
contemporaneously. Also, insufflation seems to increase the
potency 2-3 times, as well as somewhat shortening the duration.
The onset is rapid (half to three minutes) and somewhat disorienting,
and can approach the feel and intensity of smoked DMT, particularly
in a visual sense. The burning pain associated with snorting 2C-B
can detract from the experience initially.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeremy
=============================================================================
From: coutsoft@cheshire.oxy.edu (Michael Coutsoftides)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: 2CB
Date: 23 Apr 1994 09:12:16 -0700
Message-ID: <940423.091216.3567@cheshire.oxy.edu>
2cb unfortunately is now scheduled. I had the opportunity to
experience it about a year ago before scheduling and I'll tell you a bit
about it.
A friend of mine and I weighed out 25mg each and proceeded to
ingest it via insufflation. Needless to say, it was the most painful
annoying long lasting burn I have ever felt. It burned my sinuses and all
the way down the back of my throat as I got the "drips". My face felt like
it was going to fall off. Combine this with virtually instant
disorientation and nausea, you get two guys that are scared shitless. I've
done my share of excessive hallucinogen doses. But this didn't even come
close to comparing to any of them. It felt like we jumped out of a
building and were free falling faster and faster into a psychedelic world
which didn't seem all that great in lieu of the aforementioned symptoms. I
was actually pretty sure we had od'd and contemplated calling 911.
Unfortunately, I couldn't even make it to the phone if I tried. We had a
sober friend watch us and make sure we were physically ok. As the trip
picked up speed and intensity, shit got really strange. On most
hallucinogens, you can make things move if you stare at em for a bit, but
in this world, EVERYTHING is moving and doesn't stop. Which made me start
to feel motion sickness. I saw 4 foot fluroescent spheres float by with
intricate fractal patterns on them. Our 'guide' wasn't all that bright and
was flipping tv channels and stopped on True Stories of The Highway
Patrol. Not a good thing to watch in this state of mind. We then proceeded
to wheel of fortune where I can swear the people were in the middle of the
living room and letters were flying by us. The experience was like going
from sober to 1000mcg in about 5 minutes. It was actually pretty scary
because we both thought we'd finally done it and were gonna die. But we
were too tweaked to express it. About an hour into it, we realized we were
going to live and the nausea and burning had for the most part subsided,
save the fact that my nose and sinuses were swollen for about 2 days.
After about an hour, it gets kind of like an intense LSD trip.. the
coolest thing is there is really no analytical game playing as with LSD
and you can pretty much discuss what's going on with a good deal of
coherence. The effects dropped off pretty rapidly and by the 4 hour mark
we felt almost totally sober.
I've done 2cb via capsule and have never had it affect me that way
at even 2 and 3 times the dose. It's something I'll never do again because
of A. the pain and B. the intensity. It was too much too fast. I might eat
it again though if it ever becomes unscheduled ;). I did notice something
interesting though. At sea level, a 20 mg dose is pretty mellow... kinda
like LSD but feels more like Mescaline. Yet, we also did it at a
campground in the mountains 6000 feet up. It took under 20 minutes to hit
orally while at sea level it was over an hour. Mind you both times this
was done with a full stomach with exactly the same type of food. I thought
it curious that it was so much more intense at altitude than sea level and
know it wasn't just a fluke situational thing.. any ideas?
Have fun.. good luck and be careful. If you're gonna snort it, be prepared
for lots of pain and a 50% chance of hurling. Also, don't do what a guy we
know did and call 911 because he thought he was gonna wig out. He got
transported to the hospital and by the time he got there about an hour had
gone by and it was tolerable. Needless to say, he felt like an idiot.
Moral: No matter where you are, hold tight, about an hour into it.. you'll
mellow way out.
It's also kinda hard on the body too.. really tweaky. Nice thing about it
is, that when it's over, it's over. No lingering head buzzing and loops
like the end of an LSD trip where you're no longer hallucinating but are
still unable to sleep. This stuff has a really sharp peak and drop off.
Peace.
M.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/absinthe.faq
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Date: Tue, 2 Mar 93 14:14:57 CST
From: matthew john baggott <bagg@midway.uchicago.edu>
To: lamontg@byron.u.washington.edu (Lamont Granquist)
Subject: Absinthe FAQ
INTRODUCTION
This FAQ file was prepared by Matthew Baggott (bagg@ellis.uchicago.edu)
for distribution on the newsgroup alt.drugs. It may be freely reprinted
and distributed as long as it is properly credited. If you're reprinting
the file in a zine (e- or otherwise), I'd like to hear about it. Some uses
of the medline abstracts might be go beyond legal 'fair use' of that
intellectual property. If I determine this to be a problem, I'll replace
the abstracts with summaries written by myself. However, people reprinting
this file may wish to leave out that section of the FAQ if this issue is of
concern to them. Comments, questions, referenced information, and personally-
collected anecdotes relating to absinthe and wormwood are welcome. File last
updated on 3-FEB-93.
The following individuals contributed information or editorial skills to this
FAQ file: Michael Golden (mgolden@eecs.umich.edu) archived the recipies
which were posted to rec.food.drink by unknown parties; Laurent Hagimont
(hagimont@cnam.cnam.fr) and Johnny Svensson (svensson@ISI.edu)
supplied information about the current availability of absinthe; Johnny
Svensson also gave information about wormwood's use as a flavoring in
vodka. Myra Chachkin (cs_myra@gsbvax.uchcicago.edu) provided editorial
comments on an earlier draft of this FAQ file. These individuals
deserve much credit for helping to compile obscure data. Nonetheless,
the perspectives, arguments, and errors of this file are mine alone.
The file contains the following sections: What is absinthe?; What is the
active component in absinthe?; What plants contain thujone?; How was/is
absinthe made?; References; Recent references on absinthe/thujone culled
from medline; and Books on absinthe culled from the University of California
on-line card catalog. Each of these sections is separated by a partial line
of minus characters, allowing one to easily page through the document.
----------
WHAT IS ABSINTHE?
Absinthe is an alcoholic drink made with an extract from wormwood
(Artemisia absinthium). It is an emerald green drink which is very
bitter (due to the presence of absinthin) and is therefore traditionally
poured over a perforated spoonful of sugar into a glass of water. The
drink then turns into an opaque white as the essential oils
precipitate out of the alcoholic solution. Absinthe was once popular among
artists and writers and was used by Van Gogh, Baudelaire, and Verlaine,
to name a few. It appears to have been believed to stimulate creativity.
However, in the 1850's, there began to be concern about the results of
chronic use. Chronic use of absinthe was believed to produce a syndrome,
called absinthism, which was characterized by addiction, hyperexcitability,
and hallucinations. This concern over the health effects of absinthe was
amplified by the prevailing belief in Lamarckian theories of heredity.
In other words, it was believed that any traits acquired by absinthists
would be passed on to their children (1). Absinthe's association with
the bohemian lifestyle also worked to compound fears about its effects,
much as has happened with marijuana in America. Absinthe was subsequently
banned in many countries in the beginning of the 1900's.
----------
WHAT IS THE ACTIVE COMPONENT IN ABSINTHE?
This issue is not entirely resolved. Alcohol is definitely one main
component. However, another candidate is the monoterpene, thujone, which
which is considered a convulsant. Thujone's mechanism of
action is not known, although structural similarities between thujone
and tetrahydrocannabinol (the active component in marijuana) have led
some to hypothesize that both substances have the same site of action in
the brain. Thujone makes up 40 to 90% (by weight) of the essence of
wormwood, from which absinthe is made (2). Thus, thujone would appear to
be a good candidate for a second active component in absinthe. Indeed,
thujone has long been considered to be the neurotoxic cause of
absinthism.
However, the direct evidence to support this idea is scant. Absinthe
is 75% alcohol. Therefore, alcohol's effects will limit the amount of
thujone one can ingest. Quite simply, you can only drink a moderate amount
of absinthe before you become very drunk from the alcohol. Thujone would
have to be active at a very low dose or be present in high quantities in
order to have any appreciable effect. In the "This and That" column
in _Trends in the Pharmacological Sciences_, "B. Max" made the following
dose calculations:
How much thujone was present in absinthe? Steam distillation
of wormwood yields 0.27-0.40% of a bitter, dark-green oil (3)
In a typical recipe for absinthe, 2.5 kg of wormwood were used
in preparing 100 liters of absinthe (4). Typically, 1.5 oz was
consumed (diluted with water) per tipple (5). This is equivalent
to 4.4 mg wormwood oil per drink, or 2-4 mg thujone. This is
far below the level at which acute pharmacological effects are
observed. Even chronic administration of 10 mg/kg thujone to
rats does not alter spontaneous activity of conditioned
behavior (6). The literature on the pharmacology of thujone
is, to put it bluntly, second rate, and conclusions as to its
effects have been extrapolated far beyond the experimental
base (7).
Furthermore, the symptoms of absinthism do not appear to be that unlike
those of alcoholism. Hallucinations, sleeplessness, tremors, paralysis,
and convulsions can also be noted in cases of alcoholism. This suggests
that the syndrome "absinthism" mayy well have been caused by alcohol.
Because absinthe is no longer popular, little research has been done into
its effects on health. Reports on thujone's/absinthe's toxicity seem
to rely mostly on case reports from the beginning of the century or
earlier. Lacking more recent research, it seems most reasonable to take
reports of absinthe's toxicity with skepticism. Essentially, there is
little good data to suggest that absinthe's active components were anything
other than alcohol.
(In fairness, I should mention that several individuals who have taken
home-made absinthe or who have drunk it where it is legal have claimed
to me that it produced an intoxication unlike that of alcohol.)
In addition to alcohol and thujone, absinthe sometimes contained
methanol (wood alcohol), which could have contributed to the symptoms
of absinthism. Calamus (acorus calamus) and nutmeg (myristica fragrans)
were also sometimes used in making absinthe. Both plants have reputations
for being psychedelics, although to my best of knowledge only nutmeg's
psychedelic properties have been well established. However, it seems
unlikely that either plant would have been added in the quanitities
necessary to produce psychoactive effects.
For those of you who want to see the molecule thujone, the following is a
simple postscript routine which draws the molecule:
%!
/Times-Roman findfont 18 scalefont setfont
newpath
144 648 moveto
30 30 rlineto
30 -30 rlineto
0 -40 rlineto
-30 -30 rlineto
-30 30 rlineto
0 40 rlineto
30 30 rmoveto
0 40 rlineto
30 -70 rmoveto
30 30 rlineto
-4 4 rmoveto
-30 -30 rlineto
4 -4 rmoveto
-30 -70 rmoveto
0 -40 rlineto
-30 -30 rlineto
60 0 rmoveto
-30 30 rlineto
0 40 rmoveto
-30 70 rlineto
-8 -170 rmoveto
4 setlinewidth
(THUJONE)
show
15 204 rmoveto
(O)
show
stroke showpage
----------
WHAT MODERN ALCOHOLIC DRINKS ARE THERE WHICH ARE RELATED TO ABSINTHE?
Pernod is basically absinthe without the wormwood. It is named after
Henri-Louis Pernod, an individual who ran an absinthe factory in France in
the early 1800s. As a substitute for wormwood, the modern drink Pernod
uses increased amounts of aniseed. Ricard is the name of another
modern wormwood-less absinthe.
Also, vermouth, chartreuse, and benedictine all contain small amounts
of thujone. In fact, vermouth, which is made using the flower heads
from wormwood, takes its name from the german "wermuth" ("wormwood").
Absinthe (made with wormwood) is still available in Spain and reportedly
in Denmark and Portugal as well.
Wormwood is popular as a flavoring for vodka in Sweden.
It is also possible to buy oil of wormwood (produced by steam distillation)
from companies that sell essential oils. One such company is The Essential
Oil Co., PO Box 206, Lake Oswego, OR, 97034. 503-697-5992; FAX 503-697-0615;
Orders 1-800-729-5912. Catalog is free, but there is a $50 minimum order
(orders under $50 are accepted but charged an additional $5 service charge).
The company also sells other oils of interest to readers of this newsgroup.
Caution should be exercised with these oils since they can contain
significant amounts of pharmacologically active and/or toxic elements.
----------
WHAT PLANTS CONTAIN THUJONE?
According to W. N. Arnold's _Scientific American_ article:
Thujone occurs in a variety of plants, including tansy (Tanace-
tum vulgare) and sage (salvia officinalis), as well as in all
the trees of the arborvitae group, of which the thuja (Thuja
occidentalis), or white cedar, is one. It is also characteristic
of most species of Artemisia, a genus within the Compositae,
or daisy, family. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and Roman
wormwood (Artemisia pontica) were the main sources of the thujone
in absinthe (4).
----------
HOW WAS/IS ABSINTHE MADE?
_Simon and Schulter's Guide to Herbs and Spices_ tells us that Henri-Louis
Pernod used aniseed, fennel, hyssop, and lemonbalm along with lesser
amounts of angelica, star anise, dittany, juniper, nutmeg, and veronica.
These ingredients were mascerated together with wormwood plants. After
leaving the mixture to sit, water was added and the mixture was
distilled. Dried herbs, including more wormwood, were added to the
distillate, which was then diluted with alcohol to give a concentration
of about 75% alcohol by volume (8). Different absinthe manufacturers
used slightly different ingredients, sometimes using calamus, which
has been purported to have psychoactive effects.
In addition to these ingredients, manufacturers sometimes added other
ingredients to produce the drink's emerald green color. Normally, this color
was due to the presence of chlorophyll from the plants. However, in
the event that the product was not properly colored, absinthe makers were
known to add things like copper sulfate, indigo, turmeric, and aniline
green. Antimony chloride was also used to help the drink become cloudy when
added to water. Presumably modern makers of Pernod and absinthe use safer
ingredients for their concoctions!
Here are some recipes for "absinthe" which were originally posted to
rec.food.drink. Absinthe is placed in quotes since only the last
recipe here will produce something resembling the traditional drink.
I have not personally tried these recipes and do not claim that they are safe
or even tasty.
** Absinthe #1 **
1 pint vodka 2 tsp crumbled wormwood (dried)
2tsp anise seed 1/2 tsp fennel seed
4 cardomom pods 1 tsp majoram
1/2 tsp ground coriander 2 tsp chopped angelica root
1 2/3 cups sugar syrup
Place vodka in large jar with tight fitting lid. Add wormwood and shake
well; steep 48 hrs and strain out. Crush seeds and pods in mortar. Add
them and all remaining spices to vodka and steep in a warm place 1 week.
Filter and sweeten. (The sugar syrup mentioned above is your standard
simple syrup.)
** Absinthe #2 **
1 tsp crumbled wormwood
1 cup vodka
2 Tbsp chopped peppermint leaves
1 piece of lemon peel, 3/4"x2"
1/3-1/2 cup sugar syrup
Steep wormwood in vodka for 48 hours. Strain out and add peppermint
leaves and lemon peel. Steep for 8 days, strain and sweeten. Smells good
but is more bitter than #1.
** Absinthe Wine **
All herbs are dried.
2 tsp peppermint 2tsp dried wormwood
2 tsp thyme 2 tsp lavender
2 tsp hyssop 2 tsp majoram
2 tsp sage 2 pints port
Steep herbs one week, filter and bottle. My notes describe this as
"bitter, aromatic and potent".
** Absinthe #3 **
>From Arnold's article in _Scientific American_:
An 1855 recipe from Pontarlier, France, gives the following
instructions for making absinthe: Macerate 2.5 kilograms of dried
wormwood, 5 kilograms of anise and 5 kilograms of fennel in 95
liters of 85 percent ethanol by volume. Let the mixture steep for
at least 12 hours in the pot of a double boiler. Add 45 liters of
water and apply heat; collect 95 liters of distillate. To 40 liters
of the distillate, add 1 kilogram of Roman wormwood, 1 kilogram of
hyssop and 500 grams of lemon balm, all of which have been dried
and finely divided. Extract at a moderate temperature, then siphon
off the liquor, filter, and reunite it with the remaining 55 liters
of distillate. Dilute with water to produce approximately 100
liters of absinthe with a final alcohol concentration of 74 percent
by volume (4).
----------
REFERENCES:
(1) Murphy, R. B. and Schneider, L. H. (1992) _Soc. Neurosci. Abstr._, Vol.
18, Part 1, p. 180.
(2) Simonsen, J. L. (1949) _The Terpenes_ Vol. 2, Univ. Press.
(3) Guenther, E. (1952) _The Essential Oils_ Vol. 5, Van Nostrand.
(4) Arnold, W. M. (1989) _Scientific American_ 260 (June), 112-117.
(5) Vogt, D. D. and Montagne, M. (1982) _Int. J. Addict_ 17, 1015-
1029.
(6) Pinto-Scognamiglio, W. (1968) _Boll. Chim. Farm._ 107, 780-791.
(7) Max, B. (1990) _TiPS_ 11 (Feb), 58-60.
(8) Simonetti, Gualtiero (1990) _Simon and Schuster's Guide to Herbs
and Spices_, Simon and Schuster.
----------
RECENT ARTICLES ON ABSINTHE AND THUJONE CULLED FROM MEDLINE:
1. Bonard EC.
[Absinthe and malaria].
Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande, 1992 Oct, 112(10):907-8
Language: French.
(UI: 93067843)
2. Bonkovsky HL; Cable EE; Cable JW; Donohue SE; White EC; Greene YJ; Lambrecht
RW; Srivastava KK; Arnold WN.
Porphyrogenic properties of the terpenes camphor, pinene, and thujone
(with a note on historic implications for absinthe and the illness of
Vincent van Gogh).
Biochemical Pharmacology, 1992 Jun 9, 43(11):2359-68.
(UI: 92304361)
Pub type: Historical Article; Historical Biography; Journal Article.
Abstract: Camphor, alpha-pinene (the major component of turpentine), and
thujone (a constituent in the liqueur called absinthe) produced an increase
in porphyrin production in primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells. In
the presence of desferrioxamine (an iron chelator which inhibits heme
synthesis and thereby mimics the effect of the block associated with acute
porphyria), the terpenes enhanced porphyrin accumulation 5- to 20-fold.
They also induced synthesis of the rate-controlling enzyme for the pathway,
5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, which was monitored both
spectrophotometrically and immunochemically. These effects are shared by
well-known porphyrogenic chemicals such as phenobarbital and glutethimide.
Camphor and glutethimide alone led to the accumulation of mostly uro- and
heptacarboxylporphyrins, whereas alpha-pinene and thujone resulted in
lesser accumulations of porphyrins which were predominantly copro- and
protoporphyrins. In the presence of desferrioxamine, plus any of the three
erpenes, the major product that accumulated was protoporphyrin. The
present results indicate that the terpenes tested are porphyrogenic and
hazardous to patients with underlying defects in hepatic heme synthesis.
There are also implications for the illness of Vincent van Gogh and the
once popular, but now banned liqueur, called absinthe.
3. Arnold WN; Loftus LS.
Xanthopsia and van Gogh's yellow palette.
Eye, 1991, 5 ( Pt 5):503-10.
(UI: 92175120)
Pub type: Historical Article; Historical Biography; Journal Article.
Abstract: A survey of van Gogh's work from 1886 to 1890 indicated that
paintings with a yellow dominance were numerous, episodic, and
multi-regional. His underlying illness, by his own admission, affected his
life and work; furthermore, episodes of malnutrition, substance abuse,
environmental exposure, and drug experimentation (all evident from
correspondence) exacerbated his condition. Accordingly, we reviewed
plausible agents that might have modified the artist's colour perception.
Xanthopsia due to overdosage of digitalis or santonin is well documented
elsewhere, but evidence of useage of either drug by van Gogh cannot be
substantiated. It is unlikely that ageing of the human lens was an
influence because of the artist's youth. Sunstroke is too restrictive to
fit the multiplicity of regions and motifs. Hallucinations induced by
absinthe, the popular liqueur of the period, may explain particular
canvases but not the majority of 'high yellow' paintings. Van Gogh's
proclivity for exaggerated colours and his embrance of yellow in particular
are clear from his letters and, in contradistinction to chemical or
physical insults modifying perception, artistic preference is the best
working hypothesis to explain the yellow dominance in his palette.
4. Arnold WN.
Absinthe.
Scientific American, 1989 Jun, 260(6):112-7.
(UI: 89266842)
Pub type: Historical Article; Journal Article.
Comment: As one would expect from _Sci Am_, this is a good general
article written by someone who has obviously written extensively on
the subject. However, IMHO the author is insufficiently critical of
of his historical sources.
5. Arnold WN.
Vincent van Gogh and the thujone connection.
Jama, 1988 Nov 25, 260(20):3042-4.
(UI: 89037535)
Pub type: Historical Article; Historical Biography; Journal Article.
Abstract: During his last two years Vincent van Gogh experienced fits with
hallucinations that have been attributed to a congenital psychosis. But the
artist admitted to episodes of heavy drinking that were amply confirmed by
colleagues and there is good evidence to indicate that addiction to
absinthe exacerbated his illness. Absinthe was distilled from an alcoholic
steep of herbs. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) was the most significant
constituent because it contributed thujone. This terpene can cause
excitation, convulsions that mimic epilepsy, and even permanent brain
damage. Statements in van Gogh's letters and from his friends indicate that
he had an affinity for substances with a chemical connection to thujone;
the documented examples are camphor and pinene. Perhaps he developed an
abnormal craving for terpenes, a sort of pica, that would explain his
attempts to eat paints and so on, which were previously regarded as
unrelated absurdities.
6. Ishida T; Toyota M; Asakawa Y.
Terpenoid biotransformation in mammals. V. Metabolism of (+)-citronellal,
(+-)-7-hydroxycitronellal, citral, (-)-perillaldehyde, (-)-myrtenal,
cuminaldehyde, thujone, and (+-)-carvone in rabbits.
Xenobiotica, 1989 Aug, 19(8):843-55.
(UI: 90051443)
----------
BOOKS ON ABSINTHE CULLED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ON-LINE CARD
CATALOG:
1. Conrad, Barnaby, 1953-
Absinthe : history in a bottle / Barnaby Conrad III. San Francisco :
Chronicle Books, c1988.
2. Delahaye, Marie-Claude.
L'absinthe : histoire de la fee verte / Marie-Claude Delahaye. Paris :
Berger-Levrault, c1983.
Series title: Arts et traditions populaires.
3. Sangle-Ferriere.
Nouvelle methode d'analyse des absinthes, par MM. Sangle-Ferriere ... &
L.
Cuniasse ... Paris, Vve C. Dunod, 1902.
Passed thru:
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once i was tripping with a good friend in berkeley, and we were sitting ␍in her very small bedroom when an earthquake hit...first, we just ␍thought it was the acid, but then we realized the house really was ␍moving when stuff started falling down. we ran to the doorway, and stood ␍there for about 20 minutes, before we realized we were being stupid. ␍then we sat and wrote about our experiences:␍␍Back wehre we started in the feral quake ridden air. My neck and jaw are ␍very tense and my eyes are watery and i'm awake and yet another large ␍part of me longs for sleep.␍Another part of me longs for food.Lots of food. FOOD NOW!Moo.␍I keep waiting for something and it's not going to happen so why can't i ␍just go to sleep? where is GODOT when you need him? waiting for an AP ␍basketball card? YES!␍␍My lip is so rubbery. MnhMy lhlhnlip bhbhis shslssoooooo phlrubbery.␍␍I am a sticker␍I am forgotten␍I feel smoke from earlier this evening burning in my lungs...it's ␍choking me I have to swallow a lot to keep it away.␍␍The lines on the bed are glowing weirdly. I'm going to hug my bear now.␍␍Suddenly I feel so alone, without my bear here! Why did i think i could ␍hug my bear? "he was a hairy bear, he was a scary bear" he wasn't there.␍␍*␍It's all been said twice before. A year ago arlene said the same thing. ␍What _is_ it? and why is it following me? and why WHY won't it let me ␍write in peace? It's called Alina in Hawaiian, but for now "it" sounds ␍good to me.␍␍Arlene says "THE THING" "I AM THE THING"␍␍*so like, here's the thing...␍
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Well, when I lived in Alaska, I'd once had a call from the state troopers
saying they'd seized a package from a rivate courier service addressed to me
containing four ounces of marijuana, along with some flimsy evidence...
I avoided calls, and one day while asleep two officers came by and the door
was answered by someone else who awoke me. I went to the door, and they intr
oduced themselves and their reason for visiting. They asked for a personal
interview at their station. Luckily my Godfather was who originally answered
the door, and let know they're two dimentional. . .I said I'd have to call my
lawyer, they let me do so, he was not immediately in his office.
I escorted them to their car and took business cards, and answered their
question about who my lawyer was, and never heard from them since.
Although my laywer has been nearly disbarred since then for ethical
misconduct, and I currently no longer live in the United States.
(incident occured ~3-1-95)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/alc-pot-bust
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Newsgroups: rec.drugs.cannabis
Almost two years ago, I was involved in a car accident. A woman (who blew
a .022) ran a stop sign and hit me. I blew a .015 so I was also arrested.
My expensive attorney was little help: 18 months probation for my first
offense! Anyway, in the last two years I realized that alcohol was causing
a lot of problems for me, apart from the DUI. A girl I really liked dumped
me over the phone and because I was drunk and upset, I punched a door and
broke a bone in my left hand. Since I am a bass player, this prevented me
from playing for two months. I lost a job I liked because of drinking. I
flunked out of Syracuse University because all I did was drink. I never
studied or went to classes. Alcohol was slowly ruining my life. As of
Sept. 25th, 1994, I have not had one drop of alcohol. Since then my life
has turned around 100%. My thinking my cleared up immensely, I don't get
mad or moody like I used to, I even took some summer classes and am now
enrolled in college full time working towards a B.A. in Psychology.
Since I quit drinking, I have continued to smoke marijuana, partly
because I don't want to give it up, and partly because I'd rather be
stoned than drunk and so when I am, there isn't the slightest temptation
to drink. I look at it as my prescription to keep me off booze.
As far as my probation went, I have been a model probationer. No
drinking for almost a year. No police contact. Back in school trying to
better my life. Everything was going great, 'til the law felt it was time
to knock me down again.
I was playing a lunch time gig downtown with some friends of mine
last week when between sets the band leader suggested we go for a walk,
ie: go smoke a joint. Four of us went down an alley and hung out next to a
dumpster. I had my bowl with me so we passed that around along with the
jay. Not two minutes went by when a police cruiser turned the corner and
was right there! I had the bowl in my hand so I tried to casually pitch it
behind the dumpster but one of the cops saw me do it and got my bowl. They
didn't arrest me, but they said they were going to write a report on me
and one of the other guys who had a joint on him. I was going to be done
with probation next month! Now this! Not another life ruined by drugs, but
rather by drug laws!
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/alien-detachment
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Here is MY story! It was a GREAT TIME!!!!!
November 1988
Back in the 70's I did acid a few times, but in the ten years since
then I had no access to the stuff, nor was I particularly interested
because of other pursuits. Recently I have been studying cognitive
and neural systems, which has revived my interest in issues of
consciousness and perception. I was delighted therefore when a friend
offered to share two last hits he had saved in the freezer from the
days of his own wild youth. I had vague recollections from ten years
ago of wierd sensations and hallucinations and I prepared for the
'experiment' with a checklist of questions to myself about my
experiences. The questions were in the nature of "How does the visual
world look?" "How do you experience sounds?" "can you compute 345/15?"
and the like. I looked forward to the experience with great interest
and curiosity.
We went to my place that night and made ourselves comfortable, and
when things started turning weird, I pulled out my checklist. First
of all, the notion of having a checklist seemed at the time to be so
hilariously funny that my friend and I were doubled up with laughter
for a long long time before I could get to any of the questions
seriously. It was a kind of laughter that I havent experienced since
childhood, a deep and overwealming mirth that shook my whole body to
the core and tears were streaming down our cheeks as we gasped happily
for breath. Each new question occasioned a renewed outburst of
helpless laughter until we were thoroughly exhausted.
When I finally got aroud to the questions I discovered a fact that
leaves me astounded to this day. I answered every one of the
perceptual questions exactly as I would have while stone cold sober.
The reason why this was so surprising was that I was actually feeling
very very different. In fact I was feeling exceeding peculiar. In
fact words cannot express how strange I was feeling, and yet, my
sensations of the world around me were exactly as they are normally.
So, I asked myself, what is it that is actually different? Well, the
sights and sounds and smells were the same. It was my perception of
them that was different. This experience gave me a new appreciation
for the word perception. Normally we think that if we observe an
object, a pencil in your hand for instance, we see exactly that, a
pencil, the real pencil, and nothing but the pencil. It came to me
that that is not the case. Even when regarding as matter-of-factual
an object as a common everyday pencil, we perceive it through a filter
of our own perspective, our own view of things. This perspective is
normally so ordinary and unremarkable that we are not even aware of
it, but it was exactly this perspective, our view of the world around
us, that is altered by the drug. It brought my attention to something
that I had been totally unaware of although it has been in front of me
all my life.
It is somewhat like the experience of intently watching some event
unfold before your eyes, and suddenly becoming aware of the fact that
you are watching it on television. Shifting your attention from the
event itself to the glowing phosphor dots on the screen. You are
looking at the same thing, and you are seeing the same thing, but your
perception of it has altered radically. Well the same thing was
happening to my own senses. Suddenly I was aware of the fact that the
world around me is not the real physical world, but only a view of the
world as it impinges on my senses. That the image of the pencil is
not a pencil, but a pattern of neural activity in my visual cortex.
Of course this is no new scientific revelation, I knew that all along.
But now I could feel it, I could perceive it in a way that has
permanently altered my way of thinking about consciousness.
We went outside for a little walk in the night air, and while walking
down the street I got a repeat of that first insight. I had the
feeling that instead walking down a real street, I felt as if there
was a big spherical screen all around me, with an image of the street
projected onto it, and that as I walked the image changed, expanding
out in front of me and collapsing back down again behind me. I could
look up and see an image of the sky, look down and see my feet pushing
the sidewalk backwards. I was stationary, it was the image of the
street that was moving. Of course when you think about it, this
perceptual 'distortion' is actually more real than the 'normal'
perception. My brain, comfortably enthroned in my skull feels nothing
of the outside world except through the pattern of activity it
receives from the senses. It receives images, sounds, sensations, and
pastes each one in its proper place on a sensory sphere that
represents the world around me. My perceptual distortion was that
instead of seeing the outside world, I was now seeing this sensory
sphere, with a sensory image of the world on it. To me this an
extremely interesting and exciting insight that I will remember for
the rest of my life.
I would see strangers approach along the sidewalk, at first appearing
as a little insignificant dot near the expanding focus of my sphere.
They would grow and grow until I could see them in great detail before
they passed behind and shrank back down to nothing. It was as if each
of us posessed his own sensory sphere, and as we approached the
spheres would intersect, and I would appear in his sensory world as he
appeared in mine. We played a little ritualistic game as we passed,
each in turn taking a good look at the other, then politely averting
their eyes to allow the other to return the visual examination without
making direct eye contact, before hurrying on down the street. It
brought to mind an image of dogs presenting themselves in turn for the
other to get a good sniff.
We stopped at MacDonalds to get a bite to eat, and never did a big mac
taste so good, although it seemed to take an hour to consume it, and I
was a little concerned that the other customers might notice the
enormous effort I was expending in getting it down. I could feel my
tongue and cheeks maneuvering the lumps of food into position on my
molars, a few good chomps, then it was pushed down the chute where my
esophagus began an elaborate sequence of peristaltic contractions to
persuade it down to my stomach. I looked up at my friend between
mouthfuls, and his face looked so weird, it is hard to describe.
Although visually he looked exactly as he always does, I would become
aware of individual components of his face, his nose, his cheek, his
eyes, which would trigger a strong response to my senses independant
of the rest of the face, so that the impression was somewhat like a
cubist painting.
We attempted a few mathematical exercises and found that although we
were fundamentally capable, it was difficult to remember which part of
the problem you were working on, or to hold interim results in your
head. While walking around town I had found it extremely challenging
to navigate around the familiar streets of my neighborhood for a
similar reason; although I could plan a course, I had some trouble
remembering which part of the course we were actually on. We were
never in danger of actually getting lost, but we did spend some time
discussing where we were and how to proceed. It was a wonderful
sensation like exploring a fabled town that you have read about but
have never actually visited before.
As the hours rolled on by we spent the time playing with a slinky and
one of those electrostatic lightning machines, blissfully absorbed in
such simple pursuits like two children playing with toys. Our
conversation disintegrated to short meaningless sentences. I would
say something like "The quality of light is an etherial essence" to
which he might respond "But the meaning of existance is not
comprehensive" and I would reply "Yes but it is if you want it to be",
and it would go on like this, knowing that he had no idea of what I
had meant, which didn't matter at all, since I didn't know myself what
I had meant. Often we would just break into paroxisms of mirth,
laughing and laughing until our stomachs hurt and the tears flowed in
rivers down our cheeks. At one point I noticed a luminescent glow on
the slinky that I could not account for. I told him breathlessly of
my discovery, thinking it was a new form of mysterious energy, on a
par with Newtons discovery of gravitation, and it took us at least ten
minutes to discover that it was only the reflection of the lightning
machine, which triggered another bout of helpless mirth.
At one point we turned out the lights and looked at the patterns of
light cast on the ceiling from the street. I cannot begin to express
the deep beauty of those patches of light. I stared and stared with
my eyes boggled out muttering "oh my God! oh my God!" I swore I would
never take patterns of light for granted again! I could see
fantastically complex latticework patterns in the dark which became
very vivid when I closed my eyes. I tried to describe these visions
to my tape recorder because I knew I could never remember them in all
their beauty and complexity, but the visions rushed by so fast and
furiously that I could not begin to keep up with them, even if I could
find words to describe them.
Throughout these experiences I remembered an insight I had had ten
years ago when I had last taken LSD. I remember thinking that
although the experience is novel and fantastic beyond the wildest
imagination, that there is also an element of familiarity to it all, a
sense of deja vu, that at some past time I had seen these kinds of
things before. After much thought it came to me. Remember when you
were a kid, and could see patterns in clouds? I remember seeing
things in every random pattern. In the linoleum of the bathroom floor
there was a man's head, and a little girl, and a horse. In the trees
across the street from the house I could see goofy and the snap
crackle and pop characters. When I first learned numbers in school, 6
was a little fat boy with a big stomach, and 7 was tall and straight
with creased pants, while 3 and 8 were little girls. Now they are
just numbers to me, they have lost their fanciful connotations, but on
LSD I see images again, like I did as a young boy. And near the end
of the trip when thoughts and sensations become more 'fundamental'
(how else can I word it?) and you feel spasms pulsing through your
whole body and shaking you to your very foundations, it brings to mind
the convulsions of a very young infant, and the boggled eyes with
their expression of uncomprehending wonder and fascination. Is this
the reason for the familiarity? Is this the way the world looked when
I first cast eyes on it?
If I were an alien intelligence come to visit the earth, to get a
taste of life among these primitive semi-intelligent self-important
pompous ape men, if I wanted to really know what it was like to be
human, to have human thoughts and perceptions and I slipped into a
human brain and viewed the earth through an earth mans eyes and ears
and body, this is the way it would look. This is the wild distorted
narrow visioned perspective on the world as seen from within a human
mind, but seen with an alien detachment and objectivity. LSD gives me
an opportunity to experience what being human is all about. To step
back and see my world from a perspective that cannot be gained any
other way. To gain deep insights into the nature of what I am.
Should LSD be legal? Absolutely! Would I recommend it for just
anyone? Absolutely not! I am an easy-going happy person, satisfied
with my life, so the experience has always been a good one for me.
But the psychedelic experience forces you to face up to some
fundamental issues about your own life and mind, and if you are at all
mentally unstable, unhappy with your life or yourself, if you have any
unresolved mental conflicts, then the experience could well be
disasterous beyond your most horrific nightmares! Anyone who takes
this drug does so at their own risk, and it should never be taken
lightly or pushed on people who arn't sure whether they want it. For
those who are suited for it however the experience can be so rich and
rewarding in a multitude of ways, that no man should have the right to
deny it to them. It is a truely priceless experience!
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/aliendrm.drg
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From: cpelley@news.delphi.com (CPELLEY@DELPHI.COM)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Attention all Terence McKenna fans
Date: 5 Mar 1994 05:23:55 -0500
Message-ID: <2l9mjr$3ll@news.delphi.com>
SPACE TIME CONTINUUM
WITH TERENCE MCKENNA
ALIEN DREAMTIME
WARNING!
The following pages contain the words to the Space Time Continuum / Alien
Dreamtime album and are to be used as reference material after the album
has been smealed, grokked, or otherwise brainally infused. Do yourself a
favor and discontinue further reading of these pages if you have not first
listened to the album.
You have been warned.
Alien Dreamtime was a multi media event recorded live on February
26th/27th 1993 at the Transmission theater, San Francisco, Ca. A video of
this event produced by Rose-X media house is available through City of
Tribes Communications 63 Fountain st, SF, Ca 94114. The didgeridoo is
played with the greatest respect for all the aboriginal people of
Australia and the spirit of all first world people. All tracks published
by Space Monkey.
Archaic Revival
Allright... tonight, for your edification and amusement... three
raves, two interregnums. Visions by Rose X. Didgeredoo, Stephen Kent.
And sound by Space Time. Words and ideas by Terence McKenna. Rap one:
The Archaic Revival.
History is ending, because the dominator culture has led the human
species into a blind alley. And as the inevitable chaostrophe approaches,
people look for metaphors and answers. Every time a culture gets into
trouble, it casts itself back into the past looking for the last sane
moment it ever knew. And the last sane moment we ever knew was on the
plains of Africa, 15,000 years ago, rocked in cradle of the great horned
mushroom goddess before history. Before standing armies, before slavery
and property, before warfare and phonetic alphabets and monotheism.
Before, before, before. And this is where the future is taking us.
Because the secret faith of the 20th century is not modernism. The secret
faith of the 20th century is nostalgia for the archaic, nostalgia for the
Paleolithic, and that gives us body piercing, abstract expressionism,
surrealism, jazz, rock and roll, and Catastrophe Theory. The 20th century
mind is nostalgic for the paradise that once existed on the
mushroom-dotted plains of Africa, where the plant-human symbiosis occurred
that pulled us out of the animal body and into the tool-using,
culture-making, imagination-exploring creature that we are.
And why does this matter? It matters because it chose that the
way out is back, and that the future is a forward escape into the past.
This is what the psychedelic experience means. Its a doorway out of
history and into the wiring under the board in eternity. And I tell you
this because if the community understands what it is that holds it
together, the community will be better able to streamline itself for
flight into hyperspace. Because what we need is a new myth. What we need
is a new true story that tells us where were going in the universe. And
that true story is that the ego is a product of pathology and that when
psilocybin is regularly part of the human experience, the ego is
suppressed. And the suppression of the ego means the defeat of the
dominators, the materialists, the product peddlers. Psychedelics return
us to the inner worth of the self, to the importance of feeling immediate
experience. And nobody can sell that to you and nobody can buy it from
you, so the dominator culture is not interested in the felt presence of
immediate experience. But thats what holds the community together. And
as we break out of the silly myths of science and the infantile obsessions
of the marketplace, what we discover through the psychedelic experience is
that in the body-- in the body-- there are Niagara of beauty, alien
beauty, alien dimensions that are part of the self, the richest part of life.
I think of going to the grave without having a psychedelic
experience, like going to the grave without having sex. It means that you
never figured out what it was all about. The mystery is in the body, and
the way the body works itself into nature. What the archaic revival means
is shamanism, ecstasy, orgiastic sexuality, and the defeat of the three
enemies of the people, and the three enemies of the people are pechemony,
monogamy, and monotony. And if you get them on the run, you have the
dominators sweating, folks. Because that means that youre getting it all
reconnected, and get it all reconnected means putting aside the idea of
separateness and self-definition through thing fetish. Getting it all
connected means tapping into the Gaian mind. And the Gaian mind is what
were calling the psychedelic experience. Its an experience of the living
fact of the entelechy of the planet, and without that experience we wander
in a desert of bogus ideologies, but with that experience, the compass of
the self can be set. And thats the idea, that were figuring out how to
reset the compass of the self, through community, through ecstatic dance,
through psychedelics, intelligence-- intelligence... this is what we have
to have to make the forward escape into hyperspace.
Im gonna take five here, and uh, well be back and chat some more.
Alien Love
Hello... so, that was like an introduction, ha ha! Now for some
preaching to the choir on the subject of: How come it is that the further
in you go, the bigger it gets? I remember the very, very first time I
smoked DMT. It was sort of a benchmark, you might say. And I remember
that this friend of mine that always got there first, visited me with this
little glass pipe, and this stuff which looked like orange mothballs. And
since I was a graduate of Dr. Hoffmans, I figured there were no surprises.
So the only question I asked was how long does it last? And he said,
About five minutes. So, I did it. And...
There was uh, something like a flower. Like a chrysanthemum in
orange and yellow that sort of spinning. Spinning. And then, it was like
I was pushed from behind and I fell through the chrysanthemum into another
place that didnt seem like a state of mind. It seemed like another place.
And what was going on in this place (aside from the tastefully soffited
indirect lighting and the crawling hallucinations along the domed wall),
what was happening was that there were a lot of beings in there, a lot of
what I call self-transforming machine elves. Sort of like jeweled
basketballs all dribbling their way toward me. And if they had faces they
wouldve been grinning at me, but they didnt have faces. And they assured
me that they loved me, and they told me not to be amazed, not to give way
to astonishment. And so I watched them, even though I wondered if maybe I
hadnt really done it this time! And what they were doing, was they were
making objects come into existence by singing them into existence.
Objects which looked like Faberge eggs from Mars, morphing themselves with
Mandaean alphabetical structures. They looked like the concrescence of
linguistic intentionality put through a kind of hyperdimensional transform
into three-dimensional space. And these little machines offered
themselves to me. And I realized when I looked at them, that if I could
bring just one of these little trinkets back, nothing would ever be quite
the same again.
And I wondered where am I? And what is going on? And it occurred
to me that these must be holographic viral projections from an autonomous
continuum that was somehow intersecting my own. And then I thought, a more
elegant explanation would be to take it at face value, and realize that I
had broken into an ecology of souls, and that somehow I was getting a peek
over the other side. Somehow, I was finding out that thing, that you
cheerfully assume you cant find out... but it felt like I was finding out.
And it felt... and then I cant remember what it felt like because the
little self-transforming tikes interrupted me and said, Dont think about
it. Dont think about who we are-- think about doing what were doing. Do
it! Do it now. Do it!
Speaking in Tongues
And what they meant was: use your voice to make an object. And as I
understood I felt a bubble kind of grow inside of me. And I watched these
little elf tikes jumping in and out of my chest (they liked to do that to
reassure you), and they said, Do it! And I felt language rise up in me
that was unhooked from English and I began to speak like this:
Eeeoo ded hwauopsy mectoph, mectagin dupwoxin, moi phoi wops eppepepekin
gitto phepsy demego doi aga din a doich demoi aga donc heedey obectdee
doohueana.
(Or words to that effect). And I wondered then what it all meant, and why
it felt so good (if it didnt mean anything). And I thought about it a few
years, actually, and I decided, you know, that meaning and language are
two different things. And that what the alien voice in the psychedelic
experience wants to reveal is the syntactical nature of reality. That the
real secret of magic, is that the world is made of words, and that if you
know the words that the world is made of, you make of it, whatever you wish!
Eh moi dea doi phegenheggo...
And one of the things that I learned about DMT, was that, if you ever had
it, even just once, then you can have a dream. And in this dream somebody
will pull out a little glass pipe, and then it will happen. It will
happen just like the real thing. Because theres a button somewhere inside
each and every one of us that gives you a look into the other side. And
thats the button that resets the compass that tells you where you want to
sail. Good luck!
Timewave Zero
Hello, all right. Have you ever noticed how, um, theres this
quality to reality, which comes and goes and kind of, ebbs and flows. And
nobody ever mentions it, or has a name for it. Except that some people
call it a bad hair day or they say, Things are really weird recently. And
I think we never notice it and we never talk about it because were
embedded in a culture that expects us to believe that all times are the
same, and that your bank account doesnt fluctuate, except according to the
vicissitudes of your own existence. In other words, every moment is
expected to be the same, and yet this isnt what we experience. And so
what I noticed was that, running through reality is the ebb and flow of
novelty. And some days, and some years, and some centuries are very novel
indeed. And some aint. And they come and go on all scales, differently,
interweaving, resonantly. And this is what time seems to be.
And science has overlooked this, this most salient of facts about
nature, that nature is a novelty-conserving engine. And that from the
very first moments of that most improbable Big Bang, novelty has been
conserved, because in the very beginning there was only an ocean of energy
pouring into the universe. There were no planets, no stars, no molecules,
no atoms, no magnetic fields. There was only an ocean of free electrons.
And then, time passed. And the universe cooled. And novel structures
crystallized out of disorder. First, atoms. Atoms of hydrogen and
helium. Aggregating into stars. And at the center of those stars, the
temperature and the pressure created something which had never been seen
before, which was: fusion. And fusion, cooking in the hearts of stars,
brought forth more novelty. Heavy elements, iron, carbon, forvalent
carbon. And as time passed, there not only then, elemental systems, but
because of the presence of carbon and the lower temperatures in the
universe, molecular structures and out of molecules come simple subsets of
organisms, the genetic machinery for transcripting information,
aggregating into membranes, always binding novelty, always condensing
time, always building and conserving upon complexity and always faster and
faster and faster... and then, we come to ourselves. And where do we fit
into all of this?
Five million years ago, we were an animal of some sort. Where
will we be five million years from tonight? What we represent is not a
sideshow, or an epiphenomenon, or an ancillary something-or-other on the
edge of nowhere. What we represent is the nexus of concressent novelty
that has been moving itself together, complexifying itself, folding itself
in upon itself, for billions and billions of years. There is, so far as
we know, nothing more advanced than what is sitting behind your eyes. The
human neocortex is the most densely ramified and complexified structure in
the known universe. We are the cutting edge of organismic transformation
of matter in this cosmos. And this has been going on for awhile. Since
the discovery of fire, since the discovery of language, but now, and by
now, I mean for the last 10,000 years, weve been into something new: not
genetic information, not genetic mutation, not natural selection, but
epigenetic activity. Writing, theatre, poetry, dance, art, tattooing,
body-piercing, and philosophy. And these things have accelerated the
ingression into novelty so that we have become an idea-excreting force in
nature that builds temples, builds cities, builds machines, social
engines, plans, and spreads over the earth, into space; into the
microphysical domain; into the macrophysical domain. We, who five million
years were animals, can kindle in our deserts and if necessary upon the
cities of our enemies, the very energy which lights the stars at night.
Now, something peculiar is going on here. Something is calling us
out of nature and sculpting us in its own image. And the confrontation
with this something is now not so far away. This is what the impending
apparent end of everything actually means. It means that the denouement
of human history is about to occur and is about to be revealed as a
universal process of concressing and expressing novelty that is now going
to become so intensified that it is going to flow over into another dimension.
You can feel it. You can feel it in your own dreams. You can
feel it in your own trips. You can feel that were approaching the cusp of
a catastrophe, and that beyond that cusp, we are unrecognizable to
ourselves. The wave of novelty that has rolled unbroken since the birth
of the universe has now focused and coalesced itself in our species. And
if it seems unlikely to you that the world is about to transform itself,
then think of it this way: Think of a pond and think of how, if the
surface of the pond begins to boil, thats the signal that some enormous
protean form is about to break the surface of the pond and reveal itself.
Human history is the boiling of the pond surface of ordinary biology. We
are flesh, which has been caught in the grip of some kind of an attractor
that lies ahead of us in time, and that is sculpting to its ends.
Speaking to us, through psychedelics, through visions, through culture and
technology. Consciousness, the language-forming capacity in our species
is propelling itself forward, as though it were going to shed the monkey
body and leap into some extra-surreal space that surrounds, but that we
cannot currently see.
Even the people who run the planet, the World Bank, the IMF, you
name it, they know that history is ending. They know by the reports which
cross their desks, that the disappearance of the ozone hole, the
toxification of the ocean, the clearing of the rainforests, what this
means is that the womb of the planet has reached its finite limits, and
that the human species has now, without choice, begun the descent down the
birth canal of collective transformation toward something right around the
corner, and nearly completely unimaginable.
And this is where the psychedelic shaman comes in. Because I
believe that what we really contact through psychedelics is a kind of
hyperspace, and from that hyperspace, we look down on both the past and
the future and we anticipate the end. And a shaman is someone who has
seen the end. And therefore is a trickster, because you dont worry if
youve seen the end. If you know how it comes out, you go back and you
take your place in the play and you let it all roll on without anxiety.
This is what boundary dissolution means; it means nothing less than the
anticipation of the end-state of human history. A return to the archaic
mode, a rediscovery of the orgiastic freedom of the African grasslands of
20,000 years ago. A techno-escape into a future that looks more like the
past than the future, because materialism, consumerism, product fetishism,
all of these things will be eliminated and technology will become
nanotechnology and disappear from our physical presence. If-- if-- we
have the dream. If we allow the wave of novelty to propel us toward the
creativity that is inimicable to the human condition.
This is what were talking about here-- psychedelics as a catalyst
to the human imagination, psychedelics as a catalyst for language, because
what cannot be said, cannot be created by the community. So that we need
then, is the forced evolution of language, and the way to do that is to go
back to agents that created language in the very first place. And that
means, the psychedelic plants, the Gaian Logos, and the mysterious
beckoning extraterrestrial minds beyond. Hooking ourselves back up, into
the chakras of the hierarchy of nature, turning ourselves over to the mind
of the Totally Other that created us and brought us forth out of animal
organization. We are somehow part of the planetary destiny. How well we
do determines how well the experiment of life on earth does. Because we
have become the cutting edge of that experiment. We define it, and we
hold in our hands the power to make or to break it.
This is not a dress rehearsal for the apocalypse. This is not a
pseudo-millennium. This is the real thing, folks. This is not a test.
This is the last chance before things become so dissipated that there is
no chance for cohesiveness. We can use the calendar as a club. We can
make the millennium an occasion for establishing an authentic human
civilization, overcoming the dominator paradigm, dissolving boundaries
through psychedelics, recreating a sexuality not based on monotheism,
monogamy, and monotony. All these things are possible. If we can
understand the overarching metaphor which holds it all together, which is
the celebration of mind as play, the celebration of love as a genuine
social value in the community. This is what they have suppressed so long,
this is why they are so afraid of the psychedelics, because they
understand that once you touch the inner core of your own and someone
elses being, you cant be led into thing fetishism and consumerism. The
message of psychedelics is that culture can be reengineered as a set of
emotional values, rather than products. This is terrifying news. And if
we are able to make this point, we can pull back, we can pull back and we
can transcend. Nine times in the last million years, the ice has ground
south from the poles, pushing human populations ahead of it, and those
people didnt fuck up. Why should we, then? We are all survivors. We are
the inheritors of a million years of striving for the Unspeakable. And
now, with the engines of technology in our hands, we ought to be able to
reach out and actually exteriorize the human soul at the end of time,
invoke it into existence like a UFO, and open the violent doorway into
hyperspace and walk through it, out of profane history and into the world
beyond the grave, beyond shamanism, beyond the end of history, into the
galactic millennium that has beckoned to us for millions of years across
space and time. This is the moment. A planet brings forth an opportunity
like this only once in its lifetime. And we are ready, and we are poised,
and as a community we are ready to move into it, to claim it, to make it
our own. Its there-- go for it! And thank you!
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/alt.dru
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DRUG RELATED NEWSGROUPS
NOTE: If you do not have one of these newsgroups on your list, you should
send a polite letter to your system administrator asking the newsgroup
be added. Please use these newsgroups to cut down on cross-posting
and to seperate traffic. Please do not mass cross-post.
alt.drugs
This is the catch-all newsgroup. This doesn't, however, mean you should
cross-post every single article in any of the other alt.drugs.* groups
here. If it fits into another newsgroup, you should use the other
newsgroup and not cross post.
alt.drugs.chemistry
This group is for the discussion of the synthesis and extraction of
psychoactives. It does not include neuropharmacology questions which
should go into alt.psychoactives
alt.drugs.culture
This group is for trip stories, best music to listen to while stoned,
other discussions of set + setting and in general the psychosocial aspects
of the use of drugs.
alt.drugs.pot
Growing tips go here and not in alt.hemp. Stuff about hemp as rope,
fuel, food, etc should go into alt.hemp. On Usenet "Pot == you get stoned
off of it, Hemp == you don't", apparently.
alt.drugs.psychedelics
LSD, MDMA, DMT, Mushrooms, etc. Probably Ketamine would be included
in here as well. Synthesis/extraction threads would be better placed
in alt.drugs.chemistry.
alt.hemp
For the *alternative* uses of marijuana. We're talking rope, fuel, food,
and other uses of help. If it has anything to do with marijuana as a
drug it should be in alt.drugs.pot
alt.psychoactives
This group is for the discussion of nootropics ("Smart Drugs") and
for the neuropharmacology of drugs. It should not have threads about
psychedelics (unrelated to neuropharmacology) or threads about
antidepressants (unrelated to neuropharmacology) on it. And under
most circumstances questions which might seem to require some
degree of neuropharmacology to answer would probably be best left
in other newsgroups -- i.e. "What happens if i mix Prozac and LSD?"
should probably go in alt.drugs.psychedelics (and/or
sci.med.psychobiology). On the other hand, discussion of neuropharmacology
of all drugs are encouraged. If you'd like to know what receptors LSD
binds to, or how MDMA causes the release of serotonin this is the place
to go...
talk.politics.drugs
Political discussion should, in theory, wind up here rather than in
alt.drugs.
sci.med.pharmacy
Discussion of legal, medicinal drugs. Questions about antibiotics, etc
should go here
sci.med.psychobiology
Discussion of legal, medicinal, psychoactive drugs. Questions about
Prozac, Zoloft, Ativan, Valium, Buspirone, etc should all typically
go in here unless it has to do with getting high off the drug or
mixing the drug with an illegal psychoactive.
OTHER NEWSGROUPS
alt.drugs.caffeine: everyone's favorite mild psychostimulant.
alt.coffee: everyone's favorite black tarry mess with caffeine in it.
alt.smokers: cancer sticks and related flames
alt.beer: beer
rec.food.drink.beer: beer
alt.drunken.bastards: lots of beer
rec.crafts.brewing: making beer
alt.drugs.usenet: Q: is Usenet worse than crack? A: Yes.
alt.consciousness: consciousness both altered and not
alt.rave: MDMA + loud music + thousands of people
OBSOLETE OR OTHERWISE BOGUS NEWSGROUP
Please don't propogate these, and if your admin does propogate these,
please send them a note to stop:
alt.caffeine: use alt.drugs.caffeine
alt.hemp.politics: use talk.politics.drugs
alt.help.recreational: use alt.drugs.pot
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/alt_beer.01
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Newsgroups: alt.beer
From: brown@ins.cwru.edu (Dan Brown)
Subject: The FAQ list...
Organization: Morgue Brewing Company. Cleveland Oh.
Keywords: Finally!
Well... here it is... This is the first "public" appearance of this
FAQ list. Please write me and tell me what you think. There are a lot of
things that can and probably will be added as time goes on.
Thanks to all of the people who have contributed to alt.beer in the time
that it has been around (going on 10 monthes... will be a year in June.)
Keep the beer posts coming...
And so... I give you the Alt.beer FAQ list!!!
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alt.beer FAQ list.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
i. Intro.
This list has been compiled over the time that alt.beer has been up
available on Usenet. Please send any suggestions, corrections or
changes to Dan Brown, brown@ins.cwru.edu.
Many Thanks to all of the people that contributed, notably:
Tim P McNerney, tpm%wdl58@wdl1.wdl.loral.com
Dean Cookson, cookson@mbunix.mitre.org
and all of the people that have kept this newsgroup going!
This list is divided into several sections, each addressing a bit
different aspect of beer. The topic is as broad as there are tastes for
different kinds of beer. Due to this, this FAQ list cannot possibly
cover every aspect of the subject. It is only meant as an overview
that answers a few of the multitude of "Frequently Asked Questions"
Cheers!
Dan Brown
brown@ins.cwru.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. Table of contents
The sections are as follows:
i. intro.
ii. Table of contents.
I. Drinking Beer.
II. Making Beer.
III. General Beer FAQ's
and
IV. Questions about alt.beer.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Drinking Beer
What kinds of beers are there?
What are Ales and Lagers, etc, types and styles.
What are ales? Ales are generally beers made with top fermenting yeasts
They are brewed at "warm" temperatures, normally between 50 and
70 degrees Fahrenheit.
What are lagers? Lagers are generally beers made with bottom Fermenting
yeasts. They are brewed at cooler temperatures, generally 35 to
50 degrees Fahrenheit.These cooler temperatures mean longer
brewing. The process of brewing at cool temperatures is called
"lagering." Pilsners (most American beers) are a subset of lagers.
The style originated in Pilsen Chezkoslovakia.
What are lambics? Lambics are specifically Belgian
beers, made in a certain part of Belgium using wild yeasts. They have a
very distinctive taste, and are often flavored with fruit syrups.
What are the government classifications?
What is malt liquor? Malt liquor is a classification bestowed on beers
that are above a certain alcohol content. The laws vary from state
to state in the US.
What do 3.2 and 5.0% mean? This is a "rating" of the amount of alcohol in
the beer, by volume or by weight depending on where you are.
What is Rheinheitsgebot? It is an old German "purity" law that delineates
the ingredients that can be used to make beer. Under this law, there
are only four; water, barley malt, hops, and yeast.
What is do the terms used in beer commercials mean?
What is "Dry" beer? Dry beer is beer that has less malt, and more corn
or rice sugars added to it during the brewing process. This
produces a lighter, slightly more alcoholic, "dryer" tasting beer.
It also probably reduces the brewing costs.
What is "Cold Filtered?" Cold filtering is beer that is physically filtered
after it has been brewed, before it is bottled. This tends to
eliminate all sediments (yeast and malt leftovers... things that
can give beer character), and makes the beer clear.
What does "Heat Pasteurized" mean? It means the beer has been heated after
fermenting, killing all of the remaining live yeasts and any other
microganisms. It means that the beer will not continue to age in
its bottle.
What does "bottle conditioned" mean? It is beer that has not been
pasteurized, and still has live yeast in it. It will continue to
age in the bottle, and the character of the beer will change over
time. For some kinds of beer this is good, for others it means
they will spoil after a while.
What is "draught" (draft) beer? It is beer that has been drawn or pulled
from a cask. Beer from pressurized kegs is often referred to as
draft beer, but this is probably a misnomer, or an "Americanism"
How can you get draft beer in a can or bottle???
Unknown.
Where can I get beer? Breweries, brewpubs, stores, restaurants,
distributors, and by making your own.
What is a brewpub? It is a combination of brewery, pub, and maybe
restaurant. There are LOTS of these in Europe, and are getting
to be more in America.
How do I make my own?? See below.
How do I judge a beer/what is good beer
Good beer (what is it, and how to tell). Good beer is determined by an
individuals tastes. It has been suggested that trying a wide variety
of beers will usually help a person figure out what beer tastes good.
Bad beer (what it is and why it is bad/skunked.) Bad beer is beer that
tastes bad of is spoiled. Beer can and will spoil under certain
conditions. Mishandling and old age are the two biggest causes of
spoiled beer. Skunked beer refers to beer that has been lightstruck,
causing the hops to take on a skunky odor. This is often happens
with clear or green bottles, and tends to be prevalent in certain
imported beers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Making Beer
WHERE DO I START... How do I make beer? Beer is made with
basically, water, barley malt, hops and yeast. The water, malt
and hops are boiled to produce a wort. This wort is cooled, put
into a fermenting vessel, and the yeast is added (pitched). This
vessel is sealed with an air lock, and the beer is allowed to
ferment (sugar and water is turned to alcohol, carbon dioxide, etc)
and age for a period of time. When the fermentation is over, a
bit of additional malt or other sugar is added (for carbonation),
and the beer is bottled or kegged. It is once again allowed to age
for a period of time, during which the additional sugars carbonate
the beer, and the taste of the beer developes and ages. The beer
is then consumed.
Where to find more information about making beer??
What other Internet resources are available? You can find more information
in the newsgroups rec.crafts.brewing, and rec.food.drink. There is a
mailing list, "The Homebrew Digest" sent out almost daily. There
is an archive of HBD items on (some machine in Florida...)
What books are available on homebrewing? The most popular is "The Complete
Joy of Homebrewing by Charlie Papazian. This is the book that
made the phrase "Relax, Don't worry, Have a Homebrew" popular.
Where can I find recipes? TCJOH by Papazian, "The Cats Meow" from the
HBD, etc etc.
How should I store my homebrew? The most common method is in bottles.
These can be either the Grolsh kind, that have a stopper that
is attached to the bottle, bottles that you put a crown cap on,
or bottles that you cork. How do I get the labels of the bottles
that I am going to use for my brew? The most effective method is
Commonly said to be by soaking them in a solution of water and
ammonia. Most labels will fall off after soaking overnight.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
III. Some General Beer FAQ's..
What does the "33" on the back of Rolling Rock bottles mean? There are
several common answers. First, it is said to be the number of
words on the back label. The story goes that the Latrobe Brewing
Company was deciding on which slogan to use on the new bottles,
and had counted the number of words, and written it on the piece
of paper that went to the bottle supplier. The bottle supplier
mistakenly included the 33 on the printed bottles, and it has been
there since. Another explanation is that it is the year that
prohibition was repealed. One notable comment about the mysterious
33 from a Latrobe exec goes something like; "Who cares what it
means as, long as people continue to ponder it while drinking a
cold Rolling Rock."
What is this new thing that Guinness is test marketing? How does it work?
The thing is a can that has a pouch of Nitrogen gas in it that is
used to produce a creamy head as you pour the beer. Probably the
closest thing to "draft beer in a can!"
What is Jagermeister? It is a German herbal liquor. It is NOT beer.
Discussions about it should be held on rec.food.drink. The same
holds for all other beverages... like Everclear...
------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV. Questions about alt.beer.
What is it about?
alt.beer is a newsgroup that was created for the express purpose
of discussing topics related to beer.
Where are the archives? The alt.beer archives are available via anonymous
ftp to ftp.cwru.edu. Change directories to ~/pub/alt.beer.
What is in the archives? Various files... this FAQ list, the alt.beer
charter, some information about CAMRA, etc etc.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/amac-etc
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*************************** Article Separation ********************************
Hi folks,
for all those interested in addresses for nootropics, here they are:
InHome Health Services
box 3112
CH-2800 Delemont
Switzerland
INTERLAB
PO Box 587
Newprt Pagnell
Bucks
MK168AA England
and.....
WRN Research
POB 839 Station A
Montreal, Canada H3C 2V5
This companies may supply one or more of the following:
Piracetam
pyrogluamate
Vinpocetine
Acetyl-L-carnitine
Centrophenoxine (lucidril)
Choline
AL721 (egg lecithin)
DHEA (alliance 7 San diego 619-291-5360, HAF San fran 415-626-2316 &
PDA New York 212-532-0363 )
Deaner (DMAE)
GEROVITAL (GH-3)
Hydergine
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Propranolol Hydrochloride (Inderal)
Vasopressin (Diapid) nasal spray only
Vincamine
Xanthinol Nicotinate
L-tryptophan
L-Phenylalanine
And a host of Aminos, Vitamins and assorted goodies. GOOD LUCK!!
PS - new book, "Smart drugs & nutrients" Ward Dean, M.D. & john Morgenthaler
Addr - B&J Publication, P.O. Box 483, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-0483
IF YOU SEND A SASE, THEY WILL SEND YOU A LIST OF PHYSICIANS KNOWLEDGEABLE
ABOUT SMART DRUGS & NUTRIENTS !! PLUS THEY HAVE A NEWLETTER FOR FREE!!!
***************************** Article Separation ******************************
Earlier, there were some questions about amino acids on alt.drugs.
I posted a scanty summary of some of aminos I was interested in.
More questions appeared after that, posted and in my mail box.
This file is quite a bit more complete but still doesn't list
many of the 22 or so AAs. (eg. alanine, histidine, idoleucine,
proline, serine, threonine, valine... these are all common, but
i haven't found much info on them).
Documentation and sources are missing, so please don't take this
file too seriously. I probably won't create another version of
this for a while.
(Note that this is a Folded file, for those with MSDOS machines and
the shareware editor.)
=============================
AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR EFFECTS
=============================
Version 1.1
Compiled by: Bj Krawchuk (krawchuk@cpsc.ucalgary.ca)
Several sources have been used and may be requested from above.
(*@/// Phenylalanine *)
(*@/// L-phenylalanine *)
L-phenylalanine
- converted into tyrosine which is
precursor to noradrenaline (NE) and dopamine
- like all amino acids best taken on empty stomach since it competes
with proteins to cross the blood brain barrier.
- requires vitamins C and B-6 for the conversion to NE.
- Dosage: 500 - 1000mg along with 1g C, 30-50mg B-6
- phenylalanine also stimulates the release of
cholecystokinin, which is the body's own appetite-suppressant,
- can increase sexual interest
- improves memory and mental alertness
- antidepressant
- do not use L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine if you are
using MAO inhibitors for depression (it can cause a
major elevation in blood pressure).
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// DL-phenylalanine *)
DL-phenylalanine
- combination of synthetic (D) and natural (L) phenylalanine
- produces endorphins and stimulates their use
- thus, effective painkiller, often better than the
opiate derivatives such as morphine.
- nonaddictive, nontoxic
- reverse-tolerance effect (pain relief gets better)
- strong anti-depressant effect
- can be combined with other pain-killers
with few bad interactions
(*@\\\*)
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Tyrosine *)
L-tyrosine
- precursor to norepinephrine and dopamine
- non-essential amino acid (since PA is converted into it first)
- has been studied as an effective aid to cocaine withdrawal
- (see L-phenylalanine)
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Tryptophan *)
L-tryptophan
- precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin along with
B6, niacin, and magnesium.
- (actually immediate precursor to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP)
which is the precursor to serotonin (5HT))
- prolongs slow-wave sleep
- reduces pain sensitivity
- no effect or increases REMS
- has some hypnotic effects
- useful for some types of endogenous depression
(has been found as useful as imipramine and amitriptyline)
- aids in reducing anxiety and tension
- an appetite supressant
- dosages have been studied up to 15g
- Major Food Sources:
Cottage cheese, milk, meat, fish, turkey, bananas,
dried dates, peanuts, all protein-rich foods.
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Lysine *)
L-lysine
- needed for growth and enzyme, hormone, antibody production
- aids concentration
- treatment for some sterility problems
- treatment and prevention for herpes infections
- aids fatty acid -> energy conversion
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Arginine *)
L-arginine
- used to increase sperm counts
(semen contains up to 80% of arginine)
- aids immune response and healing of wounds
- helps stored fat metabolism
- helps to tone muscle tissue
- used for weight-loss in combination with L-ornithine
- one amino acid required for production of growth hormone
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Ornithine *)
L-ornithine
- similar to arginine
- growth hormone (which acts as a fat metabolizer) is
stimulated to be released by ornithine and arginine.
- can be used as a slimming technique (while you sleep -
GH is released by the pituitary gland then)
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Glutamine *)
L-glutamine
- converted to glutamic acid, the brain's emergency source of
energy when glucose is in short supply.
- precursor to the neurotransmitter GABA
- neutralizes excess ammonia (which can inhibit proper
brain function)
- improves intelligence
- helps to control alcoholism
- helps to speed ulcer healing
- alleviates fatigue, depression, impotence,
schizophrenia, senility
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Aspartic Acid *)
L-aspartic acid
- ammonia neutralizer
- a study showed improved stamina and endurance in atheletes
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Cysteine *)
L-cysteine
- cystine is its stable form
- antioxidant
- contains sulfur
- protects cellular membranes from "free radical damage"
- prevents alcohol and cigarette smoke damage to the brain
- stimulant to immune system
- believed to be good for antiaging
- effective against copper toxicity (eg. Wilson's disease)
- protects against X-ray and nuclear radiation
- warning: may affect insulin effectiveness
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Methionine *)
L-methionine
- antioxidant
- contains sulfur
- prevents damage of brain cells from toxic heavy metals
- important in producing neurotransmitters and energy
- lowers blood level of histamine
(this may help some types of schizophrenia)
- combined with choline and folic acid, can prevent some
types of tumors
- deficiencies: hair loss, atherosclerosis, cholestorol deposits,
edema, poor urine processing
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Glycine *)
L-glycine
- treatment for poor pituitary functioning
- supplies creatine which is essential for muscle function
(effective against muscular dystrophy)
- treatment for hypoglycemia
- stimulates glucagon which metabolizes glycogen into glucose
- antacid
- treatment for low blood pH
- treatment for leucine imbalance-causing body odor and halitosis
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Leucine *)
L-taurine
- nonessential amino acid
- aids efficient conduction of electrical impulses
along nerve pathways
- anticonvulsant (esp in combo with glutamic, aspartic acids)
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Glutathione *)
L-Glutathione
- tripeptide amino acid made of cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine
- "triple threat" antiaging
- antioxidant
- anti-tumor agent
- respiratory accelerator in the brain
- used in the treatment of: allergies, cataracts, diabetes,
hypoglycemia, arthritis
- prevents some side effects of chemotherapy and X-ray radiation
- protects against some harmful side-effects of cigarrette smoke
and alcohol
(*@\\\*)
(*@/// Carnatine *)
L-carnatine
- newly discovered amino acid
- aids stored fat -> energy conversion
- helps: hypoglycemia, reduces angina attacks, diabetes,
liver disease, kidney disease
- deficiency causes heart tissue damage
(*@\\\*)
***************************** Article Separation ******************************
Tyrosine is available in a free form base from Vitamin Research Products
based in Mountain View, CA. call (415) 555-1212 for number. Suggestion
would be to start with 100mg of tyrosine at first, then to increase (weekly)
to 300mg. Overdose symptoms include irratibility. This will need to be taken
with several precursor vitamins like C B-5,6,12, for uptake into the
blood/brain barrier. This amino wil compete with protein uptake, so take it
on an empty stomach - see the book 'Life Extension" D. Pearson & S. Shaw -
***************************** Article Separation ******************************
I wasn't trying to analyze the precise pharmacology of tryptophan's
toxicity (FYI, it is due to a contaminant, "peak E": Science 1990;250:1707;
NEJM 1990;323:357). Peak E is dimeric derivative of tryptophan; contaminants
such as peak E, in tiny quantities, are virtually inevitable when amino acids
are synthesized by chemical syntheses. That is why I believe it is acceptable
to refer, albeit loosely, to "tryptophan" as the culprit.
***************************** Article Separation ******************************
Saved from Health-Infocom News from last fall:
Volume 3, Number 35 November 4, 1990
Update: Analysis of L-Tryptophan
for the Etiology of Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome
In August 1990, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration proposed a
structure for peak 97 (Figure 1A), the high performance liquid chromatographic
(HPLC) peak that was most predictive of L-tryptophan (LT) lots associated with
eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) cases(1). This report updates those
findings.
Analyses of the product of LT and acetaldehyde show that the product is
the di-L-tryptophan aminal of acetaldehyde (DTAA), with the methine bridge
coupling the two tryptophan molecules across the indolenitrogens (Figure 1B)
rather than the amino nitrogens (Figure 1A). Thissynthesized product has the
same proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectra, mass spectra, and HPLC
chromatographic properties aspeak 97. [...]
1. CDC. Analysis of L-tryptophan for the etiology of eosinophilia-myalgia
syndrome. MMWR 1990;39:589-91.
2. Reynolds WF, McClean S, Perpick-Dumont M, Enriquez RG.Improved 13C-1H shift
correlation spectra for indirectly bonded carbons and hydrogens: the FLOCK
sequence. Magn ResonChem 1989;27:162-9.
3. Crofford LJ, Rader JI, Dalakas MC, et al. L-Tryptophan implicated in human
eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome causes fasciitis and perimyositis in the Lewis
rat. JClin Invest 1990;86:1757-63.
Health InfoCom Network News Page 28
****************************** Article Separation *****************************
A safe stimulant which is not caffiene does exist and it available as
a non-prescription drug from many health food stores. It's called
Dimethylaminoethanol, or DMAE. It works pretty well as a stimulant and
also increases levels of acetylcholine (it's a precursor). It also
makes rats perform significantly better on maze tests, because the
increased acetylcholine assists in some aspects of memory.
Another way to decrease need for sleep is to raise brain levels of
dopamine, which can be done by taking phenylalanine. It should be
taken on an empty stomach (500 mg to 1 gram is a reasonable dose)
with 1g vitamin C and 50 mg vitamin B-6 to assist in the conversion of
phenylalanine to dopamine. Another way to take the phenylalanine
is to place a small amount between the upper lip and gum about halfway back
in the mouth. There are blood vessels there which go directly to the brain.
If you're using this method, you should try a smaller dose (100 mg), as it is
more effective when taken in this manner.
Using these and other "safe" (i.e. adjusting the body's own chemicals
rather than introducing something new; not necessarily safe but a priori
a better bet than most traditional stimulants) I have been able to
cut my need for sleep by 4 hours per day without discomfort for weeks at a
time. I have no reason to believe that they would not be effective if
used longer, but circumstances of class work seldom required me to cut
sleep for longer periods than this.
Be advised, however, that these methods will not be as powerful as,
say, amphetamines or even high-dose caffiene, but they are not likely to
mess you up either. But if you are trying to stay up for two nights
to finish some huge project, you might be better off sticking with
caffiene and cold showers.
****************************** Article Separation *****************************
Yes, aspartame is the methyl ester of phenylalanine and aspartic acid,
two amino acids. According to Richard Wurtman of MIT, you can get
increases in brain levels of phenylalanine if low-protein foods such
as soft drinks are consumed on an empty stomach.
The brain requires vitamins B-6 and C to convert phenylalanine into
the natural stimulant noradrenaline and another important brain chemical,
dopamine (which is also, among other things, a stimulant and euphoric)
Thus even if you are taking no supplemental phenylalanine, you can
still get beneficial effects on mood, etc., by taking C and B-6
because your brain will become more efficient at converting the
phenylalanine that is already present in your diet.
Speaking of diets, phenylalanine also stimulates the release of
cholecystokinin, which is the body's own appetite-suppressant,
used to tell the brain when the stomach has had enough. So phenylalanine
acts indirectly as an appetite-suppressant.
Note that all of the effects of phenylalanine are greatly enhanced if
it is taken either on an empty stomach or with low-protein foods,
because various proteins compete with phenylalanine for transport
across the blood-brain barrier.
Dosage: 500mg to 1g phenylalanine, plus 1g C, 30 to 50mg B-6.
WARNING: Do NOT use phenylalanine:
*If you are using MAO inhibitors, unless they are the extremely
selective types such as deprenyl (selegiline);
*If you have a cardiac arrythmia;
*If you have hypertension;
*If you have phenylketonuria;
*If you have a psychosis;
*If you have a pigmented malignant melanoma-type cancer;
*If you have a violent temper.
If you are taking other stimulants such as phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine,
or even, potentially, caffiene or theophylline, you should monitor your
blood pressure carefully because there is a possiblity of blood pressure
rise and other problems characteristic of adrenaline-like drug oversoda.
***************************** Article Separation ******************************
Phenylalanine and many other amino acid supplements are available
mail-order from Vitamin Research Products, 2044 Old Middlefield Way,
Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
Tryptophan is currently banned for sale in the US, due to the
contamination scare of last year. The source of the contamination
was found (an experimental genetically-engineered bacteria used by
_one_ Japanese firm to manufacture the Tryptophan) but the FDA has
still refused to lift the ban.
***************************** Article Separation ******************************
A little-known FDA ruling now allows the importation af a 3 month personal
supply of drugs as long as they are regarded as safe in other countries.
INTERLAB a mail order pharmacy was established in response to this new
FDA ruling. Interlab carries a wide range of drugs for cognitive
enhancement, life extension, and treatment of AIDS not available in
America.
All of the drugs briefly discuussed here can be pruchased without a
prescription fron them. You can request a price sheet by writing to
INTERLAB
PO Box 587
Newport Pagnell,
Bucks, England
You must include the following signed statement with your order:
I hearby declare that the products I am purchasing are not for
commercial resale. They are for my own personal use only. The supply
ordered does not exceed 3 months usage and they are used with the consent
of my physician.
[signed]
Some Highly regarded Chemicals include:
HYDERGINE (Ergoloid Mesylates)- Improves mental function, prevents
hypoxia and other damage to brain cells,increases blood supply to brain,
enhances brain metabolism, slows deposit of aging pigment and other
posistive effects
PRECAUTIONS- Too large inital dose may cause nausea, gastric
disturbance or headache. Non-toxic even at very high dosages.
Contraindicated for individuals with acute or chronic psychosis.
DOSE- 9-12 mg/Day
COST- 100 x 5mg. oral tablets $39
SULBUTIAMINE (Arcalion)- Described as being like hydergine only better.
Facilitates wakefullness, inproves long-term memory, speeds reaction time
.
decreases anxiety.
PRECAUTIONS- Do not exceed 3 x 200mg tablets at any time as may
cause severe headaches. Other than this has no other adverse affects.
DOSE- 2 x 200mg. tablets for 20 days.
COST- 20 X 200 mg. tablets $11
VASSOPRESSIN (Diapid)- A brain hormone released by the pituitary.
Improve attention, concentration, memory and reacall.
Cocaine, LSD, amphetamines, Ritalin, and Cylert(pemoline) cause depletion
of
vassopressin. Marijuana and alchohol inhibit the release of vassopressin.
A
Whiff of vassopressin can transform your experience in about 10 seconds
when using these drugs as it is an application of the specific hormone
being
affected.
PRECAUTIONS- Vassopressin occasionall produces the following side
affects;
runny nose, nasal congestion, itch or irritation of the nasal cavities,
headach
abdominal cramps and increased bowel movements. Safety during
pregnancy unknown.
DOSE- Comes in a nasal spray bottle. 2-4 whiffs 3-4 time2 a day will
produce
noticeable affects in seconds.
COST- 12 ml. nasal spray $22
Send $6 with order for shipping, $10 for accelerated shiping
These are just a small cross section of the Interlab product line, but
they
have found favor with me and mine.
You may find the newletter of the Cognitive Enhancement Research
Institute helpful. Send $1.00 to
CERI
PO Box 483
Santa Cruz, CA 96061
****************************** Article Separation *****************************
Some friends of mine make a vitamin formula that they sell to drug treatment
clinics to combat the neurotransmitter deficit caused by stimulant abuse...
It really works,a lot of people have been helped off cocaine with it.
There are two separate preparations, an AM and PM formula,
The PM formula used to contain tryptophan,but now does not,obviously,
However,they have had some sucess with a formula that maximizes the conversion
of dietary tryptophan into serotonin.
Here is the formula...
AM......
L-tyrosine 250 mg.
D,L phenylalanine 125 mg.
Pantothenic acid 25 mg.
PABA 25 mg.
DMAE 25 mg.
Rubidium Cl 25 mg.
Tocopherol acetate 12.5 mg.
Beta carotene 2.5 mg.
Manganese (gluconate) 2.5 mg.
Folic acid 0.1 mg
Copper gluconate .125 mg
Selenium .25 mg.
PM.......
Niacinamide (ascorbate) 250 mg.
Taurine 50 mg.
Magnesium oxide 50 mg.
Pyridoxine 25 mg.
Niacin 12.5 mg.
Riboflavin 12.5 mg
Zinc 2.5 mg.
Beta carotene 2.5 mg.
Chromium (GTF) .025 mg.
Vitamin B12 .0125 mg.
This is basically a neurotransmitter boosting formula and benefits those
who dont have a drug abuse problem too.
*************************** Article Separation *********************************
I was recently lucky enough to be given several ounces of pure DMAE
(dimethylaminoethanol) and boy,is it ever a lot better than the Twinlab
stuff,which I had previously been using...
I use it in combination with tyrosine in the morning and it has dramatically
improved my memory (and an interesting sideffect is the induction of lucid
dreams...)
A good source for DMAE are the AIDS buying clubs that have popped up in
major cities..(although thats not where I got this..)
For anyone interested in neurotransmitter precursor supplementation
(DMAE,a relative of choline,is a precursor of acetylcholine)
this one REALLY works..
**************************** Article Separation *******************************
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/amanita.drg
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From: butler@cluster.gps.caltech.edu (Bryan Butler)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Vikings and Mushrooms (long & referenced)
Date: 20 May 1993 08:56:37 GMT
Message-ID: <1tfh45INNb7@gap.caltech.edu>
[ ... ]
excerpted from "The Hallucinogens", by A. Hoffer and H. Osmond,
Academic, 1967, pp. 443-454, without permission
l-Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids. It is the
only indole amino acid but not the only precursor of indoles, since
substances derived from tyrosine may also be converted into indoles
of another sort. Tryptophan is the potential precursor of the
indole alkylamines, that is, compounds which include bufotenine,
N,N-dimethyltryptamine, N,N-diethyltryptamine, serotonin, iboga,
and harmala alkaloids, psilocybin, LSD, lysergic acid amide, and
some yohimbe alkaloids. With the exception of serotonin all these
compounds are hallucinogens and serotonin may be a neurohormone.
All the compounds listed are found in plants and a few in animals in
contrast to the adrenaline matabolite indoles derived from
adrenochrome which occur only in animals, so far as we know.
...
Cohoba, the Narcotic Snuff of Ancient Haiti
Safford (1916) reviewed the ancient and recent history of this
narcotic snuff. There remained little doubt it was prepared from
_Piptadena peregrina_ and contained chemicals which produced
remarkable changes when inhaled or snuffed.
...
Fish _et al_ (1955a,b,1956) and Fish and Horning (1956) showed that
_P. peregrina_ seeds had 5 indoles. The chief one was bufotenine.
Also present were N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bufotenine oxide,
N,N-dimethyltryptamine oxide, and an unidentified indole.
Jensen and Chen (1936) found bufotenidine in Ch'an Su and in the
secretion of _Bufo bufo gargarizans, Bufo fowleri_ and _Bufo
formosus_. They found bufotenine in _Bufo vulgaris_ and _Bufo
viridis viridis_.
Wieland _et al_ (1953) extracted bufotenine from the poisonous
mushrooms _Amanita mappa, Amanita muscaria_, and _Amanita
pantherina_. Bufotenine was first found in the skin of several
toad species and the dried secretion (Ch'an Su) of the Chinese
toad has been known to be biologically active for centuries but
there are no records of toad skin or its extract being used as
hallucinogenic material. This suggests that there is too little
bufotenine or that other substances which potentiate the effect of
bufotenine are lacking in frog skin. We do not believe that Man
has not sampled toad skin. Primitive man has been very adept at
selecting those species of plants and animals which contained
hallucinogenic compounds.
...
The fly-agaric mushrooms are the only other natural source of
bufotenine. But they also contain three other main constituents
(Buck, 1961). Muscarin which is a parasympathomimetic substance
is present. It acts directly on effector organs, smooth muscle,
and glandular cells. Atropine prevents most of the effects. Also
present in some species of _Amanita_ is a substance called
pilzatropin which may be l-hyoscyamine. dl-hyoscyamine is atropine.
Finally a pilztoxin is present because even after the muscarine
present is prevented from acting by pretreatment with atropine,
there remains a psychological effect. Narcoticlike intoxication,
convulsions, and death have followed in spite of adequate treatment
with atropine.
Lewin (1931) described the use of the fly-agaric by the native
tribes of North East Asia in Siberia. Lewin discussed briefly the
suggestion Berserkers consumed this mushroom to produce their
great rages. The fly-agaric was in constant demand and there was
a well-established trade between Kamchatka where it did grow to
the Taigonos Peninsula where it did not grow at all. The Koryaks
paid for them with reindeer and Lewin reported one animal was
sometimes exchanged for one mushroom.
The Kamchadales and Koryaks consumed from 1 to 3 dried
mushrooms. They believed the smaller mushrooms with a large
quantity of small warts were more active than the pale red and
less spotted ones. Among the Koryaks, their women chewed the
dried agaric and rolled the masticated material into small
sausages which were swallowed by the men. Lewin does not report
whether the women got some of the psychological response.
The Siberians discovered the active principle was excreted
in the urine and could be passed through the body once more. As
soon as the Koryak noted his experience was passing, he would
drink his own urine which he had saved for this purpose. The same
mushrooms could thus give one person several experiences or
several people one experience. After several passages the urine
no longer was able to produce the desired effect.
The response to the mushrooms varied from person to person and in
the same person at different times. The mushrooms varied in potency
and sometimes one mushroom was effective; at other times ineffective.
The first response occurred in 1 to 2 hours beginning with twitching
and trembling. Consciousness was maintained and during this induction
phase the subjects were euphoric and contented. Then the visions came
on. The subjects spoke to their visionary people and discussed various
matters with them. They were quite calm but appeared entranced with a
glassy stare.
Other subjects became very jolly or sad, jumped about, danced, sang
or gave way to great fright. Their pupils were enlarged. Lewin believed
this was responsible for the distortions in size which occurred. Small
objects appeared much too large. This "deceptive perception is apt to
influence his action" ... "on the basis of his illusions the conclusion
which he arrives at is very reasonable."
In large quantities more severe hallucinations and rages occurred.
The initial excitation could become more and more severe leading to
attacks of raving madness. In some cases motor excitation was dominant.
The eyes became savage, the face bloated and red, the hands trembled
and the individual danced or rushed about until exhausted when he
apparently slept. But he then experienced more hallucinations. This
could then be replaced by another spasm of overactivity followed by more
hallucinations and fantasy.
Ramsbottom (1953) described in more detail the use of these mushrooms
by the Berserkers. According to him, fly-agaric or bug-agaric were
poisonous but not deadly and did not kill healthy people. The potency
varied with district. In some districts of France these mushrooms are
regularly eaten. S. Odman, in 1784, first suggested that Vikings used
fly-agaric to produce their berserk rages. Ramsbottom cited 12 authors
who referred to the use of these mushrooms by the Siberian tribes already
mentioned. The Koryaks believed a person drugged obeyed the wishes of
spirits residing in them.
Fabing (1956) and Fabing and Hawkins (1956) was convinced the
Berserkers did, indeed, use fly-agaric. It is a very plausible explanation.
Going berserk occurred as follows. The Norse took the mushrooms so that
the effect came on during the heat of battle or while at work. During
the berserk rage they performed deeds which otherwise were impossible.
The rage started with shivering, chattering of the teeth, and a chill.
Their faces became swollen and changed color. A great rage developed
in which they howled like wild animals and cut down anyone in their
way, friend or foe alike. Afterward their mind became dulled and
feeble for several days. In 1123 AD a law was passed making anyone
going berserk liable for several years in jail. It was not heard of since.
Fabing quoted Drew who described a modern reaction to _Amanita
muscaria._ A patient ate some of the mushrooms at 10:00 PM. Two hours
later he developed diarrhea, sweating, vertigo, and salivation. He fell
asleep but was awake at 2:00 AM disoriented, irrational, and violent. ON
admission to hospital he was cyanotic, responded to pinpricks but not
to deep pain. He was disoriented in all three spheres. Somnolence
alternated with excitement. He thought he was in hell. He spoke
continually and irrationally of religious matters. A physician was
misidentified as Christ. When not in hell he was convinced he was in
Eden. That evening his mental state cleared and next morning he was
normal.
REFERENCES:
Buck, R. W. (1961). _New Engl. J. Med._, 265:681
Fabing, H. D. (1956). _Am. J. Psychiat._, 113:409
Fabing, H. D., and Hawkins, J. R. (1956). _Science_, 123:886
Fish, M. S., and Horning, E. C. (1956). _J. Nervous Mental Disease_,
124:33
Fish, M. S., Johnson, N. M., and Horning, E. C. (1955a). _J. Am.
Chem. Soc._, 77:5892
Fish, M. S., Johnson, N. M., Lawrence, E. P., and Horning, E. C.
(1955b), _Biochim. Biophys. Acta_, 18:564
Fish, M. S., Johnson, N. M., and Horning, E. C. (1956). _J. Am.
Chem. Soc._, 78:3668
Jensen, H., and Chen, K. K. (1936). _J. Biol. Chem._, 116:87
Lewin, L. (1931). "Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs:
Their Use and Abuse." Kegan Paul, London.
Ramsbottom, J. (1953). "Mushrooms and Toadstools. A Study of the
Activities of Fungi." Collins, London.
Safford, W. E. (1916). _J. Wash. Acad. Sci._, 6:547
Wieland, T., Motzel, W., and Merz, H. (1953). _Ann. Chem._, 581:10
========================================================================
In article <93079.153237SXL136@psuvm.psu.edu> SXL136@psuvm.psu.edu writes:
> Anyone had any experiences with this? What were the effects?
No personal experience, but I wrote the following at some point:
- Use
These mushrooms are usually eaten (and are said to taste fine), but
people have for some reason tried to smoke them. This is minimally
effective. If you want to try, use the skin, which is the most active
portion. If you boil them, you may have to drink a lot of broth into
which the active principles have leached. They are said to be of
slightly decreased effectiveness when dried, particularly after more
than a few months. As smoking presumably pyrolyzes the stuff, don't
dry it at outrageous temperatures, or pan-blacken it. :-)
The dosage has been variously recommended as "one to four caps", "one
or two mushrooms", and "30 grams of dried caps" for A. muscaria. A
cap, of course, can vary in size from a half-inch sphere to an
eight-inch platter. I have no idea. Start way low. The red variety
is said to be more potent than the yellow.
For A. pantherina, the one reference I have involves half a cup of
fresh mushroom per person. This may be high; see "Effects" below.
- Effects
Reports of effects vary widely, as is to be expected from a natural
psychoactive. The mental effects may become apparent within half an
hour, but more usually take an hour. The duration seems to be
anywhere from four to ten hours. Euphoria, ataxia, and sensory
alterations are characteristic, particularly alterations of hearing
and taste. Visual effects have also been reported, as has nausea. A.
muscaria may also produce cholinergic symptoms such as "profuse
salivation and mild perspiration" [Ott].
A. muscaria anecdotes.
Steven Pollock, J. Psych Drugs Oct-Dec 1975.
"When we returned to a friend's residence, we boiled six caps
of various dimensions. Frank consumed two in his mushroom soup and I
ate four (the usual dose being one to four caps). The taste was
something like chicken. Curiously, I became nauseated within minutes
but the feeling was fleeting. Within a half hour I noticed many
peculiar effects. Audition became enhanced and synesthesias became
prominent with multi-modality overflow. I began to taste odors, to
small tastes, and even to hear odors and tastes. Visual disturbances
were almost non-existent, but I noticed frequent recurrent gustatory,
olfactory and auditory flashes. Tactile sensation became markedly
enhanced. Occasional moments of nausea occurred during the first two
hourse of the experience, but then the pseudo-delirium settled into a
profound euphoric state of consciousness. Equilibrium was affected as
by ethyl alcohol throughout the intoxication, but mentation in
contrast remained unimpaired. After six hours, though still under the
Amanita influence, I retired for a night of sound sleep. Frank
experienced a state of wellbeing and restfulness without any nausea.
He felt a sharpening of auditory, gustatory, and tactile sensations.
While taking a shower during the evening, Frank seemed to taste
cleanliness and he later slept well.
"A few days later we again tempted our fate but with dried
Amanitas. I ate four caps and Frank consumed three. Each of us
experienced a pleasant intoxication with only mild sensory alterations
including subtle echo patterns. Frank did feel nauseated, however,
for the first half hour, but the predominant effect afterwards was
induction of euphoria. A nonintoxicated observer noticed no
distinctive changes in our behavior."
Jonathan Ott, "Studies of Amanita" J. Psych Drugs Jan-Mar 1976.
"On two occasions in the fall of 1975, I ingested dried caps
of A. muscaria from Washington. The mushroom caps were eaten as
`Amanita chips,' and were tasty. On the first occasion, I ingested
the chips along with several grams of Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield
from Washington which had been estimated to contain at least 1 percent
psilocin dry weight. The effect experienced therefore have no bearing
on Amanita toxicity. On the second occasion, I ingested about 30
grams of the dried caps, and after an hour began to experience a very
pleasant opium-like sedation with slight visual phenomena, similar to
those described for A. pantherina intoxication, although of lesser
intensity. I experienced distinct muscarinic effects, characterized
by profuse salivation and mild perspiration. Three friends who
ingested the mushrooms with me reported similar effects. The
muscarinic symptoms were not at all unpleasant. Either these effect
were due to muscarine in the carpophores (in which case A. muscaria
from Washington must contain a much higher concentration of muscarine
than is reported for European specimens), or they were produced by
some yet-unidentified compound with muscarinic activity.
"Again, I experienced no nausea or other adverse effects. The
intoxication was experienced for about five hours, after which I went
to sleep and awoke the next morning with no after-effects. During the
experience I noticed a rather profound diminution of coordination and
balance, effects similar to advanced stages of ethanol intoxication.
There were, however, no effects of clouding of consciousness or
slurring of speech. One of the friends who ingested the mushrooms
with me experienced slight nausea, but no other adverse effects were
reported."
A. pantherina anecdote.
Jonathan Ott again.
"In the spring of 1975, after completing the above survey, I
collected some early specimens of A. pantherina near Tenino,
Washington. I sliced and sauteed the mushrooms, and divided them into
six portions, consisting of about one half cup of material each. The
six portions were ingested by myself and five friends, one of whom
ingested only half of a dose, the remaining half being ingested, along
with a full portion, by another of my friends. All of us enjoyed the
taste of the mushrooms.
"After an hour had elapsed, I had concluded that the dosage
level was too low, and had retired to my home to build a fire and
study. About 90 minutes after ingestion, however, while
hyperventilating into my wood stove in an attempt to start the fire, I
noticed that I was experiencing changes in visual perception. These
effects became stronger over the next hour or some, and were
characterized by sensing an `alive quality' in inanimate objects, wavy
motion in the visual field like a Van Gogh canvas (no color perception
was associated with the motion, however, as is so commonly encountered
following ingestion of LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline), and mild
distortion of size, distance and depth perception. Auditory
hallucination were also prominent -- especially the effect, called
`anahata sounds' of yoga, of hearing fine high-pitched sounds like
bells and violin strings. I experienced only slight impairment of
motor coordination and balance, such as would be produced by a small
amount of ethanol, equivalent to two or three bottles of beer. In
contrast to the effect of ethanol, however, there was no slurring of
speech or clouding of consciousness. While I felt as though my
conciousness was somehow removed and distant from the surroundings, I
experienced a sense of great clarity, as I often experience following
ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. It seemed to me that
the psychic effect were emanating from the `ajna chakra', the
so-called `third eye' -- a locus above and between the eyes. I
experienced no muscular spasms, cramps, vomiting, or nausea of any
kind. The experience was totally pleasurable, and lasted about seven
hours. I was struck by the unique quality of the effect whereas I
find the psychic effects of LSD, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and
peyote to be similar, to be, as it were, on a continuum of related
experience, I felt the A. pantherina was distinctly different.
"Of my five friends, two experienced slight nausea, and only
one felt drowsy. This person slept for about an hour, and awoke
feeling refreshed. Two of my friends alleged that they had never been
so high on hallucinogenic drugs before. One of these friends, the
person who ingested half again as much of the fried mushrooms as I,
experienced a complete dissociative reaction, and was unable to
communicate with the rest of the group for about five hours. While in
this state, he was periodically attempting to articulate his thoughts,
but was totally incapable of communication. During this phase of his
intoxication, we were talking about this history of A. muscaria and
urine ingestion in Siberia. The subject in the dissociated state
later reported the experience of vivid waking dreams which were
related, through bizarre imagery, to the topics of the conversations
we had been conducting around him. After about five hours of
dissociative experience, the subject began to reestablish contact with
the rest of us and within 90 minutes was fully rational, though shaken
and frightened. None of us experienced any after-effects."
> Sean LeBlanc
PGP 2 key by finger or e-mail
Eli ebrandt@jarthur.claremont.edu
============================================================================
In article <C48wE4.oy@mentor.cc.purdue.edu> pan@sage.cc.purdue.edu (Pagan Academic Network) writes:
>In article <93079.153237SXL136@psuvm.psu.edu> SXL136@psuvm.psu.edu writes:
> > Anyone had any experiences with this? What were the effects?
> Good question I've been wanting to know the same thing I wouldn't mind
>some feedback on Fly Agaric also.
I would be pretty scared to take these, but since I have this darn
Psychedelics Encyclopedia right here, let me see what it says. Okay,
for starters, Fly Agaric is the same thing as Amanita muscaria (Pagan's
question left it ambiguous). There's another one called Panther Caps or
Amanita pantherina that has the same psychoactive compounds - ibotenic
acid, muscimol and (less important) muscazone - but more of them.
Now these guys are somewhat toxic, but the other thing to keep in mind
is that the Amanita genus has the species that cause 95 percent of all
deaths from mushroom poisoning, so you damn well better know what
species you're munching on. Amanita virosa (Destroying Angel), Amanita
phalloides (Death Cap),... well, I guess the names tell it all.
Apparently you only feel the poison of these bad guys TWO DAYS after you
eat them, by which time stomach pumping is seldom any use. They look
similar to the "good" Amanitas, so be fucking careful.
One funny thing is that about half the books on mushrooms say Amanita
muscaria is deadly, but R. Gordon Wasson (who wrote "SOMA: Divine
Mushroom of Immortality", arguing that the "soma" of the Rig-Veda was
Amanita muscaria) claims that there's not a single firsthand account of
lethal poisoning by A. muscaria. Supposedly, if properly dried they are
okay if you start with NO MORE THAN 1/4-1/2 CUP OF CHOPPED OR SAUTEED
MATERIAL. According to Johnathan Ott, "These mushrooms are powerful.
The effective dose range may be narrow. If it is exceeded, even by a
small amount, a dissociative experience may result, even a comatose
state or an inability to function. Of course, there are many who desire
this kind of effect [I love that]; no doubt it would be alarming to
others. There are many unanswered questions concerning the toxicity of
these mushrooms. It has been suggested, and there is some evidence to
support this, that the toxicity may vary according to location and
season." The drying process turns ibotenic acid into muscimol,
multiplying the potency by 5 or 6, and reduces bad side-effects.
Apparently many people who take it say it's "not all that nice, perhaps
not even psychedelic". But here's what Ott says: "After oral ingestion,
the full effects will begin in about 90 minutes. For me these are
characterized by wavy motion in the visual field, an "alive" quality to
inanimate objects, auditory hallucinations and a sense of great mental
stillness and clarity. The effects are distinctly different from
psilocybin, LSD or mescaline, and may last up to 8 hours. Side effects
often include nausea, slight loss of balance and coordination, and
drowsiness. Smoking produces a more rapid effect of shorter duration."
Need I repeat this? Anyone who wants to mess with these should learn a
lot more about them than the above.
=========================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: rcain@netcom.com (Robert Cain)
Subject: Re: Amanita Muscaria
Message-ID: <rcainC4qtvL.E9G@netcom.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Mar 1993 07:52:32 GMT
(SXL136@psuvm.psu.edu) wrote:
: Anyone had any experiences with this? What were the effects? Suggestions
: and comments welcome...
: Sean LeBlanc
Yep, a night in the hospital in the most awful psychic agony I have
ever experienced while they poured ipecac (SP) and charcoal down me
'cause the little bastards refused to let me puke. I was pumped. I
was then hooked to a heart monitor and had the distinct displeasure of
seeing my heart stop a couple of times. After one of them and a couple
of firm thumps to my sternum I asked the doctor if I was going to make
it. He was rather preocupied with saving my life and sorta muttered,
"we don't know." They would not treat me with anything until the
mushroom was identified which they did by flying it to a poison control
center in Denver, I think it was, by Navy jet from Moffet field. They
then shot me with something that had me down in 15 minutes after about
six hours of mental horror. The next morning every damn med student
and intern came by to find out what it was like. I didn't have good
things to report. Your mileage may vary. The view I got of the human
condition and the burried sadness, pain and agony in everyone around
and treating me in the busy emergency facility may have been one very
powerful sort of empathogenic halucination effect but it fucked me up
for a long time. I have tried nearly every psychoactive even remotely
available and nothing, NOTHING, has had such a negative psychic effect.
Peace,
Bob
--
Bob Cain rcain@netcom.com 408-358-2007
'The meek shall inherit the earth--the rest of us will move on..'
Sameer Parekh
PGP 1.0 or 2.0 public key available on request.
===========================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: kfseefel@mtu.edu (KURT F. SEEFELDT)
Subject: Re: Fly agaric? Help request
Message-ID: <1993Apr30.005221.14177@mtu.edu>
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 1993 00:52:21 GMT
In article <nat92-6.736006759@math.chalmers.se> nat92-6@math.chalmers.se (Andreas Engstr|m) writes:
>I would be very happy if people could post their experiences with
>Amanita Muscaria, Fly agaric (Y'know, that red thing with white dots..).
I was the sober person for a Amanita Muscaria experience with some
friends. They consumed some fresh mushrooms with peanut butter, as the
taste was horrid. Nothing happened for a while. Then...they all ended
up getting sick (vomitting). The illness was brief but violent and
unexpected. That passed and the buzz set in. They described it as similar
to a few beers. Nothing special, and certainly not worth the experience.
They have not done it since and I don't think they will.
Based on their experience, I would not recommend it. If you do try it,
be careful.
- kurt
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: aankrom@zia.ucs.indiana.edu (aankrom)
Subject: Re: Amanita muscaria -experiment
Message-ID: <CI5pEJ.87v@usenet.ucs.indiana.edu>
Date: Fri, 17 Dec 1993 01:56:43 GMT
In article <231302Z16121993@anon.penet.fi> an56966@anon.penet.fi writes:
>I come from Finland.
>
>Maybe Amanita muscarias here in Finland are better than
>yours?
>
>* Taavetti *
This is more than likely true. The European variety of A muscaria is
hallucinogenic/intoxicating while the North American variety will
only make the eater very ill. If youlive in North America, don't experiment
with A muscaria.
Anthony
--
Ich fuehle mich so verlassen...
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From: Ben Masel <bmasel@igc.apc.org>
Newsgroups: talk.politics.drugs
Date: 08 Feb 94 22:02 PST
Subject: "AN AMAZING PLANT" 1991 hemp artic
Message-ID: <1484000469@cdp>
AN AMAZING PLANT
by Bill Leuders
From ISTHMUS, "the weekly newspaper of Madison" Feb 8-14, 1991
Reprinted by permission. Further reprints permitted with credits.
----------------------------------------------------
There aren't many things upon which long-haired radical Ben Masel,
state Department of Agriculture official Erwin "Bud" Sholts,
agronomy researcher Pat LeMahieu and corporate head George Tyson
can be expected to agree. Among them: kicking puppies is mean,
Drano should not be taken internally, and hemp - commonly known as
marijuana - could become a major cash crop for Wisconsin.
According to these and other participants in a, ahem, budding
scientific discussion, the hemp plant could be cultivated not just
for such traditional uses as rope and fabric, but also as a
readily renewable resource for making paper, construction
materials, high protein food, and safe, clean fuel.
Masel, director of the Wisconsin Chapter of NORML, (the National
Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws), in 1990 spoke in
more than 50 US cities on the potential uses of the pot plant.
Scientific American last December published an item on the nascent
"grass-roots" movement in support of hemp; Masel was just
interviewed by the Wall Street Journal for an upcoming article on
the same.
A primary organizer of Madison's annual "marijuana harvest"
festival, the oft jailed Masel says his goal is "to relegalize
this useful plant for its paper, fiber, fuel, food, medical and
recreational value."
Sholts, director of the state ag department's development and
diversification program, affirms part of Masel's message: that
hemp grows well in Wisconsin, even on soil not good for much
else.
"My father raised it on his farm," Sholts recalls of the time
during WWII when farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for the war
effort. (Masel, citing old US Department of Agriculture reports,
says Wisconsin was once the nations leading producer of hemp, in
some years accounting for more than half the nation's total
crop.)
Because hemp grows quickly and has a high per-acre yield, Sholts
says "It's a very, very prime product for biomass" -organic
material that can be converted to fuel. Hemp is also seen by
"people with expertise" as preferable to kenaf, (aka ambry) a warm
weather fibrous plant, for making paper and other products.
But alas, Sholts points out, hemp has one big problem: With its
current properties its illegal."
LeMahieu, director of operations for Agrecol, the Agricultural
research division of Madison-based W. T. Rogers Co., has a
solution in mind: the development of a strain of hemp that is
"socially acceptable." In other words, hemp that has been
genetically engineered to remove the alkaloids that get people
high.
"It's feasible," insists LeMahieu, formerly a leading agricultural
researcher at the UW-Madison. "Any trait can be bred out of a
plant with recombinant DNA." Engineering a strain of hemp with the
desired traits for mass cultivation will require "massive amounts"
of money and commitment, says LeMahieu, who thinks Wisconsin-
which has "the top plant-genetics research groups in the nation,
maybe in the world" - is ideally suited for the task.
"It truly is an amazing plant" says LeMahieu of hemp. "If you look
at all the possible products that could be made from the hemp
plant, it makes you wonder why we haven't pursued this."
Tyson, chairman of the board of Xylan Inc., a biomass research
firm in the University Research park, takes the point beyond
wonder to rage. "We have the technology now to convert biomass
into the fuel we're fighting for in the Persian Gulf," he says,
asserting that the United States could eliminate its dependence on
foreign oil simply by growing high-biomass crops like hemp on the
acreage it now pays farmers to keep fallow.
"It just seems silly to be paying farmers $26 billion a year not
to produce something that would replace something that we are
importing at the cost of over $100 billion a year.
"This," Tyson asserts, "is a national disgrace."
GRASS ROOTS
Throughout most of U.S. -and indeed human- history, hemp has been
domestically cultivated for a variety of uses, including textiles,
rope, and paper. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp
on their farms; the rigging and sails of the U.S. Constitution
were all made from hemp (some 60 tons worth; Betsy Ross used hemp
cloth to make the first U.S. flag; hemp canvas (the word "canvass"
comes from cannabis, Latin for hemp) covered the pioneers' wagons
and prairie schooners; Abraham Lincoln used a hemp-oil lamp to
study law.
Hemp was also used to make fine linen and underwear. Masel has a
friend in Hungary [actually Germany] who still uses his family's
hemp tablecloth - made in 1820. According to Jack Herer's pro-hemp
manifesto, The Emperor Wears No New Clothes, the word "towel"
comes from its original material-hemp tow, a silk-like textile
professedly four times as absorbent as cotton.
There is little historical record of people smoking hemp grown for
rope or fabric. Masel, who testified as a marijuana expert in a
1988 court case, says plants used for such purposes would be
harvest before flowering, and thus be more likely to cause
headaches than highs, Still, some hemp grown for seed was smoked
for its psychoactive and medicinal properties-a use no one seemed
too bothered by until the plant became a threat to U.S.
petrochemical companies.
As outlined in Herer's history of hemp, super-efficient fiber-
stripping machines invented in the in the 1930s promised to do for
hemp what the cotton gin did for cotton, Corporations like Du Pont
and industrialists like William Randolph Hearst feared hemp would
compete with their pulpwood paper and synthetic products.
The Hearst chain of newspapers declared hemp and other drugs
Public Enemy No.1. Hemp, renamed "marihuana,." was blamed for
crime and car accidents and linked to black jazz musicians and
Mexican revolutionaries. "Marihuana makes fiends of boys in 30
days," screamed the headlines of one Hearst story, which claimed
that hemp "goads users to blood lust."
Du Pont, which had just patented a new process for making pulpwood
paper and was at work on a petroleum-based synthetic it later
named nylon, behaved similarly. Banker Andrew Mellon, Du Pont's
chief financial backer and President Herbert Hoover's Secretary of
the Treasury, tapped his nephew-to-be, Harry Anslinger, to head
the newly formed Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs.
Anslinger, backed by the Hearst papers, crusaded for pot
prohibition. (Among his favorite slogans, "If the hideous monster
Frankenstein came face to face with the monster marihuana, he
would drop dead of fright.") Such efforts resulted in the
"Marihuana Tax Act of 1937"-the apparent death knell of legal
hemp.
As it happened, however, the government was unable to keep a good
weed down. Hemp was still needed for a variety of uses, especially
naval ones (hemp being the only natural fiber that can withstand
saltwater for long). When World War II began and Japan blocked
U.S. imports of Indian hemp, the government called on the
nation's "patriotic farmers" to resume growing the monster
marihuana.
A 1942 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) film entitled "Hemp
for Victory" evoked hemp's historical usefulness ("For the sailor,
no less than the hangman hemp was indispensable,"), noting that
the plant - "now little known outside of Kentucky and Wisconsin"
was sorely needed for war items ranging from tow lines to the
webbing of parachutes.
"In 1942, 14,00 acres of fiber hemp were harvested in the United
States," the narrator proclaimed amid strains of patriotic music.
"The goal for 1943 is 300,000 acres. "The film also touted hemp's
agronomical virtues: "A dense and shady crop, hemp tends to choke
out weeds. Here's a Canada Thistle that couldn't stand the
competition, dead as a dodo. Thus hemp leaves the ground in good
condition for the following crop."
When Asian markets reopened after the war, domestic hemp
production again came to a halt. Well, sort of: State agriculture
official Sholts notes that, as a result of its erstwhile
cultivation, hemp still grows wild over much of Wisconsin
- including on his father's farm, 11 miles south of Madison.
Observes Sholts, "It's a very prolific plant."
At this point, no one knows just how prolific or useful hemp may
be-because, unlike such crops as corn, hemp has not benefited from
modern agricultural techniques, including plant genetics.
Although Agrecol (the company's name, like its mission, blends
agriculture and ecology) has had impressive results test-planting
kenaf, division head LeMahieu says hemp has higher-quality fiber,
more potential uses, the ability to withstand cold better, and
possibly higher yields: "If it weren't for the alkaloids
[psychoactive ingredients] in hemp, we wouldn't even be talking
about kenaf."
Masel, who last September garnered 11,230 votes in a pro-hemp
Primary challenge to Gov. Tommy Thompson, is especially fired up
about the potential as a renewable source of paper and other
products traditionally made from wood. One advantage of hemp over
trees, says Masel, is that it contains significantly less lignin,
a natural adhesive whose content must be lowered in the
papermaking process.
Roger Faulkner, a UW research specialist who works at the U.S.
Forest Service's Forest Products Lab in Madison, adds that annual
growth plants including hemp generate four to five times as much
biomass yearly as trees. The disadvantage is that trees can be cut
and stored until needed, but annuals not immediately processed or
properly warehoused will degenerate. A "polymer scientist,"
Faulkner is part of a team of Forest Products Lab researchers
studying the feasibility of using high-fiber plants to make
"structural components." Within the last year, the group has made
high-density construction boards using both kenaf and hemp-the
latter from "ditch weed" (low-grade wild marijuana) that Tyson
brought in. By blending plant fibers and polymers - compounds of
high molecular weight - Faulkner thinks the same techniques can be
used to make hemp and kenaf auto-body parts. (Hemp is already
being used in some wallboard made in Germany.)
"I don't think there's any doubt that hemp's one of the best fiber
crops there is," says Faulkner, "Certainly, it's the best-adapted
plant for Wisconsin."
Faulkner further laments that both the Forest Service and private
industry seem more interested in timber than annual-growth plants
- although the USDA is funding a mill in Texas that will make
paper from kenaf. Cultivating fiber on farms, he argues, is
ecologically preferable to growing "monocultural" forests for
pulp. What's more, it would allow fallow farmland to be put to
use without adding to surpluses of existing crops.
Another potentially useful hemp product is seed, which can account
for 50% of the weight of plants grown for this purpose. Hemp seed,
Says Masel, is about 16% protein and contains eight amino acids,
compared with just four in soybeans. Masel has made cake from
imported hemp seeds (legal if sterilized to make them "incapable
of germination") and envisions their use as a high-protein food or
animal feed. (In China, hemp-cake was used to feed animals for
centuries.)
Hemp-seed oil, at least 35% of seed content by weight, can be used
as a lubricant (as it was in World War II fighter-plane engines),
a cooking and salad oil, or even as a diesel fuel. Gatewood
Galbraith, a Democrat running for governor of Kentucky on a
pro-pot platform, last fall campaigned with singer Willie Nelson
from Lexington to Louisville in a diesel Mercedes powered with 25%
hemp-seed oil. The engine, says Masel, would have run on straight
hemp-seed, but Galbraith didn't have a big enough supply.
Masel, who sells $35 dollar hemp T-shirts and $10.00 hemp product
sampler kits through an outfit called Wisconsin Hemp Products Inc.
(P.O. Box 3481, Madison 53704), also thinks the hemp plant's
"Styrofoam-like stalk" could be used as an insulator, or to make
biodegradable fast-food clamshells. Can Masel see the day when
McDonald's sells hamburgers in containers made from hemp? "I can
see the day when they will be paying me royalties on the patent."
HARVESTING THE SUN
Perhaps the most exciting us of hemp is as biomass fuel. Through
process called pyrolysis-the application of intense heat in the
absence of air-hemp and other organic material can be efficiently
converted to charcoal, oil, gas, or methanol.
Hemp is a favored crop for biomass-organic material-because it
grows very rapidly in a variety of climates. Indeed hemp has been
called "the world's champion photosynthesizer," capable of
converting energy from the sun more readily than any other plant.
Biomass boosters further claim that pyrolytic fuels would be good
for the environment. Pyrolysis charcoal, said to have the same
heating value as coal, is virtually sulfur-free, unlike coal or
other fossil fuels, a key cause of acid rain. What's more, hemp
and other high-growth plants produce beneficial oxygen when grown-
and take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere equal to the amount
they release when burned. Thus, hemp hounds assert, if biomass
replaces fossil fuels, the amount of acid rain and smog will be
reduced and the trend toward global warming - the so-called
greenhouse effect - will have a chance to reverse.
"We're fighting in the Middle East for the right to pollute
ourselves," hemp guru Herer told Al Giordano of Massachusetts'
Valley Advocate newspaper. "We have a plant that can win a war. We
have a plant here that can save the planet."
James Converse, chairman of the Department of Agricultural
Engineering at the UW-Madison, says university researchers hav
done some work converting biomass material - corn, primarily - to
ethanol. But he thinks the day when it makes sense to talk about
biomass fuels replacing fossil fuels is a long way off: "Biomass
will hold possibilities only when the price of fuel or the
availability of fuel becomes such that you can make a profit with
[biomass.]
Tyson, whose company develops and licenses rights to emerging
biomass technologies, disagrees. "These people [the UW scientists]
are ten years behind. They don't know the current state of the
art," he says. "We are much closer than that."
Still, Tyson stresses the need for "a national policy" to develop
the technology and build the refineries to convert biomass to
fuel. "Bring the troops home and put them to work to build this
infrastructure," he urges. "That will scare the daylights out of
that part of the world. When [oil exporting countries] see we
don't need them anymore, oil prices will come down. More
importantly, we will not have to go to war for this reason
anymore."
"Let's harvest the sun through the process of photosynthesis,"
continues Tyson in a tone reminiscent of the narrator in Hemp for
Victory. "Let's harvest solar energy into clean, safe fuels."
OBSTACLES
The revival of hemp and the development of other promising non
food uses for fallow cropland will be discussed at an April 5
conference in Middleton organized by Sholts and other state
agricultural officials. Gov. Thompson, outgoing federal Small
Business Administration head Susan Engeleiter, and representatives
of agribusiness will attend the all-day affair, which is open to
the public for a $20 fee.
Tyson, who is now focusing on "demonstration projects" to prove
the viability of biomass technology, hopes Wisconsin can get the
ball rolling by genetically engineering a strain of hemp that
lacks psychoactive properties. "It can be done," he says
unreservedly. "We can make anything we want to now."
Agronomist LeMahieu agrees, saying the goal should be to create "a
whole new plant" that lacks alkaloids and doesn't look like
ordinary marijuana - ostensibly to foil folks who might wish, as
Masel puts it, to "sneak a few" smokeable specimens alongside
those grown for fiber or biomass.
But LeMahieu frets about the legal roadblocks to any use of hemp.
"State laws would have to change, federal laws would have to
change, and we have international agreements that prohibit it.,"
he says.
Jim Haney, assistant to state Attorney General James Doyle, notes
that the state Controlled Substances Board can issue permits
allowing possession of otherwise illegal drugs "for purposes of
scientific research, instructional activities, chemical analysis,
or other special uses." However, rejoins Masel, the wholesale
cultivation of hemp would still be illegal under state and federal
laws-which define marijuana in terms of plant parts, not alkaloid
content.
Ultimately the psychological obstacles to renewed hemp production
may prove more formidable than legal ones. UW researcher Faulkner
is uneasy even discussing the plant's potential, sensing
"widespread opposition to and repression of the whole idea that
hemp may have other uses."
Masel is more optimistic. "I think [domestic revival of hemp]
could happen surprisingly quickly," he says. Whenever one state
moves the others are going to follow, rather than see that state
make all the money."
Does Wisconsin, which in 1990 seized and eradicated 849,324
domestic marijuana plants, 97% of which were wild plants no self
respecting marijuana smoker would want, have the gumption to
become that first state? Put it another way: Is making billions of
dollars while helping save the environment and achieve domestic
energy independence a strong enough incentive for officials like
Thompson to let a long-haired radical like Ben Masel say "I told
you so"?
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From: machman@hardy.u.washington.edu (The Machman)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: The WO[S]D and State Fair Hypocrisy
Date: 30 Aug 1993 21:27:54 GMT
Message-ID: <25trcq$7s9@news.u.washington.edu>
Yesterday I went to the Evergreen State Fair in Monroe, Washington.
So all over the place there's DARE shit, "DARE to keep kids off drugs"
signs on trailers and walls and t-shirts and buttons, and a big booth
with fancy items for sale and plenty of "drugs are evil" propaganda,
plus a couple cops in various shiny uniforms.
And maybe not a hundred yards away are a couple youthful Marlboro
representatives with boxes of matches and cigarette lighters, handing
them out to folks who give the right answer to "are you a smoker?"
(To which I replied, "no, but it's never too late to start, huh?")
There was a crowd of girls hanging around, filling out some kind of
survey forms for the Marlboro people. I don't say women because I don't
think they were women, I think these girls were maybe sixteen or so.
Nobody else seemed disturbed by this obvious dichotomy.
It really pissed me off.
== == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == ==
That's not even to mention one of the brochures available at the DARE
booth: "Facts About Marijuana," published by noted drug awareness authority
the Lions Club. In its entirety:
FACTS ABOUT MARIJUANA
Marijuana: Drug of Deception
Marijuana is made from the leaves, small stems, and flowering tops of
the Cannabis sativa plant.
Marijuana, also called pot, grass, weed, is usually smoked in a loosely-
rolled joint or in a pipe. It has a sweet, lingering odor.
Marijuana causes the user to experience a feeling of well-being---of
detachment from ordinary circumstances. This "high" is usually followed
by feelings of depression.
Marijuana is not just one substance; it contains more than 400 chemicals.
The most widely known compund in this group is commonly called THC (delta-
9-tetra-hydro-cannabinol).
THC is the primary mind-altering ingredient in marijuana.
A portion of THC is absorbed into fatty tissue in the brain and repro-
ductive organs, and in most other organs as well.
It takes the body at least 30 days to eliminate all effects of smoking
one marijuana joint.
Marijuana is up to ten times more potent today than that which was produced
in the 1960s.
Some experts previously thought Marijuana to be harmless. It is now known
that the reasons users can stop smoking without feeling severe withdrawal
symptoms is because of the body's storage of THC. [!! huh? indeed.]
Effects of Marijuana on the body
* Marijuana reduces brain energy, impairing the users' ability to remember,
feel, think, anticipate, and predict.
* Because THC is stored in fatty tissues and works like a time-release
capsule, regular marijuana smoking produces a constant state of sedation.
* Since THC remains in the center of motivation of the brain, it weakens
the users' ability to live drug-free.
* The lungs of marijuana smokers are highly susceptible to emphysema and
bronchitis.
* Research shows that marijuana contains cancer-causing agents.
* Marijuana impairs normal sexual development in both males and females.
* Heartbeat rate increses by as much as 50% through marijuana use. Results
are chest pains, and possible heart disease.
* Regular use causes a decrease in the blood supply to the heart, and
siminishes white cell production.
* The body adjusts to regular use, making it essential to increase the
amount used in order to achieve a "high".
* Continual marijuana use deteriorates the body's immune system.
Symptoms of Marijuana use
* Marked change in behavior patterns
* Carelessness about personal appearance
* Lack of motivation
* Reduction of short-term memory
* Excessive irritability
* Red eyes and fatigue
* Abrupt mood changes/outbursts of anger
* Less concern for the feelings of others
* Bouts of depression/paranoia
* Inability to react quickly/decreased coordination
* Inability to get along with family/co-workers/peers
* Loss of weight
* Sleeplessness [to go with the fatigue I suppose]
* Short concentration-span
* Highly susceptible to common infections
* Expressionless speech/blank stares
* Faulty perception (cannot accurately judge distances, speed or time)
* Decreased academic or work performance
Marijuana connection
Some researchers have found a direct link between increased marijuana
use, and
--juvenile and young adult crime such as theft
--truancy and school drop-out rate
--psychiatric referrals of adolescents and young adults
--cases of teenage chronic organic brain syndrome (burnout)
[chronic organic brain syndrome ?!?]
Lions Drug Awareness Program
Since its inception in 1984, the Lions Drug Awareness Program has
emphasized prevention through education. Lions are working together to
join families, educators, and other key leaders in a concentrated effort
to create drug-free communities.
Lions' primary focus is Lions-Quest "Skills for Adolescence," and Lions-
Quest "Skills for Growing." These positive prevention curricula span
Kindergarten through eighth grade, and are helping young people choose
healthy lifestyles.
For full details contact
Lions Club International
Special Research and Development Department
300 22nd Street
Oak Brook, IL 60521-8842
Telephone: 708/571-5466
== == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == ==
While some of these "facts" are only partial truths, many of them are
absolute fabrications. Unfortunately, they're a perfect example of those
to which middle-America as represented by State Fair attendees is exposed
(along with all the ridiculous PDFA ads on TV) on a regular basis.
Countering the Propaganda Machine is going to take a lot of persistent
work on the part of all of us who agree that "Drug Awareness" programs
like this one are misguided at best.
-- dave
--
/''' The Machman machman@u.washington.edu david c carroll
c-OO
\ "Big Science. Hallelujah"
-
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs.psychedelics
This is a revised, detailed account of something some of you may have
read before. Let me know if any of it hits home in your experience.
Feel free to distribute/publish whatever, as long as it is left intact.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
the following words are as true as any I am capable of writing. The reader
will take caution to remember that these are still metaphors, a pale
gloss on what really occurred.
With that in mind, here is the greatest true story I can muster:
After reading the ARCHAIC REVIVAL, I was immediately impressed by Terrence
McKenna and his incredible ideas, which to me rang so true. I
rapidly sought out his other works, and THE INVISIBLE LANDSCAPE struck
me as the most important. For those who have not read it, it is a
description of an incredible "transcendental errand" performed by
Terrence and his brother Dennis. The book also attempts to explain, in
readable language, the mechanics behind their transdimensional doings.
The basic premise of the experiment was that the brain is really a sort
of tuning device capable of focusing on any information anywhere in the
holographic universe. Certain molecular vibrations (namely psilocybin
when combined with mao-inhibitors) allow the brain to discover
information which is normally masked. Read this book, my description is
woefully inadequate. Anyhow, I was interested enough to naively dabble in
these realms myself.
The McKenna experiment involved high doses of fresh, Amazonian specimens
of Stropharia cubensis and an ayahuasca preparation. I decided not to
deal with any MAO-inhibitors, but I did have a supply of nice Psilocybe
cyanescens, which is by weight more potent than the common
cubensis. I ate six grams of dried cyanescens. The setting was a dark
house on the Chesapeake Bay, in the middle of a February snowstorm.
The fire cackled as I awaited results. Within minutes of ingesting the
mushrooms, I felt the first intimations of what was to come, huge waves
of psychedelic energy manifesting themselves as "wind" flowing through my
body. I vomited violently, and retreated to the nearly pitch-black bedroom
to lie down. My companion in the experiment claimed "I'm scared!" and my
own teeth started to vibrate horribly, in conjunction with the "wind"
described above. A horrendous, joyous, and absolutely unbelievable set of
events followed.
The following events (to paraphrase FB Lamb in WIZARD OF THE UPPER
AMAZON) are metaphor, it has taken me about 2 years to produce this
reconstruction of what occurred on that fateful eve.
I thought I was dead. I knew I had done it to myself, but could not
for the life of me remember what I had taken, why I was dead, or how it
happened. I simply knew that I had done it, and I was somehow in a
galactic prison, or a purgatory perhaps. The visions were plentiful, yet
solemn. At this point they were mostly in black and white. I could feel
my ego being physically crushed, just like a can still full of liquid.
As the pressure increased, the contents pushed "outward". Eventually
this culminated in some sort of squashed feeling which I can only relate to
the poor 2-D creatures of the sci-fi classic FLATLAND. I spent some time
in this suffering, progressively more terrifying state.
Eventually an entity came and delivered me unbidden personal
attention. I was quite relieved to see another creature, for I suspected
I was one myself (although not sure). At first I was captivated by its fluid
motions and methodical actions. It was moving in rythyms, doing a dance
of sorts. Eventually it occurred to me that the "dance" it was doing
involved horrifying probes of my own form, and that it was moving faster
than I could comprehend while doing so. I was paralyzed. I wasn't sure
if I had a body or not, but this thing was doing something to ME, which
was still intact. As I concentrated more and more upon its "physical"
form (which is a term I use as loosely as possible), it occurred to me
that it looked somewhat familiar. Not anything I had ever seen, but
close. It was a giant preying mantis, although it had mental appendages
and cartoon details about it. It also looked more squat than the
terrestrial version of the insect, shorter and more robust. Its many
arms worked up and down my existence, probing and testing every bit. It
seemed to put no effort into comforting me, yet it did through some sort
of telepathy imply that it would be easier for both of us if I stopped
struggling. Eventually I did, and it left.
I lost almost all physical awareness, and felt my mind drifting
through something resembling outer space. I saw stars, celestial bodies, etc,
but was not sure if they were as such, or molecules. The difference
seemed irrelevent at that point. I knew I had a brain, and a pair of
lungs. I thought that was all. Imagining myself, I saw the brain
connected to the lungs behind it, and realized that these two organs in
this array must have influenced the design of that dreaded spaceship ""The
ENTERPRISE". As I charted the cosmos, I became aware that through a bit
of imagining, or some similar process, I could arrange them to my own
satisfaction. I found that different arrangements produced different
mental states, some I had known while others were wildly strange. Upon
reflection, the impression that I had was that I was re-arranging
molecules which were fundamental in neuro-transmitting tasks. One
arrangement of the "stars" felt similar to LSD, one to 2CB, and so forth.
I was not aware of this at the time, however. I simply moved the stars
according to whim, and felt pleased with the immediate physical results.
I'm not sure if it was intentional or not, but I eventually slipped
into another "room". This was the typical round room deep psychedelics take
me to. However, this time it was much larger than normal. Around the
perimeter flowed the forms of creatures who looked more like cartoon
drawings of dogs than anything else. They seemed Mayan, in as far as
they all had dragging tongues and eyes which looked only backwards.
They seemed to give me a grinning, sarcastic sneer as they drifted past me.
Meanwhile, in the middle of the "sphere", I had other entities to deal
with. I cannot come up with any words to describe most of them,
although the frivolous doodles which cover the margins of my school
lecture notes come closer than anything at approximating their forms. The
only clear example I can present is one interesting specimen: I saw a
Mexican man, dressed in traditional Huichole garb, kneeling and vomiting
on himself. He looked up at me with a knowing glance, and continued his
vomiting. I wondered later if I really met him or not. I also wondered
what entheogen or technique took us to the same place. It occurred to me
a month or so later to wonder if he had seen a college honkey, stoned to
the gills on mushrooms, floating through his own sacred space.
I finally relaxed, enjoying the inevitability of it all. instantly,
flowers looking like opium poppies surrounded me and the "machine-elves" of
DMT fame came to visit. They assured me that I was safe, and really a
nice guy to boot. In their high pitched collective voice, they sang a song
revealing to me not only my own nature, but that of all creatures as well.
They assured me that my DNA was not only similar to their own, but part of
as well as *encompassing* their own "code". They stressed the
simultaneousness of this seemingly contradictory statement. I started
to laugh out loud, mostly at the absurdity of it all. My laughing became
uncontrollable. It should be added that at this point I was so immersed that
it did not matter if my eyes were open or closed. However, this laughing
was the first event in what seemed like months which reminded me of my
personal form and body. And I laughed... I could not stop!
The laughing at one point "locked on" to a particular vocal
frequency, and I could not get it to budge. Indeed, I was aware that I
was releasing a monotonal hum. Even breathing did not seem to interfere
with its clarity. I found it satisfying, and started to explore. By
going with the sound, instead of trying to stop it, it grew louder and
louder. Eventually it culminated in what McKenna correctly describes as
a metallic buzzing sound. Very much like the sound of a cicada, but with
many other elements added. I did feel as a bug making the sound, and I
had an intuitive understanding of metamorphosis. As this sound
continued, I noticed it was affecting my visions. Before, the
elves were rapidly and almost violently competing for my attention, each
trying to show me a better toy than the last. But this incredible sound
caused them to order themselves into intricate yet subtle patterns of
the greatest coherency. By slightly altering the pitch of the growl, or
modulating it, the patterns changed. After some time, I could actually
sculpt three dimensional objects. I did not attempt to make a chair, or
a dog, or anything like that, but rather sculptures of pure light and
revolving spheres, towers of emerald surrounded by throbbing orbs of
sound and love. These were the toys I presented back to the
machine-elves. This ability continued for what I would (with no way of
ever knowing) say was roughly a half hour. This was the most satisfying,
absurd, and enjoyable feeling I have ever had in my life. All
frustrations associated with inability to express myself were flattened.
It was as if I were vomiting my soul right into the air, where it loved
to dance and play.
So now I am left with a ridiculous set of goals in life. I have done
this again with another person who claimed the ability, and indeed the
visions are seen by both parties. Like mental sex of untold richness.
The possibilities of this "language" with no danger of misinterpretation
are so staggering I can't conceive of pursuing any other future for us
monkies. To my amazement, and despite my wide sampling of the
psychedelic community across the U.S., this phenomenon is almost
unknown. I don't know what triggers it, only that if I eat enough
mushrooms it will come. Strangely, I have not been able to have much
success with the vocalizations on DMT, where this supposedly manifests
itself more readily.
There you have it.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/atomic.str
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Message-ID: <070313Z08071994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an58264@anon.penet.fi (Dalamar)
Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 06:59:04 UTC
Subject: CHEMISTRY: Atomic Structure
The Structure of the Atom
_________________________
To obtain a model for the atom we must first examine the three basic types of
'building-blocks' from which atoms are constructed. These 'building-blocks' are
known as the proton, neutron and the electron. You will sometimes see these
referred to as 'subatomic particles'. Each of these particles has different
properties and plays a different role in an atom. Protons are positively
charged, each carrying a charge of +1. Neutrons, as the name might suggest, are
electrically neutral particles of about the same mass as a proton. Electrons are
negatively charged, each carries a charge of -1, exactly opposite and equal to
that on a proton. However, electrons are tiny when compared to the proton or
neutron - electrons have around 1/1836 the mass of a proton. This information is
presented in the table below. Mass is measured in atomic mass units, where 1
amu is equivalent to the mass of a proton or neutron.
Particle Charge Mass Symbol
_________________________________________________
Proton +1 1 amu p
Neutron 0 1 amu n
Electron -1 1/1836 amu e
_________________________________________________
It has been determined that in an atom the protons and neutrons bind together
to form a nucleus around which the electrons orbit. It is easy to see why this
model of the atom has been likened to a minature solar system. The nucleus of
the atom is the 'sun' and the electrons are the small orbiting 'planets'.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the _atomic number_.
The atomic number of an atom tells us which element it is from. For example an
atomic number of 3 tells us we are looking at a lithium atom and an atomic
number of 9 tells us we are looking at a fluorine atom. Atoms, when taken as a
whole, are electrically neutral. This means that the number of protons in the
nucleus must be matched by an equal number of orbiting electrons. Any excess or
deficiency in the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus, compared to the
number of protons in the nucleus, gives an overall charge imbalance. This
imbalance will be -1 extra for each surplus electron supplied above the number
of protons. If we add two electrons to a neutral atom it will acquire a net
charge of -2. If electrons are stripped away from a neutral atom we are left
with an excess in the number of protons over the number of electrons. As each
proton carries a +1 charge, each electron deficiency gives a +1 extra charge on
the atom. If we take three electrons away from a neutral atom it
acquires a net charge of +3. These charged atoms are known as _ions_.
Positive ions are known as _cations_ and negative ions are known as _anions_.
Before moving on a few examples will help to illustrate these ideas.
If possible find a copy of the periodic table of the elements. The elements in
the table are listed in order of increasing atomic number from left to right.
The horizontal rows are also known as _periods_. Each element in a period has
one more proton in its nucleus than the element to its immediate left. When
the far right end of a period is reached the addition of the next proton moves
us back to the left and one row down. The vertical columns of the table are
known as _groups_. Elements which make up groups are found to have very
similair properties to each other and this is not just mere coincidence, it
has its reasons rooted in something we shall go on to consider - the way in
which an atoms electrons are positioned around its nucleus.
Find fluorine in the periodic table, symbol F. In the box which details this
element will be its symbol, atomic number and _mass number_. The _mass number_
is the total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus, or the total number
of _nucleons_, a term which collectively refers to both protons and neutrons.
Sometimes these two numbers appear as superscript and subscript to the left of
the elements symbol. The superscript is the _mass number_, the total number
of protons plus neutrons. The subscript is the _atomic number_, the total number
of protons alone. For fluorine these values are 9 and 19. Now we have all the
information we need to formulate a picture of a fluorine atom. In the nucleus,
as indicated by the atomic number, are 9 protons. The mass number 19 tells us
that the total number of nucleons is 19, so the number of neutrons must be
(19 - 9) = 10 neutrons. Atoms are electrically neutral, therefore to balance
the +9 charge which the 9 protons introduce, there must be 9 orbiting electrons
giving a cancelling charge of -9. The electrons are held in orbit by the
electrostatic attractive force they feel from the positively charged nucleus.
Remember that charges of the opposite sign _attract_ one another, whilst
charges of the _same_ sign repel. If we now add an electron to the fluorine
atom the total number of electrons becomes 10, one more than the number of
protons in the F nucleus. This extra electron brings with it a -1 charge which
has no cancelling +1 proton in the nucleus. The fluorine 'atom' now carries a
net negative charge of -1. We no longer have a fluorine 'atom', but a
_fluoride ion_, in this case an _anion_ because it is negatively charged.
A diagram will illustrate these points further.
Mass number = 19 FFFFFFFF
F
FFFF
F
F
Atomic number = 9 F
x x x x In these diagrams the F
x x x represents the nucleus
x F x x x F x with its 9 protons and
x x x 10 neutrons. Each x
x x x x represents an orbiting
electron.
A fluorine atom A fluoride ion
Electrically neutral Net charge of -1
Isotopes
________
The protons and neutrons (nucleons) of an atom are held tightly bound together
by a force known as the _strong nuclear force_. This force is extremely strong
and is required to overcome the repulsive forces that the protons exert on one
another due to their close proximity. Remember that the closer you try and bring
charges of opposite sign together, the greater is the replusive force they exert
on each other - much like trying to put the north pole ends of two magnets
together. To alleviate some of this repulsion is the function of the neutrons.
The neutrons act by 'diluting' the concentration of positive charge in the
nucleus by forcing the protons to be on average further apart. As the atomic
number rises, so do the repulsive forces present in the nucleus, with the result
that more neutrons are needed to 'dilute' the charge concentration.
Some elements display varying numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of their atoms.
For example, an atom of hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus and no neutrons.
But what if we introduce a neutron to the nucleus ? Remember, it is the number
of protons which determines which element we have, not the number of neutrons.
So what is this new atom we have created which has one proton, one neutron and
one orbiting electron ? The new atom is known as an _isotope_ of hydrogen.
Isotopes are elements with identical numbers of protons but differing numbers
of neutrons in their nuclei. In the case of hydrogen the isotope with the
1 neutron is known as _deuterium_. There also exists a hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 2 neutrons, known as _tritium_. However, in the case of hydrogen,
the fraction of deuterium atoms in any given sample is miniscule compared with
the number of 'normal' hydrogen atoms. We say that the natural abundance of
deuterium is small compared with the natural abundance of hydrogen.
If you look at the mass numbers for the elements you will see that alot of them
are _not_ whole number values. This is due to the presence of isotopes. The
number indicated as the mass number is an average of the isotopic masses
weighted for natural abundance. For example, chlorine exists as a mixture of
Cl-35 and Cl-37. When these mass numbers are averaged, taking into account the
percentage of each isotope present in a sample, the mass number comes out as
35.45. Because they are the same element, isotopes are identical in terms of
chemical reactivity, hence we never notice that chlorine is a mixture of 2
isotopes.
Electron Energy Levels
______________________
So far you have seen that the atom consists of the proton, the neutron and
the electron. The protons and neutrons together form the nucleus of the atom,
around which orbit the electrons. The number of electrons must exactly match
the number of protons in order for overall electrical neutrality to be achieved.
The function of the neutrons is to stabilise the nucleus by diluting the
repulsive forces of the protons and that elements whose atoms can have differing
numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes.
When we come to examine the arrangement of the electrons around the nucleus a
distinct pattern emerges. It is found that the electrons occupy 'shells' which
are of well defined energy and distance from the nucleus. Electrons occupying
different shells are of different energies and distances from the nucleus.
The number of electrons a shell can hold is fixed and this number cannot be
exceeded. The first shell filled is the K shell, which can hold a maximum of
two electrons. The K shell is also the closest to the nucleus, which means
that electrons in it will be the most tightly held. When the K shell has been
filled by 2 electrons the next shell to fill is the L shell. The L shell is
capable of holding _eight_ electrons before it becomes full. The electrons in
the L shell are further away from the nucleus than those in the K shell, so are
not held so tightly by the attractive force from the nucleus. To build up a
picture of the occupancy of these shells in an atom whose atomic number we
know we use the following rules.
1. The shells are filled in order from lowest energy (closest to nucleus) to
higher energy (further from nucleus).
2. The current shell _must_ be completely filled before moving on to fill the
next one of higher energy.
When this is done the atom is said to be in its _ground state_, the atom is
at a minimum of energy, all electrons occupy the lowest energy levels available.
The number of electrons in each shell can be indicated by listing the shells in
order of increasing energy, together with the number of electrons in that shell.
Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus, so it must also have only one electron.
This single electron must occupy the shell of lowest energy - the one nearest
the nucleus - and this is the K shell. This may be written as K1, indicating
the lone occupancy of the K shell. The next element, helium, has an atomic
number of 2 indicating 2 protons in its nucleus. This is matched by 2 orbiting
electrons. Following our rules we must place _both_ of these electrons in the
K shell, which is then full. The electronic configuration of helium is therefore
K2. With the third element, lithium, we begin the filling of the L shell which
is capable of holding 8 electrons. The start of the new shell can be noticed in
the periodic table, where we jump from helium on the far right, to lithium on
the far left. If you count all the elements in the Li row, including Li, you
will see that there are 8, the same as the number of electrons the L shell may
hold before becoming full. The electronic configuration of Li, atomic number
three, is therefore K2 L1. The L shell will continue to fill as we traverse the
row, until we reach the element with the configuration K2 L8 (neon). Neon, like
helium, has a _full_ outer shell of electrons. It is the electrons in the
outermost shell of an atom which is responsible for the elements chemical
reactivity. The next shell to fill is the M shell which is capable of holding
18 electrons before becoming full. The element after neon, sodium, with atomic
number 11, therefore has the electronic configuration K2 L8 M1. Sodium, like
lithium, has only one electron in its outermost shell. Also, both sodium and
lithium are, like the rest of the group, soft metals with similar reactivity.
If you were to sit down and work out the electronic configurations of all the
group I metals (Li, Na, K etc) you would see that they all have one electron
in the outermost shell of their neutral atoms. It is this similarity in
electronic structure which causes the similarity in properties in the group I
metals and for other groups in the periodic table as well.
If you were to work out the electronic configurations for the atoms of the noble
gases (He, Ne, Ar etc), you would see that they all have their outermost shells
completely full. The noble gases are also extremely unreactive. This can be
attributed to the full outer shell of electrons, which provides stability and
unreactivity. This idea of a full outer shell of electrons providing stability
can be used as a powerful rationalising tool when discussing bonding between
atoms, where an atom will strive to acquire a full outer shell, either by the
gaining of electrons, loss of electrons or the sharing of electrons. I shall
cover bonding theory in another file, but first we need to look at a few more
of the properties of atoms which will aid us in predicting reactivity.
* * *
* *
* * C * * * Ne *
* *
* * *
Carbon K2 L4 Neon K2 L8
Ionisation Energy
_________________
The first ionisation energy of an atom is the amount of energy required to
remove one electron from the outermost shell to an infinite distance.
This may be represented by the equation :
E ========> E(+) + e(-)
Note that the total charge on either side of any equation is always equal, in
this particular case both sides are neutral (the positive charge on the cation
balances the negative charge of the electron).
The second ionisation energy is the energy required to remove a second electron
from the now unipositive ion. This process may be represented by the equation :
E(+) ========> E(2+) + e(-)
Again, the charges on each side of the equation balance, in this case there is
a plus one charge on each side (the -1 charge on the single electron cancels one
of the two positive charges on E(2+) leaving a net +1.
Removing electrons from an atom requires us to do work, that is we must supply
sufficient energy in order to overcome the attractive force between nucleus and
electron. As we have already seen, the electrons occupy shells which are of
varying distance from the nucleus. Consequently electrons in different shells
experience different attractive forces from the nucleus and they will therefore
differ in the amount of energy needed to remove them. Remember, the closer the
electrons are to the nucleus, the harder it will be to remove them.
If we examine the first ionisation energy as a function of atomic number a
regular pattern emerges.
1. Across a period there is a steady _increase_ in first ionisation energy,
which peaks at each noble gas.
2. Down a group the first ionisation energy markedly _decreases_ from element to
element.
The increase in I.E. across a period is due to the increasing nuclear charge
exerting a greater force on the orbiting electrons. Across a period the
electrons are being fed into the same shell, so they are all no further away
from the nucleus. However, the nuclear charge is _increasing_ and this naturally
has the effect of binding those electrons more tightly. This then leads to the
increase in I.E. which is observed in crossing a period.
Based on the argument of increasing nuclear charge you may have expected the
I.E. to increase down a group too, as each group member has more protons in its
nucleus than the one above it. This, you would reason, would cause an increase
in the attractive forces those outer electrons are going to feel and hence a
rise in I.E. However, we are forgetting that for each successive group member
the outermost electrons are in shells which are progressively further from the
nucleus. This increase in electron to nucleus distance produces a drop in the
attractive force which outweighs the increase in atomic number. The result is
a decrease in I.E. on descending any group.
From the above discussion it should now be clear that the elements with the
highest ionisation energies are those to the top and right of the periodic
table (eg O, F, Ne, Cl). These elements have ionisation energies in excess of
15 eV. The elements with the lowest I.E.s are those to the left and bottom of
the periodic table (eg Cs, Fr,). These elements have I.E.s around or below
below 5 eV. Knowing the exact figures isn't important as long as you have an
idea of the trends. Knowledge of an elements I.E. can allow us to predict, for
example, whether that element will be an oxidising or reducing agent. As an
example of how I.E.s differ down a group here are the first and second I.E.s of
the group I metals.
Metal First I.E. Second I.E.
Li 520 7296 The measurements here are in
kilo-joules per mole. The mole
Na 496 4563 is a unit of measurement of
substance.
K 419 3069
Rb 403 2650
Cs 375 2420
For sodium the first I.E. is 496 kJ/mol, this represents the amount of energy
required to remove the single M electron to leave the Na+ cation (K2 L8).
The amount of energy required to remove the second electron is huge compared
with the first - 4563 kJ/mol. There are two reasons for this.
1. The second electron is being removed from a _full_ orbital shell which
contains electrons closer to the nucleus than the original single M
electron already removed ie the process is K2 L8 ====> K2 L7 in which
we are breaking into a _full shell_ in which the electrons are closer
to the nucleus.
2. The second electron is being removed from an already positively charged
cation, with the result that we need to do more work in order to overcome
this extra attractive force.
Na ========> Na(+) + e(-) requires _less_ energy than :
Na(+) ========> Na(2+) + e(-)
Size of Atoms and Ions
______________________
Across a period in the periodic table, electrons are being fed into the
same shell, so you may have expected no change in atomic size as we cross
the period. However, in traversing the period we introduce more and more
positive nuclear charge, with the result that the electrons being fed into the
current shell feel the pull of the nucleus more strongly, thus there is a
contraction in atomic size. Down groups there is an _increase_ in atomic size
as, going from one element to the next in the group, the outermost electrons
are in shells progressively further from the nucleus.
Anions (negative ions) are always larger than their parent atoms. The reason
being that the addition of an electron to the atom will cause an increase in the
replusive field that the orbiting electrons mutually feel. This increase causes
the electrons to spread out more in space thus increasing the size of the ion in
comparison to the size of the atom.
Cations (positive ions) are always smaller than their parent atoms. A loss of
one or more electrons causes a reduction in the repulsive forces between the
electrons and thus an overall contraction in radius. Also, the electrons which
are lost may totally empty the outer shell, which will naturally lead to a
reduction in radius as the next inner shell is closer to the nucleus. A sodium
atom, for example, has the electronic configuration K2 L8 M1. Loss of a single
electron gives a sodium ion, Na+, which has the stable noble gas electronic
configuration of neon, K2 L8. The loss of the single electron from the M shell
gives a natural reduction to the radius of the cation vs atom, as the outermost
electrons are now in the L shell and not the M shell. In addition, the ratio of
positive charges on the nucleus to the number of orbital electrons is increased.
Thus the effective nuclear charge is increased and the electrons are pulled in.
The greater the charge on the cation, the smaller it becomes.
For Sodium:
Atomic Radius Na (K2 L8 M1) = 1.57 Angstroms 1 angstrom =
Ionic Radius Na+ (K2 L8) = 0.98 Angstroms 0.0000000001 metres
Electronegativity
_________________
The electronegativity of an atom is a measure of its ability to attract
electrons to itself when the atom is bonded to others as part of a compound.
An atoms ability to attract electrons to itself depends greatly upon its size.
Generally, the smaller the atom, the greater is its electronegativity ie the
better is its ability to attract electrons. We have already seen that across
a period there is a decrease in atomic size which corresponds to increasing
nuclear charge. Down groups in the table there is a marked increase in size
as the outermost electrons are in orbital shells progressively further from the
nucleus. These trends indicate that across periods there is an _increase_ in
electronegativity and down groups there is a _decrease_ in electronegativity.
Therefore the most electronegative elements are to be found at the top right
of the periodic table (N, O, F, Cl) and the least electronegative are at the
bottom left (Rb, Cs).
The electronegativities of the elements can be placed on a scale of 0-4, with
fluorine, the most electronegative element, assigned the value of 4. The
following partial periodic table lists some electronegativity values.
__________________________________________________________________________
H (2.1)
__________________________________________________________________________
Li (1.0) Be (1.5) B (2.0) C (2.5) N (3.0) O (3.5) F (4.0)
__________________________________________________________________________
Na (0.9) Cl (3.0)
__________________________________________________________________________
K (0.8) Br (2.8)
__________________________________________________________________________
Rb (0.8) I (2.5)
__________________________________________________________________________
Cs (0.7)
__________________________________________________________________________
This particular scale is known as the Pauling scale after its inventor.
Atoms whose electronegativity falls below the 2.1 mark compete poorly for
electrons, in fact these elements are sometimes referred to as electropositive
because they have very little pulling power. They also happen to be the elements
with low ionisation energy. The lower the value of EN below 2.1 the more
electropositive the element will be, so that Cs, with an EN value of around
0.7 is very electropositive indeed (has very low ionisation energy and competes
poorly for electrons when it is part of a compound).
Electronegativity is a useful concept for chemists. For example, the difference
in electronegativity between two bonding atoms can be used to predict whether
that bond will be predominantly _ionic_ or _covalent_. If you do not understand
what is meant by these two terms then don't worry - I shall cover them in the
next file : Bonding and Structure.
Dalamar.
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bad-trip-at-school
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X-Personal_name: Fee
Subject: Bad bad bad!!!
...ummmm...i had a reallly bad experience....i ate two hits of orange
sunshine (the orange sunshine going around north carolina in the spring
of '94)...i was off in my own world...oh.. did i mention i was still in
high school at that time and i was in fact IN school?....anys, i had a
very deep conversation with a computer concerning chemistry
formulas...out loud...then i had a jazz band rehearsal...we were playing
a beautiful rendition of billy joel's "tell her about it"...i was
playing the hell out of a set of bongos...suddenly, jd (a guitar player)
hit a bad note...it was all downhill from there...i ran into a back
room...which was a mistake...because it began to shrink in on me...little
mushroom men from super mario brothers with evil smiles and big teeth
began to taunt me...among the highlights of my fourteen hours in hell
was watching the flesh burn off my hand (it didn't really..it just
seemed like it was)...being strangled by the seatbelt which was now a
snake...being convinced that a white schoolbus from charlotte latin was
stalking me in an attempt to kill me...and watching myself burn in hell
for all eternity several times...needless to say, i eased up on dosing
for awhile...actually a year and a half...during which time i awoke
regularly from horrific nightmares during the night....but now it's all
good.....viva la LSD!!!!
-Fee
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bad-trip-death
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Long ago and far away...
At approximately noon I injested roughly 5 hits of acid of indeterminate
quality and origin. I was used to that sort of dose, in fact I was used to
far more, although I had had none of this particular batch. After around
45 minutes, I began to feel it. Arriving at a friends house around 1:30 I
was offered a hit of mescaline,, I accepted it without a thought.
For the next few hours, everything was fine if a bit intense, but it was
nothing I could not handle. Around 4:00 one of the people I was with, who
had taken about the same dosage and combination started showing signs of
being unstable and went for a drive with a non-tripping friend. At this
point the seeds of paranoia began to sprout, if he was having problems-I
could too. Maybe the acid or mescaline was "BAD"...
About 5:00 the phone rings, it is the non-tripping friend. The other
fellow has collapsed, and paramedics are attempting to revive him. It
comes over the phone that he is dead. At this point my already tenuous
grip on reality shatters. I know that I to will die. My mind is strangely
calm and resigned, but my body went berserk. I can renenber vividly what I
thought, but only know what I did from the comments of others present.
Among the acts I attempted or committed were: Urinating on someones foot.
Attempting to dive into an empty swimming pool (I saw it as full), calling
my girlfriend's parents and hysterically telling them that all of the
women in the world were going to die from toxic chemicals in the water
(Dan Rather told me this on the TV) and bursting into a stranger's
apartment completely nude (somehow, my friends convinced them that I was
drunk.
After being corraled back to the apartment, I apparently beat my head
against the wall and promptly passed out. What happened next was an
experience the fundamentally changed my perception of reality.
I found myself on top of the apartment building I was in. I *Knew* that I
was not in my physical body. Inexplicably I dove off - headfirst into the
concrete parking lot below. Upon hitting the concrete a symbol flashed in
my consciousness, it looked much like an inverted Mercedes Benz logo made
of bone. I found myself
in a place that is very difficult to describe, it was decidedly physical,
yet I had no body. It was as if I was crushed between two giant planes.
Completely liquified,pulped, a bloody mush, yet still in possession of a
sense of touch. It hurt. I heard a deafening, piercing siren. I tasted a
bitter, metallic, blodlike taste.
I can't say how long this lasted, but I was unconscious for over an hour.
When I came to, I had a terrible headache, but I was back. Incidently, my
friend was revived. He was technically dead for a while, but came back.
Unfortunately he doesn't remember a thing.
In retrospect, I see the allegory in some of my extreme behavior
(especially the girlfriend part). And I've come to understand the grinding
planes as the opposing forces of the acid and mescaline on my fragile
psyche. I just wanted to share this and see if anyone had had any similar
experiences.
Thanks for reading,
NICK
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/badtrip.txt
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NORML's Bad Trip
Last December some 200 defense lawyers gathered at the Holiday Inn in Key
West, Florida, to learn how to help the other side in the War on Drugs.
They discussed the best legal strategies to defend cocaine smugglers and
distributors: how to spot a juror with a soft spot for drug smugglers, how
to combat the government's use of informants to crack dealer networks, and
how to make narcotics agents look silly on the witness stand.
For $475, lawyers enrolled in workshops and hobnobbed with the conference's
guest speakers, including several of the biggest drug lawyers in the
country. There was Albert Kreiger, the Miami-based defense attorney for
reputed mobster Joe Bonnano and Carlos Madrid Palacios, alleged security man
for Jorge Ochoa, who once was the world's fourth largest cocaine dealer. (A
state's witness in the Ochoa case was murdered last February). There was
Howard Weitzman, who has since received a mansion as payment for his
successful defense of John Z. DeLorean. Michael Stepanian, lawyer to many
coke dealers and celebrity drug offenders including the Grateful Dead, also
spoke, this time more subdued than he was the year before when he called
U.S. Attorneys "young scumheads' and judges "disgusting pieces of shit.'
This conference on "The Cutting Edge of Criminal Defense' was sponsored by
the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML).
Remember them? They gained attention in the early 1970s by nobly defending
high school kids about to spend ten years in the penitentiary for lighting
up a joint. They were the respectable pro-drug group, with supporters like
Julian Bond, former attorney general Ramsey Clark, Senator Jacob Javits, Dr.
Benjamin Spock and Bishop Walter Dennis of the Diocese of New York. They
are also the group that scoffed when government authorities warned
youngsters that marijuana would lead to "harder stuff.'
In their own case, it did lead to harder stuff. One-third of NORML's budget
now comes from these conferences that are geared toward helping lawyers
defend mid-level mobsters. Drug defense is a high-stakes subspecialty of
the law these days, and drug lawyers profit hugely from the illegality of
cocaine. The lawyers attending NORML conferences discuss defenses for users
of small amounts of marijuana, too, but the big money and interest is not in
the ex-hippie who grows pot in his backyard, but the
automatic-weapon-carrying hoodlums of Bolivia and Colombia who dust our
urban ghettos and discotheques with cocaine.
Why do NORML lawyers go to bat for large-scale drug traffickers? "Oh, the
excitement of being in the big leagues is the interest,' says Peter Meyers,
who ran NORML's legal program in the 1970s. "And the money. And the power
of being able to fuck with the government. If you're an achiever, those are
the things you're after.'
In the realm of the senses
Back in the early 1970s, when teenagers were getting several-year sentences
for possessing a marijuana cigarette, a young lawyer from southern Illinois
named Keith Stroup decided to act upon his belief that grass wasn't so bad.
Stroup founded NORML, and started telling people how dumb it was to send
young pot smokers to jail. One of the people he told was Hugh Hefner at
Playboy, who believed that marijuana had put him in touch with "the realm of
the senses.' Hef had discovered a whole new dimension to sex through pot.
So he helped launch the group with a $5,000 donation in 1971 and continued
giving from $40,000 to $100,000 annually for nearly ten years. Stroup hired
a small staff, leased a Washington office, set up a legal committee with the
help of former Attorney General Ramsey Clark and three other prominent
attorneys and started getting publicity for right-to-privacy cases. NORML
was also paving new ground by promoting studies that said marijuana didn't
cause all the problems of the 1960s.
In 1975, NORML lawyers got a model ruling from the Supreme Court of Alaska
which gave adults the right to possess and cultivate marijuana for personal
use in the privacy of their homes. In 1977 they helped defend,
unsuccessfully, Brian Kincaid, 21, a decorated Vietnam veteran who was
arrested for possession at the University of Idaho and spent several months
in jail. NORML's most publicized case campe up in 1976, when 19-year-old
Jerry Mitchell of West Plains, Missouri, was sentenced to 12 years for
selling an agent one-third of an ounce of marijuana for five dollars, and
assisting in the sale of a pound of pot. Keith Stroup and Michael Stepanian
got the sentence reduced to seven years, not much of a victory for Mitchell,
but a great publicity boon for NORML. "In the early days, our suits were
successful even when we lost because by using the media, we were able to
bring in expert witnesses, and educate judges on how marijuana was really
not that dangerous,' says Peter Meyers.
NORML's income grew from $87,000 in 1972 to $450,000 in 1978. Members paid
$70,000 in dues annually. Ads in High Times magazine also brought in money.
A few liberal philanthropists came into the fold; Stewart Mott donated
$12,000 or so over the decade, for example. Stroup knocked himself out to
collect a respectable board of advisors--all believers in decriminalization,
and all still listed on the letterhead. Never-theless, NORML was habitually
broke, for Stroup was in the habit of spending 10 percent more than he
collected. When desperate, he accepted donations from drug dealers. In
1976, for example, he took $10,000 from "The Confederation,' an alliance of
marijuana growers and distributors.
Diamond Joel's $500 shoes
Around this time, the group did what political organizations do best--it
split into factions. It was, as Stroup biographer Patrick Anderson wrote in
High in America, the "classic conflict between middle-class reformers and
the people who thought they were fighting the revolution,' that is, the
professional pre-yuppie lawyers against the tie-dyed peace'n love hippie
activists. The hippies were mostly interested in legalized grass and wanted
NORML to back initiatives permitting backyard pot cultivation. They were
far less impressed with the entrepreneurial schemes of the professionals who
wanted to sell marijuana-related paraphernalia, like match boxes and
T-shirts and to distribute marijuana through liquor stores. These hippies
didn't like the idea of NORML accepting Playboy's corporate money, either.
In the meantime, NORML's maverick lawyers were developing expertise in drug
defense procedures that promised to pay off in a way the activists preferred
not to acknowledge. Those who'd cut their teeth on simple pot-possession
cases were building lucrative practices based on increasingly complicated
drug-smuggling cases. When the two groups came together for the national
conventions in the mid-1970s they split into separate sessions, the
activists rapping about grass-roots movements and pot legalization and the
lawyers trading legal stratagems.
Although some of the activists may have been bummed out by the lawyers'
direction, they knew that their legal fees were paying for them to hold
their conferences in posh Hyatt hotels, building credibility for both
groups. So as long as the organization was doing well and they had similar
goals, the two factions could stay together. "The drug defense seminars
have been a source of frustration, and they've caused some problems within
our own ranks,' says longtime NORML activist Arlene Dusel, "but it all boils
down to economics: where else do you go for money?'
Soon, though, a minor Carter administration scandal jolted NORML. At the
fateful NORML Christmas party of 1977, Dr. Peter Bourne, President Carter's
adviser on drug policy, made the politically questionable decision to snort
cocaine in the presence of several witnesses. Bourne left his White House
post in disgrace and Stroup was discredited because he indirectly confirmed
the story for one of Jack Anderson's reporters. "From the point of
liberalizing drug law, it all went down the tubes at that party,' says Mark
Kleiman, a former official in the Carter Justice Department and now with
Harvard's Program in Criminal Justice.
Under pressure from NORML activists who felt he had squealed on Bourne,
Stroup left in 1978 to develop his own drug defense practice. In parting,
he declared he wouldn't negotiate with PCP or heroin dealers, nor would he
represent the drug informants who were turning in their fellow dealers to
win leniency. He then launched into defending marijuana and cocaine dealers
with all the enthusiasm he'd invested previously in keeping pot smokers out
of the pokey.
"Convicted drug dealers,' he said, "are actually political prisoners.' He
counted drug dealers "among his friends,' writes Patrick Anderson, "and he
felt that in defending them he was in effect defending himself and everyone
else in the drug culture. As he saw it, everyone who used drugs was
indebted to the people who took risks to supply them.'
Without Stroup's leadership, NORML activists weren't getting many
personal-use and pot-cultivation initiatives on local ballots. "Our
opponents said no one was interested in the issue anymore,' said NORML's
Deputy Director Jon Gattman. It seemed most of the changes NORML originally
sought had been made; few middle-class smokers were getting arrested for
possessing small amounts of pot. Eleven states, accounting for one third of
the U.S. population, had totally decriminalized the use of marijuana, making
an infraction the legal equivalent of getting a parking ticket. Thirty
other states enacted "additional discharges,' under which first offenders
get slapped with six to twelve months of probation and no record at all if
the probation is successful. Only Nevada still treats marijuana possession
as a felony.
As the marijuana laws changed, large donations to NORML slowed down.
Hippies weren't leaving quite as many dimes and quarters at the head shops
either. And in 1982, Playboy pulled out. "NORML was going through some
leadership changes and they didn't have their act together enough to be real
concerned about putting more money into it at a time that was tight for us
too,' says Playboy Foundation director Cleo Wilson.
NORML's advisory board--a hodge-podge of statesmen, lawyers, activists, a
clergyman and one fellow listed as a sheriff who hadn't been a sheriff in
five years--went dormant. Julian Bond, Ramsey Clark and Benjamin Spock
limited their involvement to consenting to be on the stationery. The only
philanthropist still sending checks is Max Palevsky, who still thinks kids
commonly get thrown in jail for holding a joint of marijuana. "They call and
ask for help on specific projects, and I send some money,' he says. "I
guess I'm the last, old tired soul doing that. But there's big difference
between cocaine and marijuana and I let them know how I feel about that.'
Nevertheless, he has sent $10,000 to NORML so far in 1986.
By 1980, the only people with any energy left were the drug defense lawyers
who showed up at the conferences in ever nicer suits and bigger cars.
Indeed, the legal committee was becoming an impenetrable old-boys network.
Mega-drug lawyers like "Diamond' Joel Hirshhorn, who earned about $750,000
in 1984 and refused to take cases involving less than two tons of marijuana
or four kilograms of cocaine, came up from Miami to speak at the seminars,
bringing with them a whole new kind of big-time cocaine defense contingent.
Activists heard less and less talk about reforming the drug laws. "There was
never any talk about how the attorney could continue to be a reformer,' says
former activist Jeanne Lange. "Nobody ever said to the drug lawyers, "Hey,
we know you're wearing $500 shoes now, and we know you're busy, but could
you take the time to meet with the activists in your state? Maybe just for
an hour? Maybe it would inspire you.''
The tension grew until 1983, when both contingents spoke of disbanding the
organization. Some of the angriest activists believe that NORML's lawyers
were no longer in a position to change the drug laws since their livelihood
depended upon them. Kevin Zeese, then the legal committee's chair and now
national director, supported the motion to split up. Advisory board members
prevailed and both factions were encouraged to forgive and forget.
NORML's pro Bonnano work
Today, NORML's debt has dropped from $125,000 with a budget of $190,000 in
1981, to $20,000 with a budget approaching $300,000 this year. "If I were
to name one thing that really pulled NORML out of debt, it would be these
drug defense seminars,' says Zeese. Going to the drug lawyers for money
made sense "because their pockets ran deepest.' NORML also makes about
$10,000 a year with its newsletter "Drug Law Report' that has 1,500
subscribers, and they have just recently gained 501(c)(3) tax status making
contributions to them tax deductible, a cause of considerable inner-office
excitement. Zeese is working on a book entitled The Drug Defense Manual for
Practitioners which is designed "for the attorney defending all ranges of
drug cases.'
The new NORML is not made up of Jerry Garcias or Abby Hoffmans. It is made
up of the likes of Gerry Goldstein of San Antonio, currently defending Danny
Vilarchao of Miami who is charged with selling agents four kilos of cocaine
with the promise of 160 more. And Jeffrey Weiner, a Miami lawyer who is a
member of the illustrious "boat bar,' which means he shows up the morning
after a dozen or more shoeless, penniless Colombians are busted on a boat
load of cocaine or marijuana, and elects to represent them all. "Generally,
he'll be on retainer for whoever's load it was,' says U.S. Attorney Richard
Gregory. And it is made up of men like John Zwerling, one of three big
NORML lawyers in Virginia who regularly defend coke smugglers. One
distributor he recently defended, Gardner Crisp, is appealing his conviction
for participating in a two-year drug ring which allegedly smuggled one kilo
of cocaine a week into Newport News, Virginia.
With the $90,000 NORML annually earns teaching legal tricks to Weiner and
company, the organization does try to address some legitimate issues. It
publishes material on marijuana and health, convinces the Drug Enforcement
Administration to file environmental impact statements on the spraying of
paraquat, and pushes home-grown pot initiatives. Most recently, it has been
pressing the Justice Department not to allow employee urinalysis testing.
Moreover, they have raised important constitutional questions about the
government's efforts to get some drug lawyers to testify against their own
clients. But it is questionable whether an organization surviving on the
profits of the drug trade can be a credible voice in these debates.
Yet NORML is not about to give up its druglawyer education project. Sitting
in NORML's Washington office, Zeese reflects on this new formula for
success. "The only was to stop drug traffickers is to legalize drugs,'
Zeese says. "NORML wants to put the traffickers out of business.' NORML's
principal way of putting traffickers out of business, however, is not
lobbying against cocaine laws but teaching dealers' lawyers now to beat drug
raps.
The rationable becomes more curious as Zeese tries to explain it. He makes a
distinction between NORML's drug lawyers and "sleazy' drug lawyers. "There
are drug lawyers out there making big profits off defending big dealers, and
they don't really care what the issues are. But our lawyers are ethical
guys who believe that the laws should be changed even though they are
profiting from the law.' A lawyer is "sleazy,' then, when he defends wicked
mobsters for the money but "ethical' when he does the same thing not just
for money, but the principle too.
At this point NORML lawyers usually turn pragmatic and claim that they need
the cocaine dealers' money to subsidize their good work. "The people that
need NORML and use NORML are the lawyers who are interested in law reform
issues,' says NORML lawyer Jim Jenkins of Savannah, Georgia. "Sure, they
take some high-profile drug cases, and they charge big fees on occasion.
But every one of those guys is also doing some pro bono work for some kid
who's getting gobbled up for selling an ounce of marijuana in a rural area.'
He therefore can defend Emanuel Lewis Fleming, son of a major cocaine
kingpin (both of whom pleaded guilty in a cocaine conspiracy case and are
now doing time in the penitentiary) because it enables him to take on the
much more palatable case of a "man [who] owns a restaurant in St.
Augustine, Florida, has a three-year-old child, and has never been convicted
of a felony before.' The defendant in the more noble case was recently
sentenced to 25 years for smuggling 17,000 tons of marijuana.
Some NORML lawyers take the argument a step further, suggesting that lawyers
make a killing defending the drug dealers as a backhanded way of sticking it
to the bad guys and helping the cause of pot legalization at the same time.
"We gouge the drug dealer in order to do good pro bono,' asserts NORML
lawyer Larry Turner, "because our roots are really in pro bono, and in the
anti-war movement, and in civil rights issues.'
NORML's past is indeed rooted in the 60s counterculture; even the inside of
its Washington office reflects this. The decor is Early College: there's
catnip in a grow-light booth by the window, a complete set of back issues of
High Times on a shelf, hashish ads from India on the walls near a few
cartoons mocking Attorney General Edwin Meese's trips to California to
confiscate domestically grown marijuana (which NORML claims is this
country's largest cash crop). But peel back the hippie decor and the NORML
lawyers' rationalizations seem quite at home in 80s Washington. They're
hardly different from the claims of "liberal' law partners in Washington
that say the pro bono work they do for charities in their spare time somehow
justifies their collecting huge fees for such things as helping corporations
avoid paying taxes. But abandoning your professed ideals for sleazy work 90
percent of the time so you can afford to champion them 10 percent of the
time, only makes you about 10 percent less sleazy than your competitor who
possesses no ideals at all.
Some NORML defenders say that their support for the drug dealers arises out
of a principled opposition to drug laws that has always been part of the
group's creed. One wonders why, if this overarching belief was such an
important part of their tradition, they rarely mentioned it in the early 70s
when they were gaining respectability. Would Jacob Javits and Benjamin
Spock really have given their names to a group they knew wanted to help
Jorge Ochoa or Joe Bonnano?
When all else fails, NORML lawyers reach for the
even-bad-guys-deserve-good-lawyers argument. "My stand on coke dealers,'
says Larry Turner, "is okay, convict 'em, send 'em to jail, but let's be
sure they have their day in court, and let's make sure that wiretap was
legal.' There's merit, of course, to this argument. We're right to admire
the public defender who makes sure the poor get legal representation and the
American Civil Liberties Union when it's making sure constitutional rights
are not violated. The same should hold true when NORML lawyers take cases
when they, too, fear someone's civil rights have been trampled on.
But there is a difference between saying every thug should have a lawyer and
saying that one should be the lawyer for every thug. Just because the
accused in this country are entitled to legal representation doesn't mean
lawyers can't make judgments about whom they should defend. Ultimately, one
can't help feeling that a belief in the "adversarial system' isn't really
the reason the NORML lawyers got into this profitable practice. "My life
would be easier without these damn cases,' explains Larry Turner, "but it's
definitely easier to be liberal when you're rich, you know.'
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/baeocyst.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
From: 152.94.1.10 (Thor.Lindstrom)
Subject: Re: Moshrooms...
Message-ID: <152.94.1.10-040693102732@mac30.hsr.no>
Date: Fri, 4 Jun 1993 08:34:04 GMT
In article <1993Jun4.033342.17518@henson.cc.wwu.edu>, n9143544@henson.cc.wwu.edu (Nicolai) wrote:
> Does anyone know of any studies done with baeocystin and/or norbaeocystin
> (the other active components of some psilocybin mushrooms)? Anyone with
> info please post...
>
> Dave
----------------------
baeocystin and norbaeocystin is present in Psilocybe Baeocystis, the book
"Magical and ritual uses of herbs" describes a case where a 7 years old
died of P.Baeocystis overdose , Baeocystin and norbaeocystin is a mild
respitory inhibitor (I think) , the book warns people with
respitory-diseases against this
mushroom . You will probaly find references to studies in this book
(aviable from Rosetta).
THOR.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/banadine
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From: tl@mits.mdata.fi (Tapani Leinonen)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Banadine works!
Date: 29 Dec 1993 00:12:10 GMT
Message-ID: <2fqi0q$58q@prime.mdata.fi>
Well, there's been a lot of false information given about bannana peels lately,
so once and for all, here are The Definitive Instructions for Smoking Bannana
Peels:
The Definitive Instructions for Smoking Bannana Peels
by Me
Step 1-
Go to the grocery store and buy 10 pounds of bannanas. (You used to need 200
pounds, but the potency has gone up 20x in the last 30 years.)
Step 2-
Remove the skins from the fruit. Save the fruit for later- if you mix it with
orange juice and drink it will you're smoking, it'll make you trip real hard.
Step 3-
Dry the skins in the microwave. This won't affect the potency, as bannadine is
not microwave soluble.
Step 4-
The next two steps are a simple nonpolar-polar extraction of the bannadine.
This is necessary to get rid of the fungicide they put on the skins, which is a
type of strychnine.
Grind up the dried peels really well, and soak them in methylene chloride
(zippo lighter fluid makes a good substitute). Let soak for 2 days, and then
rinse well with ether. Discard the liquid and save the mush.
Step 5-
Take the mush from step 4 and soak it in ethyl alcohol for another 2 days.
Filter, and put the mush aside- you won't be smoking it.
Step 6-
Evaporate the alcohol. The resultant crystals are 150% pure bannadine. Put
these in your pipe, light up and enjoy! (Keep reading for the secret step 7!)
Secret Step 7-
Bannadine is normally only active when smoked; that's why eating bannanas won't
do anything. However, that mush left over from step 5 is pretty tasty, and
that's how I discovered that BANNADINE IS ORALLY ACTIVE IF POTENTIATED BY DRIED
PEANUT SKINS!!! Yes, its true. I looked up the structure, and it turns out
bannadine is really closely related to DMT- it has carbon atoms and everything!
Hope this helps! And all of you who say bannanas don't work can just shut up
From: pixie@netcom.com (David Van Assche)
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 1995 19:53:58 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: banana peels
ANDERSON, LARRY S (lsanders@unccvx.uncc.edu) wrote:
: okay... i've heard a little about smoking banana peels from different sources
: (the dead milkmen :) ) but what does it really do? how do you prepare the peels
: for ingestion? what is the usaual effective dosage? and which neurotransmitters
: in the brain are most effected? any info you are willing to share would be of
: great help. also, any info on growing herb. and processing it. please reply
: email, because i often don't have the time to look through all of these posts.
: thank you much...
Ok, Banana peels have a substance called Bananadine in them which is a
psychoactive tryptamine chemically related to LSD and DMT. I would say it
lies somewhere in between. Now, to extract the Bananadine one must scarpe
the chemical from the inside of the banana peels and then there are two
ways to freebase it. It is only active if you smoke it, although I`ve
heard of some people injecting it (Although this is dangerous because
banadine has strychnine in it, permenantly binding the bananadine to the
spine, where crystals may form if taken too often)
Anyway, to freebase, the best method is to mix 1/3 banandine with 2/3
baking soda (Bicarbonate) and then slowly mix in water and bring the
mixture to boiling temperature. You should be left with a rock like
substance which looks very much like crack (hence... the street name:
Banrack) This is then smoked through a crack pipe for best results... or
simply heat and inhale the fumes. The other way is to simply make a joint
with the bananadine and smoke it.... but this smoking it pure gives more
of a Peanut high effect, which is undesirable for some people.
Bananadine works by entering the blood stream and going to the brain
where it is converted to the neurotransmitter Bananodin, where it is
taken up by a group of receptors called the Bananyocine receptors.
The high is very very intense, and one can get addicted to it the first
time you take a hit, mostly because of the action of strychnine, which
inhibts the bananyocine receptors and causes chromosome damage, which can
eventually lead to a fluctuation in hormone levels causing men to grow
breasts...
I would recommend you to try it though cause its defenitly worth the high
it gives.... ohhh... and it also makes sex the most intense thing ever
experienced... orgasms are heightened to the extent that some people are
known to have gotten heart attacks...
: steve anderson lsanders@unccvx.uncc.edu
: univ nc charlotte
: opinions here are my own.
--- Debaser (David Laurence)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bathed-in-photons
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well now.. It was about March... after Mardi Gras. I had gone home with ␍a friend from boarding school for the weekend and we were looking for ␍something to do. My friends friend hooked us up for about $6 and in the ␍parking lot at shwegman's, we ate the 1cmx1cm piece of paper. I noticed ␍that there was part of a design on it and was just one piece of an ␍obviously bigger medium. After an hour, I got dry mouthed and we went to ␍another supermarket.. after purchasing some drinks, I got one of those ␍little rubber balls that bounces real high. I noticed some cool tracers ␍comming off of it, which I still see, not just from that one time though..␍We then went to a party and we were starting to think it was real weak ␍acid. So we smoked a bowl... Then it hit me.. Like electricity being ␍sucked from a plug... The world was buzzing.. I could actually feel the ␍streetlight upon my skin. BTW, it was night... I didn't want to go ␍inside of the party so I stayed outside and layed on the hood of some ␍guys car. Bathed in photons from the light, I looked down the street to ␍find a ballet taking place. Of course though, it was just an oak tree, ␍lit from underneath. IT was spinning, not fast though, and the vines ␍that were wrapped around it made it look like a big bear made out of ␍leaves. Then it had a girl in a tutu sitting on it's shoulders.. Then a ␍car pulled up.. I got real paranoid(thinking of cops) but let it slide.. ␍Lokking at the tree once more, it was now a big balloon shaped like a ␍bear, like the kind you'd see at the Macy's Day Parade or the Rose Bowl..␍␍Soon after, we went to my friends sisters house.. Her cat was amazing.. ␍shifting patterns of color like waves on a beach. when it turned its ␍head, its ears would go down into its head, and then come back up. The ␍ceiling was amazing.. intricate patters like mayan heiroglyphs... totally ␍cool␍␍*8*␍␍ -- rec.drugs.psychedelic␍
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*=-- --=*
{ the }
-=/*> Buzzz Bros <*\=-
present..
Sex,
Ecstasy
and the
Psychedelic Drugs
By R.E.L. Masters
Text entry by Major Havoc
{ }
*=-- --=*
*=-- ---=*
{ This file is a copy of an article that was first published in Playboy }
November 1967. Although over 20 years old, it is a perfect
{ example of the budding use, evaluation and enjoyment }
*=-- of psychedelic drugs in the late '60s. --=*
History records few human quests as unremitting or as widespread as the
search for a harmless, effective sex stimulant. Recent claims - such as
those made by Timothy Leary - that LSD is the greatest aphrodisiac known to
man, have excited much interest in the sexual potential of psychedelic drugs.
Sober discussion of psychedelic substances was difficult enough before sex
entered the picture; now it is close to impossible. But bearing in mind that
there is a great deal more to psychedelics than sex, it might clear the air
to examine the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide - and several other
psychedelic drugs - on human sexual behavior.
Along with the comparatively new synthetic psychedelics, including LSD
and psilocybin, there are similar mind-altering substances present in many
forms of plant life. Some of these have been used for hundreds and even
thousands of years. Examples are the peyote cactus, the Cannibis hemp plant,
the opium poppy and several varieties of mushrooms and morning-glory plants.
Most have been linked in one way or another with sex.
Whether opium - probably Homer's nepenthe - should be considered a
psychedelic drug is largely a matter of semantics. Some would-be authorities
exclude all addictive drugs, including opium, from the class of psychedelics.
However opium does produce effects similar to those produced by nonaddictive
psychedelics, and among these are sexual effects that merit consideration.
Prolonged use of opium results in mental and physical and mental
deterioration, including impotence. However, before is takes its toll, the
drug can powerfully and pleasurably enhance sexual experience. No one has
described the specific sexual effects of opium as well as the 19th century
French Army surgeon and anthropologist Jacobus Sutor, who authored numerous
sexological studies under the pseudonym Jacobus X. "According to my person
experience," wrote Jacobus, "and from avowals made to me by women, both
Europeans and Asiatics, the effects produced by opium in moderate doses, say
from 10 to 20 pipes, are as follows: Under the influence of erotic
excitement, either direct or merely mental, an erection is quickly produced,
if you want to copulate. But - and this has never been remarked by any other
author - although the penis is in a stiff erection, its nerves, and more
particularly, those of the glans, are anesthetized by the effets of the
opium, and though the erection is strong, the emission, on the contrary, is
much retarded and takes place only after prolonged copulation. This
anesthetic effect is also produced in the nerves of the vulva, the vagina and
the rectum of the woman, and the 'psychological moment' arives slowly. The
constrictor muscles of the vagina, and especially those of the rectum,
undergo a kind of relaxation." He goes on to say that, with larger doses,
more than 15 or 20 pipes, erection becomes incomplete; and with 30 or 40
pipes, it is absent altogether.
Jacobus' remarks also apply to peyote, to the LSD-type synthetics and, to
a lesser degree marijuana. Those under the influence of these drugs describe
the mild surface anesthesia, if that is what it is, as a feeling of
'rubberiness' that effects the penis, the female genitals and also sometimes
the mouth, the breasts, the fingers and other body areas. It is by no means
an unpleasent sensation; often it is descibed as heightened feelings of
voluptuousness. Along with the rubbery sensation, the genitals, if excited,
are felt to be engorged to an unusual degree.
At least as ancient as opium is the hemp plant (Cannibis sativa, or
Cannibis indica). When used as a drug, it is called marijuana, hashish and a
great deal of other names. Scientific reports on the sexual effects of
marijuana are conflicting. For example, the French toxicologist Erich Hesse
(Narcotics and Drug Addiction) tells us that marijuana and hashish provide no
sexual stimulation whatever; but another physician-author Bernard Finch
(Passport to Paradise), declares that "After several inhalations, a feeling
of sexual excitement develops and the smoker is able to improve his sexual
performance, in that erection is stronger and more persistant, but orgasm is
depressed and usually does not take place."
I could provide a great many more conflicting 'authoratative' statements
on this matter, although Finch is the only writer I know who suggests that
marijuana by itself produces a condition of sexual excitation. He also is
the only one to say that orgasm "usually" does not take place.
From many other times and places, we also have claims that hemp is an
aphrodisiac - and other claims that it is an anaphrodisiac, an inhibitor of
sexual desire or of potency. But whichever way they lean, the authors of
these claims are relying on personal predeliction, on very limited interview
data or on the verdict of some favorite 'authority' who has already made
similar errors. We find the same conflicting evidence from "experts" writing
about the sexual effect of peyote or LSD.
Anyone who has carefully studied psychoactive drugs should know that many
different effects are possible, depending on personal, cultural or immediate
situational factors - which are often crucial in determining drug-state
behavior. With marijuana and other psychedelics, people who are sexually
stimulated may find that their stimulation is greater than usual and that
their capacity to respond has been heightened. Others may find themselves
totally indifferent such as the writer Theophile Gautier, who took some
hashish and generalized that "a hashish user would not lift a finger for the
most beautiful woman in Verona." The same individual may find that he is
greatly aroused on one occasion and unexcited on the next. Or his mind may
experience desire while is body is unable to act in concert with it.
Some cultures place great faith in the aphrodisiacal effects of hemp; and
in those cultures the drug often does function as an aphrodisiac - producing
sexual excitation, enhancing potency and pleasure, and prolonging sexual
intercourse. Amoung Arabs, there is a vast lore of the effectiveness of hemp
in maintaining an erection - the prolongation of the sex act being almost an
obsession with some Moslems. A famous poem on this subject begins:
The member of Abu'l-Haylukh remained
In erection for 30 days, sustained
By smoking hashish
Abu'l-Haylukh deflowered in one night
Eighty virgins in a rigid rite
After smoking hashish
The poem goes on to describe still more feats of sexual athleticism; but
underlying its characteristic Arab hyperbole is some solid fact - hemp can,
indeed, prolong an erection. Besides the mild anesthesia described by
Jacobus, the male, with marijuana, may feel that his erect organ is bigger
and more rigid than ordinarily. Sometimes, as happens with LSD and peyote,
too, orgasm does not occur at all, which causes him no great distress, since
he feels that this is a small price to pay for for the pleasure he has
enjoyed, and the impression he has made on his partner. When copulation does
not lead to orgasm, both partners still may achieve it by vigorous
masturbation.
My own data regarding the contemporary use of marijuana use in this
country - in terms of its sexual effects - reflect the conflict in this
literature. Individual testimonials describe both sexual successes and
sexual failures. Overall, it appears that up to now, marijuana has been
about as likely to impair as to improve sexual performance. However, growing
acceptance of the drug may be making the latter effect the more common. Much
can depend on the users intention. Some prostitues smoke marijuana to
eliminate genital sensation - while at the same time they give the weed to
their customer to help him become more stimulated. In this case, it probably
works for the male because it makes him more responsive to the suggestion
that he will be more potent - and simultaniously it may reduce his
inhabitions and anxieties.
It should be noted, however, taht sexual effects may relate to the
potency of the drug. The strength of hemp products can depend on many things
- where the hemp is grown, how it is harvested and prepared and how it is
consumed. From one country to the next, or amoung regions of a country,
there are great diferences in the potency of the plants. As to consumption,
it is believed that smoking gives the strongest effect, by altering the
chemical composition of the drug. Research in these areas are now under way,
but results are still inconclusive. The eventual findings may explain to
some extent the different responses amoung marijuana smokers. But individual
psychology will still be a major factor.
At its best, most marijuana consumed in the U.S. is a maild psychedelic
drug, affording what is rarely more than a pallid approximation of the
experiences possible with LSD and peyote. The effects of these two on sexual
intercourse are virtually identical, and a statement about LSD may well be
understood to apply just as well to peyote - and probably to ther LSD-type
psychochemicals, such as mescaline and psilocybin.
I compiled my data on the sexual effects of psychedelic drugs in a series
of interviews, mostly "in depth" beginning in 1954 and continuing today. My
information is based on more than 300 drug-state sexual experiences on the
part of 94 persons, about two thirds of them males. Nineteen homosexual
experiences are included. The interview subjects were almost college
graduates from middle-class white Protestant backgrounds. Most of them took
the psychedelic drugs outside any formal research or therapeutic context and
then reported their experiences to me.
In other words, I did not study the effects of psychedelics on sex in the
laboratory, as sexual intersourse has been so fruitfully studieds by Wiliam
Masters and Virginia Johnson in St. Louis. My firsthand research with
psychedelic drugs - which was largely concerned with matters other than sex -
has now been abruptly ended by laws prohibiting almost all research in this
area. Buit I did obtain, in the sessions I guided personally, some material
significant in understanding psychosexual disorders. It was surprising how
often these disorders seemed grounded in problem of values or, specifically,
in low self-esteem. Nowhere can values be so quickly and so drastically
changed as in LSD sessions. In several instances, discussed below, persons
with sexual problems showed noticeable improvemnet after their LSD sessions -
quite a remarkable occurance, inasmuch as the sessions were intended as
research and therapeutic results were not expected.
To determine whether psychedelics drugs are, indeed, aphrodisiacs, we
must first determine what we mean by an aphrodisiac. If we mean that the
drugs specifically excite the sexual organs, then psychedelics are not
aphrodisiacs. If we mean that they produce or encourage sexual desire, again
they are not aphrodisiacs. But if we mean that the drugs can profoundly
enhance the quality of sexual acts that occur between people who would, in
any case, have had intercourse, then the drugs are aphrodisiacs, and my only
objection to the term in this context is that it will continue to be misused
by psychedelic or sexual extremists.
Drug-state phenomenea that occur during a sex act occur in other
drug-state contexts, too. The most common are changes in sensory perception,
in awareness of time, in the state of the ego, in one's relations to others
and in the emotions generally. In fact, these changes effect whatever one
does, whether it be listening to music, walking through a forest - or making
love.
The positive effects of LSD in lovemaking can best be appreciated by
describing a hypothetical sexual act between husband-and-wife lovers - or
between single lovers, should that seem more adventurous. I will not,
however, hypothesize a casual erotic encounter between two near strangers,
because such an encounter would be less likely to produce so favorable an
experience. A strong emotional bond, or at least very positive feelings for
the partner, is much more likely to yield the richest, most intense and most
ecstatic experience.
People rarely have sexual intercourse at the very start of a psychedelic
trip. First, as the perceptual changes occur and as consciousness is altered
in other ways, they need to orient themselves in this new world. In my
sample, this was true no matter how many previous LSD experiences they might
have shared. Typically, when there is sexual intercourse, it occurs at least
one hour and usually several hours after the onset of the psychedelic
effects.
When the two people are longtime lovers, they may feel, in the drug
state, an emotional closeness as intense as they felt in the early, most
emotion-charged stages of being in love. Since visual perception is highly
responsive to the emotions, each partner may take on an appearance of
extraordinary radiance and beauty. Communication may seem multileveled, with
a greatly hightened sensitivity to nuances of meaning - in gestures, caresses
and words as well. If this couple decides to make love, they will bring this
heightened sensitivity to their union, and their desire and the act itself
may be suffocated with the same positive emotion - and with the same beauty -
that has been present in their perceptions.
As foreplay and intercourse increaase their excitement, the couple will
become aware of the genital sensations described by Jacobus. The man may
feel that his erection is larger and more firm and his potency greater than
it has ever been before, heightening his confidence, producing a greater
sense of total genital arousal and increasing his capacity to respond.
Anxiety about the duration of the act will very quickly dissappear. The
couple will feel that their lovemaking will last just as long as they want it
to last, so that time no longer matters. In the more profound experiences,
there may be a sense of timelessness - of the eternal.
Several elements combine to produce these novel and extrememly
pleasurable awarenesses of time. For one thing, intercourse always does last
much longer in terms of the clock. This is probably because of the mildly
anesthetized state of the sexual organs - although the term 'anesthesia'
seems strikingly inappropriate in describing these very intense sensations.
Moreover, diminished inhabitions soon produce self-confidence and spontaneity
that help reduce concern about the duration of the act. Finally, there is
the distortion - or 'slowing down' - of time that is a usual and important
aspect of the psychedelic state. This distortion (a term that is technically
correct but fails to convey its positive qualities) of subjective time is
experienced because the mental processes have been enormously accelerated.
So much may be experienced in a few minutes of clock-measured time that the
person typically declares that 'hours' or sometimes 'eons' seem to have
passed. A sexual union that in fact lasts 30 minutes or an hour may seem
'endless' or to have 'the flavor of eternity.' Lovemaking that lasts for
several hours is not too infrequent.
The sexual union gathers ever more meaning and beauty as it progresses.
It may even take on symbolic and archetypal overtones. The couple may feel
that they are mythic, legendary, or more-than-human figures as they act out
in a timeless and beneficient space of eternally recurring drama of love and
creation. The feeling of being more than human does not indicate grandiosity
but, rather, that one has transcended the ordinary boundaries of self, the
limits of time and space, so that something more, some infusion of the divine
or supernatural, must have occured. This awareness is accompanied by
profound feelings of security, tenderness, humility and gratitude. Sometimes
only one partner will enjoy this transcendental experience, but with
surprising frequency the feelings are shared.
When sexual union includes altered states of consciousness such as these,
it is properly described as ecstatic. It may progress to include one or even
several instances of apparent physical and psychic melting into and becoming
one with the partner. Whether this occurs in a sexual union or in a mystical
context, or in a combination of the two, it is almost always regarded as one
of the most profound and fulfilling experiences human life has to offer. The
one that the two become is a unity much greater than its components.
Religiously devout or mystically inclined people may have the sense of a
unity that is also a trinity, with God present in the oneness. In any case,
an experience of this order can hardly be dismissed as 'sexual mysticism' - a
term sneeringly used by some of the more rabid opponents of psychedelic
experimentation. Nor can it be tossed away with some labels from
psychopathology, such as 'ego dissolusion' and 'depersonalization.' It can
be one of the most beautiful and important experiences in life.
In view of all that has gone before, the orgasm - when it arrives - may
seem something of an anticlimactic climax. Some people, in this orgasm-happy
society, learn for the first time how much more than can be to sex than the
brief intensity of the climax - and how much their past sexual experience has
been impoverished by the urgent and infantile drive toward orgasm that is so
prevalent in Western societies.
However, the orgasm, too, is 'psychedelic' - that is, magnafied or
intensified. Time distortion can greatly prolong it, and there is an
awareness of the whole process from beginning to end, in far greater detail.
Men very often report sensations of gathering tension, concentration of
energy and then an extremely acute awareness of the spasmodic propulsion of
the ejaculate, which is plainly and pleasurably felt as it travels along the
urethra and is ejected into the vagina of the partner. At the same time,
there is a greatly intensified awareness of the genital organs of the
partner: Their texture, temperature and movement. Some women for the first
time become keenly aware of the pulsations of the male organ as climax begins
- and of the ejaculate as they receive it.
Orgasm is often experienced upon two levels. It is the most intensely
erotic aspect of the act, as consciousness seems totally absorbed in the
orgasmic sensations. And yet there seems also to be another consciousness,
which does not dilute but rather reinforces the genital consciousness. This
is the sense of attaining the beautiful climax of a beautiful experience.
Remarkably, in view of the richness of the experience, throughout these
unions there is an undiminished and sometimes greatly intensified awareness
of the partner. One does not lapse into a selfish and exclusive
preoccupation with the components of ecstasy.
In almost 25 percent of the sexual acts I recorded, one or both partners
did not reach orgasm. This was nothing new for most of the women; but for
some of the men, it was a novel experience. Typically, however, the absence
of orgasm was not a disappointment. The act itself was so fulfilling that
the attitude was: Who cares whether there was an orgasm? This, too, can be a
valuable experience for those women who sledom climax in their ordinary
lovemaking. It teaches them that even without orgasm, sex can provide
remarkable fulfillment.
Under the influence of psychedelics, the anorgasmic woman can experience
great joy in intercourse and derive gratification from conferring just as
much joy on her partner. If this lesson were learned and applied to all
intercourse, many people - both male and female - would be better off for it.
It is worth noting that at least some have learned it through psychedelic
experimentation.
The foregoing description was of a maximal drug-state sexual experience.
Slightly more than half of my heterosexual subjects reported extraordinary
unions resembling or approaching this at least once. The frequency probably
would have been lower with younger or with less intelligent individuals,
because richness of personality is a key factor in determining the richness
of the psychedelic experience. An earned capacity for appreciating the
complex and profound must already exist.
My intention here is not to promote the haphazard and now illegal use of
psychedelic drugs - with or without sexual intercourse. But it is only
realistic to admit that many thousands of people are taking psychochemicals
without screening or adequate guidance. Of these, a good many are also
experimenting with sex. It seems best that they be informed about
possibilites beyond 'kicks' and trivia, so that they can explore the many
valuable aspects of an experience that might otherwise be wasted.
My research indicates that homosexuals in psychedelic states enjoy
profound, ecstatic sexual experiences with less frequency - and less
intensity - than their heterosexual counterparts. Female homosexuals seem
more likely to have profound sexual experiences than male homosexuals. The
very practical matter of the positioning of the bodies apprears to provide a
partial explanation. The ecstatic experience seems more likely to occur when
one faces the partner while the act is being performed. Social attitude
toward homosexuality, as well as the homosexual's typical guilt and low
self-esteem, may also be deterrents. In the drug state, homosexual acts are
usually specifically erotic and less invested with other positive meaning.
However, the physical pleasure of genital, oral and anal sensations is
enhanced, just as with heterosexuals.
Claims that LSD-state sexual intercourse can 'cure' homosexuality and
frigidity may lead to enormous disappointment - and possibly serious harm -
to psychosexually disturbed people, who have enough problems already. Under
the influence of psychedelics, a failure to funtion as promised might cause a
powerful reinforcement of existing disorders, making any cure more difficult.
Nor is it invariably, or even frequently, true that, in the words of
Timothy Leary, a "neurological and cellular fidelity" delvelops between two
person who have had sexual relations during an LSD experience. The notion is
poetic but inaccurate. Even the most beautiful drug-state sexual unions do
not always guarantee change in a previous relationship. Leary's devotees
sometimes tell me, with what sometimes seems more hope than conviction, that
Leary speaks a 'private language,' the better to convey the ineffable truths.
However, the fact is that he is taken literally by a great many people. He
has said, for instance, that "in a carefully prepared, loving LSD session, a
woman will inevitably have several hundred orgasms." I have yet to hear from
anyone else a single instance remotely approximating this; and I feel rather
confident that if it had been happening with any frequency, the world would
not have had to wait for Leary to announce it.
While LSD can hardly be considered a panacea for sexual disorders, it
does hold promise for becoming an extremely valuable tool in treating those
and many other promises. And it will become even more valuable when
therapists stop regarding it as adjunt to their old procedures and develop
psychedelic therapies permitting them to make full use of the great weath of
phenomenea available.
Scientific literature on psychedelics includes hundreds of reports of
successful treatment, even with the old procedures, for such disorders as
homosexuality, figidity, impotence, fetishism and even transvestism, one of
the most difficult to treat of all sexual deviations. Good progress in these
areas has been made in England, and it is certainly unfortunate that
psychotherapists in this country are legally unable to work extensively with
psychedelics.
Some homosexuals, for instance, as part of their low self-esteem, have a
distorted body image. They think they are ugly or deformed when they are
not, and may believe that they have an abnormally small penis - when they
actually have a normal one. In LSD sessions I recorded, the body image of
homosexualsd sometimes became normalized, heightening self-esteem and
producing definate trends toward heterosexualization. Here, homosexuality
seemed based mainly on values - not on some long past traumatic experience.
In any case, heterosexualization could occur without any trauma being dealt
with. However, when there was no subsequent therapy, the subjects'
homosexuality returned within a few months after their LSD sessions were over.
Some men with potency problems decided in their LSD sessions that their
sexual organs were not too small and afterward their potency improved,
sometimes permanently. A frigid woman discovered that an 'inner voice' had
been calling her a 'fake' and an 'unworthy person.' The voiced ordinarily
talked to her 'on some below level consciousness'; but in her LSD session,
she heard it clearly and she was able to refute it just as clearly. After
freeing herself from this voice, she felt she no longer had to punish herself
by denying herself sexual pleasure. Her frigidity soon was overcome - and
had not reappeard almost four years later.
The therapeutic value of LSD is by no means limited to sexual disorders.
Alcoholics intractable to all previous therapies have quit drinking or become
much improved after treatment with psychedelics. Cure and improvement rates
range anywhere from 25 to 75 percent, and some of the studies have been very
well controlled. In other cases previously withdrawn, schizophrenic children
improved when psychedelics were administered. Given the questionable value
of some approved psychoterapies, it is a wonder that public outcry has not
demanded increased use of psychedelics in the areas where there promise seems
so great.
Possibly such a great demand is now discouraged by recent evidence
linking LSD to chromosomal abnormalties. This charge must be considered in
proper perspective. The fact is that no one, at the present time, can say
how important LSD-caused chromosomal damage may be. We do know that rather
similar chromosomal changes are produced by many products widely used -
caffeine (in coffee and cola drinks), alcohol, antibiotics and a wide range
of drugs about which no such furor has been raised. Live measles vaccine, in
particular, quickly produces chromosomal breaks. We know, too, that LSD has
been in use for a quarter of a century, apparently without causing cancer or
deformed infants - the two main specters with which chromosomal damage of
this kind seems to confront us. Moreover, the U.S. Government continues to
sponser a few LSD therapy projects, so Government scientists must not feel
the risks are too great. The sensible position must be to weigh LSD's value
against possible, but not demonstrated, dangers. The evidence is sufficent
to warrant withholding LSD from pregnant females.
This may also be the place to mention briefly a new psychedelic
substance, STP. STP is yet more potent than LSD, producing effects that may
continue for days. It also produces far more bad trips and frequent
aftereffects. The chemical analysis of STP indicates similarities to
mescaline and the amphetamines, but more refind analysis is needed.
Cases brought to my attention include aftereffects such as partial
amnesia, frightening perceptual changes and recurring states of panic. One
man, for example, weeks later, felt his head alternately growing to the size
of a watermelon and shrinking to the dimensions of a pea. It is too soon to
say whether these sensations will be permanent. No one I have talked to
appears to have had sexual intercourse under STP. For those persons, at
least, the experience was much too overwhelming. Neither does it seem likely
at this point that STP will have much value for research or therapy. Pending
further information, the best advice is to leave the drug alone.
With STP, we may be witnessing the unhappy result of too many
unscientific medical pronouncements combined with too many scare stories
about psychedelic drugs. A number of physicians have greatly exaggerated the
dangers of the old psychedelics - and even of marijuana. Now, with a drug
that seems to be much more dangerous, these 'scientists' have forged a
credibility gap that prevents many people - especially those in the
psychedelic underground - from taking their claims seriously. Warnings about
STP from physicians have been much less effective than those voiced by the
underground press. The medical profession should consider this lesson and
perhaps profit by it. More psychedelics will be created and some will almost
certainly be very dangerous. Disaster could ensue unless scientists manage
to regain the confidence in the public.
In the case of LSD and the 'milder' psychedelics, the chances of
unfortunate results can be reduced by following a few basic precautions.
Since psychedelic experience can magnify tendendies in onself, in others and
in the surroundings, psychedelics should not be taken in an environment that
will threaten or displease. When this precaution is ignored, there can be
bad trips - whether or not intercourse is a part of the experience.
Sexologists always urge a pleasent setting for intercourse - as well as a
partner one respects and relates to positively. This becomes even more
important when the couple has taken psychedelics. With LSD, a drab, dirty
room that might ordinarily be ignored can become a filthy, sordid pesthole,
and this perception of the room can saturate the total experience. Similarly,
sex with a person about whom one has negative feelings can become, with LSD,
an experience of extreme repulsion - with guilt, depression or anxiety as a
result. In two cases I know of, males took LSD, picked up prostitues and had
very bad trips. Both men, of course, had basically negative feeling about
prostitues and these emerged in a much heightened form during the sexual act.
Both men were initially aroused, but soon began to feel degraded and then
powerfully repelled by the situation. One felt that the woman's body was
coated with "a dirty, poisonous substance" that rubbed off on his own body
and infected him. He managed to get her out of the room, was near panic for
a long while and, after the effects of the LSD had worn off, he went into a
depression that lasted for some days. In fact, his perception might not have
been completely imaginative, since he contracted gonorrhea as a result of
this contact. In the other case, the male found the girl becoming more and
more ugly as he looked at her. Then the room became similarly ugly. He
became nauseous, then was overwhelmed by feelings of guilt about his
'prejudice.' That man was white and Jewish and the woman Negro made the
situation especially complicated and charged with emotion.
With LSD, some peope may besome aware of what they feel are opposite-sex
components of their personality. This they interpret as evidence that they
are homosexual. Some males with effeminate tendensies, who strongly suppress
their effeminacy, have felt they were undergoing a physical sex change.
Their bodies seemed to have female breasts and genetalia. Understandably,
this kind of experience, too, can lead to anxiety and depression. And
afterward, the person may believe that his 'true personality' was revealed.
One should never regard drug-state as necessarily more revealing than
other types of experience. With LSD-type drugs, what might be a passing and
easily dismissed idea can become a prolonged a vivid mental event. But this
doesn't mean that it necessarily has greater validity than the passing idea
would have ordinarily. Such phenomenea are best regarded as drug-state
curiousities that will not effect the normal personality and behavior.
When negative perceptions or emotions occur, and if they last long enough
to be distressing, it is best not to analyze them. Try to get interested in
something else. Psychedelic veterans have learned to do this. Similarly,
it's often easy to divert the partner, should his or her distress become
obvious. This might be done with an especially interesting or amusing remark
or by telling the other person how much pleasure he or she is giving. If, as
ought to be the case, the two people are lovers or good friends, then it is
likely that they will know how to help each other, should the need arise.
For this reason, too, psychedelic experience is not a desirable arena for
casual sex between two strangers.
Spontaneous changes in visual perseption may also provide very pleasant
experiences. One man, for example, related that his girlfiend changed as he
held her in his arms, first to Helen of Troy, then to Cleopatra, then in
successive metamorphoses to yet other women, so that he quickly "made love to
all the famous beauties in history." After a while, the girl resumed he own
appearance, although her beauty was greatly heightened, and he "thought he no
less lovely than any of the others and appreciated very much her part in
providing such a great experience."
There are a host of similar erotic phenomena that sometimes occur in the
psychedelic state. These might seem trivial and self-indulgent compared with
the transcendence of the ecstatic union, but they are intereting,
nonetheless. For many people, for instance, it is possible to 'genitalize'
almost any part of the body, by consciously transferring the response
capacity from the sexual organs to some otehr part, such as a finer. Rubbing
one's finger against a fabric can provide sensations akin to those
experienced in masturbation. A couple might even genitalize the lips and the
mouth, so taht kissing affords sensations very much like those usually
experienced in mouth-genital contacts or in sexual intercourse.
One man, who had taken a large dose of LSD (about 500 micrograms), found
himself unable to obtain an erection, despite much assistance from his
partner. Abandoning the effort, they lay side by side. Suddenly, he became
aware of his entire body as "one great, erect penis. The World," he said,
"was my vagina and I had a sense of moving in and out of it, with intense
sexual sensations."
A few research subjects have reported similar erotic sensations from
listening to music. One man reported "the sexualization of my entire body as
I listened to Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony. The music washed over every
inch of my body, giving sexual sensations like those of a very intense
orgasm. The pleasure became so intense as to be unendurable. I had to shut
off the phonograph. I wondered at every instant if I would not have a real
ejaculation." In a subsequent LSD experience, he responded to the same
recording in the same way. No other music produced the phenomenon, and he
never learned why the Pastoral should have such an effect. With another
subject, any symphonic music produced strong sexual sensations.
When males see vivid images or visions, they almost always include
beautiful nudes, with Balinese dancing girls and other Orientals appearing
frequently. Drug-state visions in America are shot through with this
predilection for the East - in archetectural and religious imagery as well as
in nudes. But just as women are less interested in erotic art, so do they
have less erotic imagery.
The aftereffects of drug-state sex can be of very great value, though
often the results don't last. As an immediate aftermath of a good sexual
experience under LSD, some couples report an over-all improvement in their
relationship - and a specific improvement in their sex life. Frequently, a
portion of the drug-state perception of the womans greatly heightened beauty
carries over, so that she continues to appear more attractive. Sometimes,
with psychedelics, inhabitions fall away, allowing people to engage in sexual
practices that are normal and that had been desired, but which inhabition
prevented. Extensive caressing of the genitals and mouth-genital stimulation
are frequent examples. Breaking through such blocks can be permanent.
Especially amoung married couples, who had largely ceased to attract each
other sexually, there can be a reactivation of old desires and emotions.
Most of these beneficial aftereffects are lost in days, weeks or months, but
they can be retained - or possibly reactivated by another LSD session - if
they are regarded as important enough to be worth preserving.
Because ecstatic union is so rich an experience and may have very
positive effects on a relationship, it is obviously desirable that it occur
and be repeated. This is possible without psychedelics, but the necessary
changes in consciousness occur more readily when they have first been
experienced in LSD-type states. After LSD, memories and pathways in the
nervous system have been strongly established and can be explored again more
easily.
To take some terminology from the theologians, we have been busy for a
long while 'demythologizing' sexual intercourse - divesting it of a sense of
sin and a necessary connection with procreation. But a totally
demythologized sex can be mechanical, vapid and banal if it remains without
larger significance. Ecstatic sexual experience may be the new and valuable
'remythologizing' agent. With and without psychedelic drugs, we may be able
to invest the sexual union with new beauty and meaning.
*=-- --=*
{ -=*/> Buzzz Bros. <\*=- }
{ MCMXC }
*=-- --=*
You have the right to free speech -
As long as you're not dumb enough to actually try it.
__________________
Special Thanks to:
__________________
The old man at Maxwell St. that sold me the magazine for $1
93.1 FM WXRT (Chicago)
The return of RIPCO (312) 528-5020 - after the Operation SunDevil bust
Anyone who actually took the time to read the whole file
3rd BASS
The Hyatt Regency Chicago
(c) MCMXC -=*/> Buzzz Bros. <\*=-
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Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm)
& the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845
Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649
Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766
realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043
Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102
Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives,
arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality,
insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS.
Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are,
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bbros-11.txt
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*=-- --=*
{ the }
-=*/> Buzzz Bros. <\*=-
present
---------
High-Witness News
May '91 No.189
Green Merchant: The First 18 Months
by Peter Gorman
Transcription By Havoc
Originally appearing in HIGH TIMES, May 1991
{ }
*=-- --=*
When Operation Green Merchant first broke 18 months ago, no one was
sure of where it was going or what the extent of it would be. Now we know that
its ostensible aim was to shut down this country's burgeoning indoor
marijuana-cultivation industry; that during its execution the government
decimated several of the freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution; that one
magazine was put out of business and another thrown into financial straits;
that several garden-supply stores and businesses were seized by the government
without their owners being charged with criminal activity; and that more than
100,000 American citizens -- whose only connection with the operation was the
purchase of gardening equipment -- came under federal investigation.
Green Merchant was designed to link the sources of information
regarding indoor marijuana cultivation -- HIGH TIMES and 'Sinsemilla Tips --
with indoor growers in a criminal conspiracy. The connection of the two was
thought to be that the gardening centers advertised in both magazines.
The logistics of the operation were these: during a two-year period
beginning in late '87, the DEA sent agents to 81 stores and mail-order houses
specializing in indoor-gardening supplies, asking for information regarding the
growing of marijuana. While most of the store owners refused to have anything
to do with the agents once they made their blatently illegal requests, a
handful responded positively , and a few of those apparently even provided
seeds to the undercover agents.
Those few positive responses provided the DEA with the legal leverage
it needed to subpeona UPS shipping records from a number of those stores. An
investigation of a portion of the names provided by those records turned up a
number of illegal indoor-marijuana growers.
For the DEA, the link had been made: They now had proof that some of
the consumers who purchased indoor-gardening supplies from the stores and
mail-order houses which advertised in HIGH TIMES and 'Sinsemilla Tips' were
indeed using gardening equiptment to illegally produce marijuana. The stage
was set for the Operation to go public.
-=*/> Main Objectives <\*=-
The government succeeded in shutting down 'Sinsemilla Tips'. Tom
Alexander, whose Full Moon garden-supply store was seized during the early
stages of Green Merchant -- without him being charged of anything -- was unable
to continue publishing after all his advertisers either went out of business or
were threatened with charges if they continued advertising with him.
HIGH TIMES continues to publish despite the loss of revenue from those
same advertisers. But once it became apparent that HT would not fold, and in
fact sales were increasing, a federal investigation was launched in New Orleans
which attempted to make HT a co-conspirator with both the Seed Bank and the
indoor growers. That investigation was dropped some months ago when the
government failed to get an indictment.
On June 24, 1990, Nevil Schoenmakers, who legally operated the Seed
Bank (another HIGH TIMES advertiser) in Holland, was arrested by the Australian
authorities at the behest of the US government while visiting family in Perth.
A 44-count indictment was lodged in New Orleans, charging him with the sale of
marijuana seeds to undercover agents and indoor growers in the New Orleans area
in 1989. He has been detained awaiting the results of an extradition hearing
-- while not charged with anything -- in Australia since June.
-=*/> Incidental Casualties <\*=-
George Warren owned six Northern Lights garden centers in New York,
Ohio and Pennsylvania. On October 24, 1989, he was visited in his flagship
store by a man who asked about purchasing lights and hydroponic systems.
During the course of the conversation the man, who turned out to be a DEA
agent, inquired about acquiring marijuana seeds. Warren told the man he wasn't
in that business; the man persisted, and Warren told him there were probably
magazines he could look into for that kind of information, then excused himself
to answer a phone call in his office. The man followed him into the office and
passed him a note asking for 200 seeds. Warren asked the man to leave the
store.
The following day, the agent returned and made a small purchase, again
sought seeds and was again informed that he couldn't get them there.
The next day, nine DEA, Alcohol Tobacco & Firearms and local-authority
agents arrived at Warren's main store armed with a warrant for business
records, grow lights, hydroponic systems and other inventory that might be used
to grow marijuana. That same day, the process was repeated at each of Warren's
stores; by evening he'd lost inventory valued at nearly $200,000. Warren
himself, however, has never been arrested in connection with the seizures, and
continues to fight for the return of his inventory.
Reached recently at home, Warren was furious. "My feeling is that if
I've done anything wrong, arrest me. If not, give me back my merchandise.
There's nothing illegal about lights. What are they going to do with them
anyway?"
"Sell them at auction," he was told.
"Wait a minute," he replied. "You mean they confiscate my merchandise
because they think someone will grow pot with it, and then they sell it to
someone else?"
"That's how it works."
The owner of a large West Coast mail-order gardening-supply center
tells a similar story. On October 26, 1989, the DEA and state police arrived
at his warehouse with warrants for business records and computers. They
padlocked the warehouse and began forfeiture proceedings for the nearly $1
million worth of inventory, the warehouse itself and the property it was
located on.
The owner, who asked to remain anonymous, was also never arrested. Ten
months later, the prosecuter in the forfeiture case gave the owner's lawyer a
list of 20 misdemeanors, which he said he would prosecute if the man continued
to fight the forfeit. The choice was simple: Fight and lose thousands of
dollars in legal fees -- as well as risk one year in jail for each count he
might be convicted on -- or give up the fight and walk away. His lawyer
advised him to walk away, suggesting that of 20 counts it wasn't unlikely that
he could lose at least one of them, and conviction on even a single count would
mean losing the forfeiture case anyway. The man took his lawyer's advise and
walked.
While not all prosecutors are willing to go to such lengths to seize
property, the federal and civil laws regarding forfeiture certainly make it
appealing for them to do so in cases where the forfeited items are of value.
In federal cases, the agencies involved receive 75 percent of the monies
eventually generated through the auction of forfeited goods; the remaining 25
percent is divided between the prosecutor's office and any local agencies
involved in the seizure. Civil forfeiture cases divide ALL the monies between
the prosecutor's office and the local authorities involved.
Dan Viets, a defense attorney who has won a number of Green Merchant
cases, says that while "the idea of forfeiture is not new, the idea of giving
the money to the police and prosecutors is. Forfeiture is an abuse. A lot of
people don't really understand that it's going on."
Forfeiture doesn't just affect businesses. One of Viets' clients, a
former law-enforcement officer, stands to lose his whole farm because 37
marijuana plants were found growing on it. Another of his cases involved a
couple found with four pot plants, who have had their 11 acre farm forfeited as
a result. Viets is optimistic about both cases.
"A lot of people don't fight forfeiture because they don't think they
can win," he says. "But even though the burden of proof is not very high of
the state's part, they still have to prove that the forfeited items were at
least probably derived from the monies generated by illegal activity. And
that's not always easy."
The horror of the prosecution of Green Merchant case's wasn't limited
to forfeiture: One couple had their parental rights terminated for growing pot
at home; several school teachers and at least one nurse lost their state
licenses; others simply got caught up in the legal system, and found that
trying to extricate themselves nearly ruined them.
Tom and Sara Williams were visited because their names were on the one
of the confiscated store mailing-lists. When the DEA arrived they tore the
Williams' house apart, eventually finding seven plants. Though their case was
later reduced from felony possesion of an illegal substance to a guilty plea on
one misdemeanor, paraphernalia-possession (the warrant was faulty), the
Williamses had to spend nearly $7,000 in bonds and legal fees.
The list goes on. There are hundreds of horror stories which came out
-- and are still coming out -- of Green Merchant: People whose lives were
disrupted or destroyed by the government in an attempt to shut down two
magazines and a seed house.
-=*/> Repercussions <\*=-
While the obvious targets of the Operation were HIGH TIMES, 'Sinsemilla
Tips' the Seed Bank, store owners, small-time growers and the thousands of
people who were investigated, the real victim of Green Merchant has been the
Bill of Rights.
The right of free speech is a cornerstone of our republic. History is
full of people that spoke out advocating illegal positions in an effort to
change the laws governing them -- from Thoreau's 'Civil Disobediance' to 'The
Abolition Papers', from Freedom Marches to abortion rights. What 'Sinsemilla
Tips' did, and what HIGH TIMES does -- advocate the legalization of marijuana
-- is no different than what others have done throughout American history. The
right to print what we choose to print is supposed to be inviolate.
The right to privacy is supposed to be protected as well. Yet the
investigation of thousands of people -- based solely on their having purchased
legal equipment from legal businesses which just happened to advertise, amoung
other places, in pro-marijuana magazines -- has been continually defended by
the Justice Department as necessary to their effort in the War on Drugs,
despite its obvious constitutional infringment.
The rights to privacy were further comprimised by the thousands of
warrantless searches made in that investigation. While many people allowed
those consent searches to be performed, others were intimidated into them. To
date, dozens of government cases have been dropped as a result of those
unlawful entries.
Perhaps the rights most abused in the execution of Operation Green
Merchant involve personal property and the right to be innocent until proven
guilty. The use of forfeiture during the government's prosecution of the
Operation has absolutely shredded these basic rights. That store owners could
have their businesses seized by federal agents, without there being enough
evidence to charge those owners with any criminal activity whatsoever; is a
terrifying concept; that people found to be growing marijuana in the privacy of
their homes could have those homes seized by government agents before they were
ever brought to trial is unconscionable. And yet this was one of the recurring
themes of Green Merchant: confiscate property; threaten charges which would
bankrupt the defendant to defend; and then make an offer to withdraw the
charges if they agree not to fight the forfeiture.
-=*/> Net Results <\*=-
The government not only denies ever trying to put either HIGH TIMES or
'Sinsemilla Tips' out of business by gutting their advertising, it has defended
the actions of the federal, state and local authorities in every phase of Green
Merchant as integral to the success of the War on Drugs. Terrance W. Burke,
the Acting Deputy Administrator of the DEA, suggests that "there is no such
thing as a casual or innocent drug user of illegal substances. Users are a
major factor in the drug-trafficking problem, and they are going to be held
accountable."
Steve Hager, HT's Editor-in-Chief finds fault with that argument. "The
whole reason we told people to grow their own pot was to get rid of the
criminal element. We said, if you want this -- to eat it, to smoke it,
whatever -- that's your God-given right, and we'll tell you how to grow it.
Don't give your money to the narcotic traffickers. Don't support the criminal
drug trade."
Marijuana is illegal today not because it's unsafe to drive while high,
or because some religious and temperance groups think it's the devil's weed;
it's still illegal only because the big boys haven't yet seen their way clear
to corner the market once it does become legal. But you can bet they are
working on that; both marijuana for smoking and hemp for its thousands of
commercial uses -- from plastics to pulp, paper to pesticides, from food to
fuel, fiber to pharmaceuticals -- are just too valuable to be kept of the
market forever. It's just a question of working out the details -- amoung
which is ridding the marketplace of as many independant growers and as much
information as possible. That part of the plan went into effect on Black
Thursday -- October 26, 1989.
In the final analysis, Operation Green Merchant has done nothing but
ruin the lives of thousands, destroy the Bill of Rights, obfuscate the
potential commercial and medical uses of hemp/marijuana by continuing to
demonize it, raise the price of pot and invite the criminals to take charge of
its production.
Way to go boys.
-=*/> The Numbers <\*=-
During a two-week period beginning on October 26, 1989, the DEA raided
gardening centers and private homes in 46 states. The results of that first
phase of Green Merchant -- released on November 9, 1989 -- were:
o 377 arrests of private citizens for marijuana cultivation;
o 42,677 marijuana plants seized (the Justice Department counts
unsprouted seeds in soil as marijuana plants);
o 875 pounds of packaged marijuana seized;
o 2.5 pounds of methamphetamine seized;
o 5 pounds of mushrooms seized;
o 280 indoor grow-sites seized;
o 19 stores and warehouses seized;
o 11 store owners arrested (8 store owners had their businesses
seized without being charged of any criminal activity);
o $7,318,000 in total assets seized.
--------------
o 19 stores closed down: 7 stores forfeited, 11 currently under
forfeiture litigation, 1 store no explantion;
o 16 store owners arrested;
o $9,208,928 in total assets seized.
(No new statistics on either quantities of packaged marijuana or
other illegal substances seized.)
The Operation was far from over. During the past 18 months the DEA
has continued its Green Merchant investigations. The most recent figures --
released by the Justice Department on February 1, 1991 -- are:
o 443 arrests of private citizens for marijuana cultivation;
o 50,794 marijuana plants seized (including unsprouted seeds in soil);
o 358 indoor grow-sites seized;
Of all the arrests made in Green Merchant thus far, only two people had
illegal substances other than marijuana in their homes; one man with 2.5 pounds
of methamphetamine, and another with 5 pounds of mushrooms. Indeed indoor
pot-growers don't appear to be supporting the criminal drug trade.
___________________________
-=*/> Buzzz Bros. <\*=-
(c) MCMXCI
___________________________
X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X
Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm)
& the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845
Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649
Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766
realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043
Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102
Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives,
arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality,
insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS.
Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are,
where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother.
"Raw Data for Raw Nerves"
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/beer.mag
+49
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@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
From usenet.ins.cwru.edu!agate!ames!decwrl!csus.edu!news Tue Mar 3 15:33:59 EST 1992
Article: 3443 of alt.beer
Newsgroups: alt.beer
Path: usenet.ins.cwru.edu!agate!ames!decwrl!csus.edu!news
From: rileymt@cube05.csus.edu (mark riley)
Subject: beer newspapers
Message-ID: <1992Mar3.182750.24568@csus.edu>
Sender: news@csus.edu
Organization: California State University, Sacramento
Date: Tue, 3 Mar 1992 18:27:50 GMT
Lines: 35
Several weeks ago I asked for info about beer newspapers in the
US or Canada. Here is what I have compiled:
1. The oldest and the best- The Celebrator, bimonthly, Box 375,
Hayward CA 94543. $14.95/year (6 issues) Includes reviews of
brewpubs, home brewing news, fine food news with beer recipes,
"pubs abroad" features covering England and Germany, surveys of
beer types with notes on availability in California, book reviews,
and much else.
2. Rocky Mountain Brews, 2000 Whiterock Court, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80526 $12/year (12 issues-a bargain!) Apparently almost a
one-man operation, this is an excellent paper covering an enormous
geographical area. Coverage is heavy for the Denver-Boulder-Fort
Collins area, with less attention to the Tempe-Phoenix area. Of
course, less goes on there. (Now watch the hate mail pour in!)
3. Northwest Beer Journal, 2677 Fircrest Drive S.E., Port Orchard,
Washington 98366 $20/year (6 issues). Another publication, Cascade
Beer News, which covered the Portland area, just died.
4. Barley Corn, 8139 Heatherton Lane, Suite 202, Vienna, Virginia
22180 $10/year (6 issues) Covers the mid-Atlantic area, particularly
Washington, D.C.
5. World Beer Review covers the cosmos. Box 71, Clemson, S.C.
29633. $17.50/year (6 issues) This paper reviews world beer and
reports on American and foreign breweries. I can't find a paper
which covers the South specifically.
6. Pint Post (publication of the Microbrew Appreciation Society)
12345 Lake City Way NE, #159 Seattle, WA 98125 ($15/year).
This group seems to be devoted to selling beer knick-knacks, although
there are reviews on many topics.
7. Zymurgy Magazine, Box 1679, Boulder, CO 80306-1679 ($25/year)
Mainly for home-brewers.
Any additions will be welcomed.
Mark Riley
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/biblio.drg
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From: naga@wet.COM (Peter Davidson)
Newsgroups: alt.activism,alt.consciousness,alt.slack,alt.alien.visitors,alt.drugs,alt.save.the.earth,alt.pagan
Subject: Terence McKenna annotated bibliography (+ sources)
Message-ID: <5927@wet.UUCP>
Date: 24 Mar 94 12:06:41 GMT
(This is in response to a posting on the Fringeware mailing list.
Feel free to repost it to anywhere the message should go.)
>Subject: PHILOS - singularity (McKenna)
>
>Sent from: holo@netcom.com ("D. Ronan Hallowell")
>
>Regarding Terence McKenna.
>
>Bibliography [Typographical errors corrected.]
>The Invisible Landscape - 1975? [yes] Seabury Press NY
>(This is an analysis of the King Wen sequence of the I Ching. This
>knowledge was revealed to Terence during an extended high bandwidth
>connection with the GAIAN MIND in the early '70's in Central America.
>This work forms the basis of his Timewave Zero theory which deals with the
>ingression of novelty and the end of HIStory in 2012 (coincidentally? also
>the end of the Mayan calendar).
Actually the King Wen Sequence is not mentioned until the 2nd half
of the book. The first deals with shamanism, neurochemistry, eschatology,
hallucinogens, schizophrenia, etc., etc., and with the Experiment at
La Chorrera (which is described in much more detail in True Hallucinations).
As to whether it was the Gaian Mind, extraterrestrials, time-travelling elfs
or the Goddess, that's not known for sure.
The Invisible Landscape is being reprinted by HarperSanFrancisco.
It should be hitting the bookstores RSN, maybe April.
>Magic Mushroom Growers Guide- (With Dennis McKenna)
>(Published under a pseudonym in late '70's early '80's. Require botanical
>skills and could be detrimental to your well being in Police State America)
The authors were, pseudonymously, O.T.Oss and O.N.Oeric ("otiose" and
"oneiric"). Could also be detrimental to Police State America.
>The Archaic Revival- Harper S.F.1991
>(This is the best intro to Mckenna's thought. It is a collection of
>articles and talks from various mags and lectures. The text could have
>been edited a bit better but it is still a pleasure to read and packed
>with compelling stories/information/knowledge.)
Contains a chapter on the Timewave Zero theory.
>Food Of The Gods- ? 1992 [Bantam]
>(This is a radical history of the relationship between psychedelic plants
>and the evolution of conscioussness.)
Politically relevant. Closest thing we have so far to a Psychedelic
Manifesto. Calls for legalization of all drugs and the overthrow of
the dominator form of society.
>Trialogues At The Edge of The West: Chaos Creativity and The
>Resacralization of the World (w/ Rupert Sheldrake & Ralph Abraham)
>(This text is highly recommended. A very interesting discussion between
>three of the most important and hopeful contemporary thinkers.)
>Bear & Co., Santa Fe 1992
>True Hallucinations Harper S.F. 1993
>(This should be read like literature. It is a rant. Not his best text but
>worthwhile none the less.)
The original version, 8 audio tapes, originally published by the
venerable and now-dormant Lux Natura, is currently available from Sound
Photosynthesis, Mill Valley, 415-383-6712. If you get the tapes, don't
lend them out, you'll likely never get them back (I've lost two sets this
way). Sound Photosynthesis also has other McKenna tapes. Audio tapes
also available from Big Sur Tapes, Box 4, Tiburon, CA 94920 (415-435-5511).
>Sound Video
>
>I recommend the Space/Time Continuum CD. Very good intro which I find
>entertaining. The video is the shit!!! very well done & "trippy"
>Available from Rose X Media House S.F. email me for more info)
>There is also a film version available. It is playing in S.F. now tell
>your local independent cinema to pick this up.
Also there's the video "Seeking the Stone" available from Lightworks
Audio & Video, P. O. Box 661593, Los Angeles, CA 90066.
And at last it seems there's actually a Macintosh version of the Timewave
Zero software available (in addition to the MS-DOS version which has been
available since 1990 and has been undergoing incremental improvements ever
since). Info on this from Dolphin Software, 510-464-3009.
>My Two Cents On T.M.
>
>Many people try to discredit Terence by saying he's a wacked out crazy
>druggy.Well he is not. He is a very talented philosopher and poet who is
>trying to help our species wake up and celebrate the wonder of chaos and
>gnosis instead of annhilating each other in a patriarchal bloodbath of
>ecological degradation, social decay and political violence.
Well said. I suspect those who criticise Terence are actually
attacking the psychedelic position. Some want to keep us on our knees
at the churches, mosques, etc. (not to mention slumped nightly in
front of the idiot box when not laboring as wage-slaves to enrich the
corporate capitalists) and don't like people getting into direct
experience of psychological/spiritual/metaphysical realms and finding
out things for themselves (which may be different from what the priest,
minister, rabbi, swami, etc., have learned to tell them is so).
As is well known to anyone who has explored the subject, psychedelics
are deconditioning agents, and are immediately opposed and attacked by
anyone who has a stake in keeping people believing things they've been
conditioned to believe. Amazing what a few good acid trips will do
for your belief in the authority of the government, sanctity of the
church and divinely-ordained superiority of the country you grew up
in. The best thing to do with the established power-structures is to
subvert them, since they benefit only the ruling class (that's not us).
Refuse to cooperate with them, throw sand in their gears, disable their
lines of communication, trash their records, confuse their bureaucracies,
render them nugatory and lead them into oblivion quickly so we and future
generations can live our lives in whatever way we choose, as we see fit,
based on our own direct experience interpreted by means of our own innate
intelligence.
Here's a taste of the authentic McKenna, from a 1992 talk at the
Camden Center in London:
]These psychedelic substances cause hysterical psychoses in people who have
]not taken them, and how then do you talk them down out of their tree and
]attempt to convince them that this is all well and good. Well, it isn't
]easy. It isn't going to come from the upper echelons of the establishment,
]this revolution in thinking, it's going to come from youth, it's going to
]come from people who stand outside the system and can see its
]contradictions. Well, is it simply a political evolution, revolution, a
]desire for more freedom, less entanglement with bureaucracy and restriction
]of civil rights? I don't think so. I think that when we analyze carefully
]the content of the psychedelic experience we have to leave our previous
]models behind. The psychedelic experience is far more than instant
]psychotherapy or instant regression to infantile traumatic situations, far
]more than simply a kind of super-aphrodisiac, far more than simply an aid
]in formulating ideas or coming up with artistic concepts. What the
]psychedelic experience really is is opening the doorway into a lost continent
]of the human mind. A continent that we have almost lost all connection to,
]and the nature of this lost world of the human mind is that it is a Gaian
]entelechy. It turns out, if we can trust the evidence of the psychedelic
]experience, that we are not the only intelligent life forms on this planet,
]that we share this planet with some kind of conscious mind - call it Gaia,
]call it Zeta Reticulans who came here a million years ago, call it God
]Almighty, it doesn't matter what you call it, the fact of the matter is
]that the claims of religion that there is some kind of higher power can be
]experientially verified through psychedelics. Now this is not, in Milton's
]wonderful phrase "The God who hung the stars like lamps in heaven" - it
]doesn't have to do with that, in my opinion - it isn't cosmic in scale,
]it's planetary in scale. There is some kind of discarnate intelligence.
]It's in the water, it's in the ground, it's in the vegetation, it's in the
]atmosphere we breath, and our unhappiness, our discomfort, arises from the
]fact that we have fallen into history and history is a state of benighted
]ignorance concerning the real facts of how the world works.
>I'm open for further discussion and would be interested in starting a
>small study group in the Bay Area.
>
> Ronan Hallowell
> dada epistemologist/DJ
I'm told that Dolphin Software, the publisher of the Mac and MS-DOS
Timewave Zero software packages, is able to facilitate the formation
of such discussion groups. They have ways of connecting people who
wish to be connected. Mysterious ways. Call them at 510-464-3009 if
you want to start a McKenna study group or be part of one.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/blacklight-vampire
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I had never tripped acid before, but i always have wanted to. One day a
friend of mine tells me that he had a 10 strip of some acid. I totally
started freaking out saying "man you gotta sell me a hit or two" He told me
not to worry about it and that it was on the house. I dosed a hit and a half
of some white blouter. About forty-five minutes later I started feeling
awkward and started seeing weird patterns of light everywhere I looked and I
was all caught up in seeing shit and was enjoying it quite well. My two
friends and I sat outside in a friends driveway all night trippin nuts and
having a good time.
Its was 12:00 midnight and I had to be home(unfortunately, i dreaded the
thought of even going near my parents) so we finished the joint I rolled and
I headed home. I was driving out in the middle of who knows where and as I
drove past this field I looked over and saw space camels running though a cow
pasture then saw a floating island hovering off to the left of my car. It was
the greatest thing I had ever seen in my life. I arrived home only to have my
dad sitting on the couch awaiting my arrivial so he could go to bed(why i
dont know i hate it though) I quickly spoke to him and rushed upstairs to
avoid any extensive conversations with my folks. I walked into my room and
turned on my blacklight and stared at my blacklight poster as my friend up
the street came to my window and i let him in and we both stared at the
poster tripping balls/peaking out. I got up and cut on the tv and watched
Vampire Hunter D, then got bored and cut off the tv and stared at the poster,
went back to the tv and watched it for a few minutes then looked at the
poster again and i continued this for about an hour. I settled down
eventually and looked at the poster and saw satan and jesus talking to me
then they disappeared and spirals camee out of the poster and swirled around
, it was the most bueatiful thing i ever saw.
I have done acid numerous times since then and plan to do more someday. I
havent had a bad trip yet and dont want one.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/blind-trip
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs.psychedelics
I have been totally blind since birth and about a week ago I tried shrooms
for the first time. I read all I could about them from hyperreal and a.d.p
and a friend said it would be interesting to see what it would do to me.
It was not possible to have anyone with me so I picked a time when I knew
I wouldn't be bothered for six hours. I decided the only thing I would
do was to sit in my rocker with headphones listening to whatever felt good.
I figured that would be pretty safe since most music you find on the radio
has a positive message or if it didn't you could always tune into something
else. After about 30 minutes I became aware that the world, life, the universe
or whatever was racing by at a trementous speed. I felt that this wasn't
a problem if I stayed in the center and didn't get off track. But if I did,
my life could shatter into millions of pieces and could never be put back
together. After that acute intense phase I got the idea that whatever I was
listening to was being played and written just for me. I became aware of
a deeper understanding of life, people, and the music I was listening to. I got
the idea that it would be nice to take all my clothes off and just bathe
myself in whatever I was listening to. Around that time I began to notice
many audio distortions. It seemed that the music began coming apart and
unraveling. My conception of harmony became very strange. Most music began
to echo around and around in my mind. It was like my brain would hear music
in the present while still hanging on to what I heard a second ago. It was
like a tape loop where you say something and a second later it repeats and
feeds back until it builds into a jumble of music that kept on echoing.
Also at the peak of the experience the music would actually change; transposing
itself into other keys. It was the most intense and pleasurable musical
experience you could ever imagine. Thoughts were racing through my mind at
warp speed. About this time the phone rang somewhere off in the distance.
I decided it was best not to answer because whoever it was wasn't on my
channel/frequency. I thought about the time many years ago someone attacked
Dan Rather and the guy said something like "Keneth whats the frequency?"
I understand now, the guy was on shrooms! When you're on shrooms noone can
find your frequency! More time went by and I decided that maybe I
would make a phone call. When I turned the music off it was very strange.
All sound was very distorted. My voice sounded strange as it bounced off the
walls. It was like I was hearing everything from inside a tube. Sounds were
"out of phase". It was like my ears were hooked to a fancy audio filter
where you could vary the notch frequency and/or the passband. With great
difficulty I was able to make a long distance call. After a few minutes
I went back to my music. I had no idea what was real and what was not but
that didn't matter because I wasn't hurting myself or anyone else.
What a great way to take a vacation without leaving home! It does disturb
me to read about people who take drugs like this and insist on doing things
like driving that require good judgment and a clear head. I was thinking
that if we lived in more enlightened times there could be clinics where for
a fee you could take a trip on your choice of psychedelic drugs
in a controlled and safe setting. Maybe to start with your personal
drug therapist would take a brief medical history ... depending on the drug
you were taking and then arrange for music, vidios or other interesting things
to do on your trip. I don't have much hope of anything like this in our
lifetime at least not in the U.S. but maybe in Holand? But in the meantime
we have to arrange our own trips. It's not our fault, it's the government's
fault.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/blue_sta.faq
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs,alt.folklore.urban
From: dgross@polyslo.csc.calpoly.edu (Dave Gross)
Subject: FAQ: Blue-star LSD tattoo transfers
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 94 05:05:49 GMT
Apparantly it's about time for this FAQ again...
Frequently Answered Question -- What about these "LSD Tattoos?"
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Summary
-------
The LSD Tattoo urban legend (a.k.a. "Blue Star tattoos," "Mickey Mouse
LSD," et al.) is a classic of the breed. It is an example of a
"contamination" legend and can be classed with such other familiar legends as
"Spider eggs in Bubble Yum."
Typically, a school, hospital, or police station will get a copy of a
flier alleging that drug fiends are using a nefarious new technique to get
children hooked on drugs -- they give kids lick-and-stick tattoos (such as are
occasionally found as prizes in Cracker Jack boxes) that contain LSD. The LSD
is absorbed through the skin, causing all sorts of unpleasant symptoms, the
child becomes hooked, and the dealer has a new customer.
The legend has some credibility trouble. First of all, although the
fliers often list authorities (Beth Israel Medical Center in New York, the
Valley Children's Hospital, "the Police Department," the Cumberland County
Sheriff's Department, "Die New Yorker Polizei," "las Autoridades," "Sr. Roch
Hospital," "Mr. Guy Chaille, Advisor to the President," etc.), once contacted
(if in fact, they can be; Mr. Guy Chaille doesn't exist), these authorities
tend to deny knowledge of the alarming problem.
In addition, LSD is a nonaddictive drug. There is no such thing as a
"deadly trip" (except in such incredibly rare circumscances as those of
unfortunate and indiscriminate drug users snorting LSD crystals while under
the mistaken impression that they are doing lines of coke) -- a fatal overdose
of LSD would be almost impossible. The absorption of LSD through the skin
from casual handling of blotter paper is also very unlikely, although not
impossible.
Like all good urban legends, there is a thread of truth in the magic
carpet. LSD is commonly packaged in sheets of blotter-paper which are
perforated into squares (slightly smaller than 1cm x 1cm) which constitute a
"dose" of LSD. Some LSD manufacturers have trademarks which are printed on
these squares (examples: Blue Unicorns, Bart Simpson, etc.). I've seen a
photograph of a square of blotter acid printed with Mickey Mouse (in his role
as the Sorcerer's Apprentice in the movie Fantasia -- a favorite movie of the
psychedelic set).
One theory as to how the rumors started: A police report mentioned
lsd doses "stamped with pictures of Mickey Mouse." The word "stamped" was
transmogrified from a verb into a noun at some point in the FOAFmission of the
story: "stamps with pictures of Mickey Mouse." The implication being that
when licked, these stamps cause LSD intoxication.
Such a genesis-document has been found. In 1980, the Narcotics Bureau
of the New Jersey State Police sent out a memorandum including pictures of
Mickey Mouse blotter acid, including packaging including foil, a ziploc bag
and a red cardboard box with a picture of Mickey Mouse on it. The memorandum
uses the word "stamps" to refer to the pictures stamped on the blotter paper.
[Jean-Bruno RENARD, in "LSD Cartoon Stamps / Tattoo Transfers: An
Extreme Case of Rumor about Contamination in France" alleges that another
connection between stamps and LSD is that "it is a custom among LSD users to
send small LSD tablets by concealing them underneath the postage stamps of the
letters they send to foreign correspondents." He also alleges, but doesn't
footnote (dammit!), that "LSD tablets were found concealed beneath tattoo
transfers in California."]
A Seventh-Day Adventist church community wrote and propagated a flier
in 1980 using information from the police memorandum, and the legend was on a
roll. Like a virus, this flier was highly contageous and subject to mutations
that would make it more virulent.
Legends about drug dealers trying to hook children on drugs with "free
samples" and other nefarious means have been around for a long time, and it
was natural that there would be some cross-fertilization.
Eventually, someone gets a bee in his/her bonnet and types out a
warning. Some police department somewhere makes a drug bust in which the
"blue stars" trademark is found, another finds "Bart Simpson," each time the
legend gets more elaborate.
By 1987, the fliers include references to "Blue Star," "butterflies,
clowns, red pyramids, and colored microdots." LSD is now alleged to be able
to cause "a fatal `trip'" and strychnine is included in some stamps
(strychnine in acid is an old faithful urban legend, surfacing regularly in
alt.drugs).
"Windowpane" acid and "Microdot" are not trademarks, but are different
carrier media for the drug (i.e. not blotter paper). Windowpane is a gelatin-
base, whereas Microdot is the drug in a pill or capsule form.
===============================================================================
Standard flier format
------------------------
[Authority establishment]
DRUG ALERT -- The following information is from the Beth Israel
Medical Center in New York.(1)
Die New Yorker Polizei warnt vor einer neuen Drogenform,
welche jetzt Kindern offeriert wird...(3)
Esta Informacion ha sido confirmada por la Brigada Francesa de
Estupefacientes (traduccion de una informacion recbida de
Francia).(4)
The Police Department has informed me that there is another
danger in our communities.(6)
The following article was distributed by the Cumberland
County Sheriff's Department in May 1988. It deserves your
attention. This article appeared in The Newsletter of St.
Michael's Lutheran Church, Hamburg, PA.(7)
...the Valley Children's Hospital and the Police Department
have informed us that there is another danger in our
community.(8)
J. O'Donnell of Danbury Hospital's Outpatient Chemical
Dependency Treatment Service.... (9)
[Plea for further spread of rumor]
Please alert your community leaders, school officials, law
enforcement agencies, churches and anyone else you feel will
help us spread the word.... Please advise your community
and your children about these drugs.(1)
Feel free to share this message with parents of other children,
friends, and relatives.(5)
Please alert your community leaders, school officials, law
enforcement agencies, church, and anyone else you feel will
help spread the word.(7)
[LSD Tattoo Warning]
A form of tattoo called "Blue Star" is being sold to school
children. It is a small sheet of white paper containing blue
stars the size of a pencil eraser. Each star is soaked with
LSD. Each star can be removed and placed in the mouth. The
LSD can also be absorbed through the skin simply by handling
the paper.(1)
Segun los autoridades, una especie de tatuaje para ninos,
llamado "BLUE STAR" (estrelle azul), ha aparecido en el
mercado en algunoz medios de los Estados Unidos.(4)
It is a small sheet of paper containing blue stars the size
of a pencil eraser. Each star is loaded with LSD. Each
star can be removed and placed in the mouth.(5)
[Description of tattoos]
There are also brightly colored paper tabs resembling postage
stamps with pictures of Superman, butterflies, clowns, Simpsons,
Mickey Mouse, and other Disney characters. These stamps are
packed in a red cardboard box which is wrapped in foil....
Red stamps called "Red Pyramid" are also being distributed,
also with "micro dot" in various colors and another kind called
"Window Pane" which has a grid that can be cut out.(1)
Estos tatuajes representan a MICKEY MOUSE O SUPERMAN o
mariposas y se presentan en forma de sellos aplicables en la
piel. Estos sellos contienen LSD y son de color brilliante
y vienen en general empaquetados en unos sobres de carton
rojizo, con una fotografia de MICKEY MOUSE y a la vez todos
ellos metidos en una bolsa transparente precintada. Cada
bolsa contiene cinco hojas contabilizando 100 sellos.(2)
Es gibt auch Klebebilder in bunten Farben, die wie Briefmarken
aussehen. Diese Bilder sind oft mit "Superman," Schmetterlingen
Disney-Figuren und vielen anderen bedruckt. Die Marken sind in
Alufolie verpackt und befinden sich in Karton-Schaechtelchen.(3)
These are brightly-colored tabs resembling postage stamps
that have pictures of Superman, Butterflies, Clowns, Mickey
Mouse and other Disney Characters on them (very appealing to
young children). These stamps are packaged in a red cardboard
box wrapped in foil.... A red stamp called Red Pyramid is
also being distributed along with Micro Dots in various colors
and another, that can be cut out, called Window Pane which
has an acid.(5)
...and another called Window Pane which has an acid that can
be cut out.(6)
[Hooking little kids]
This is a new way of selling acid by appealing to younger
children.... It was learned that little children could be
given a free tattoo by other children who want to have some
fun or by others cultivating new customers.(1)
This is a new way of selling acid and introduces severe
problems by appealing to our young children... It is also
learned that little children could be given a "free tattoo"
by older children who want to have some fun or by others
cultivating new drug customers.(5)
[Absorption through skin/Strychnine]
These are all laced with drugs. If you or your child see
any of the above do not handle! These drugs are known to
react very quickly and some are laced with strychnine.(1)
The LSD can also be absorbed through the skin simply by
handling the paper.... All of these drugs are known to
react very quickly and some have been laced with strychnine
which is a poisonous alkaloid.(5)
[Symptoms]
Younger children could happen upon these and have a fatal
"trip".... Symptoms: Hallucination, severe vomiting,
uncontrolled laughter, mood change, and change in body
temperature.(1)
El joven nino que estaria en posesion de estos sellos, poira
sufrir un TRIP (sobre dosis) mortal. Se teme tambien que
ninos con mas edad y que conozcan el efecto de la LSD den
un tatuaje en forme gratuita a los mas jovenes, con el
afan de divertirse con su reaccion al acido.(4)
A young child could happen upon these and have a fatal
"trip".... Symptoms are: 1. hallucinations, 2. severe
vomiting, 3. mood changes, 4. change of body temperature (5)
[Notify authorities]
Get to the hospital as soon as possible and call the police.
Please Call your local RCMP if you come in contact with these
products.(1)
If you or your children see any of the above "DO NOT HANDLE"
notify your local police department.(6)
(1) -- found in Gander, Newfoundland
September 1990
(2) -- "Muy Importante (Para la gente que tinen ninos)"
From Spain, but not in proper European Spanish
Not dated
(3) -- "Drogengefahr fur Kinder!!" source unknown
Not dated
(4) -- Posted as "official notice" in U.S. Embassy in Lima, Peru
11 October 1988
(5) -- On the letterhead of Merchants Bancorp, Inc. (Pennsylvania)
10 March 1989
(6) -- Muhlenberg College Faculty and Staff Parents
5 February 1989
(7) -- "look, listen, and learn"
Not dated
(8) -- "Attention Parents" found in Los Angeles
Not dated
(9) -- Found at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| David Langness, the [Hospital Council of Southern California] association's
| vice president of communications, said the warning was then mailed to
| all member hospitals. "When we hear about these things, we don't
| attempt to confirm or deny them," he said. "We simply send it out to
| emergency rooms across the region in case they see a medical problem
| associated with this kind of drug."
| -- Los Angeles Times, *** 9 December 1987 ***
|
| "They're like a chain letter," said David Langness, a spokesman for the
| Hospital Council of Southern California, which represents about 250
| hospitals in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Ventura, San Bernardino and
| Santa Barbara counties. "They capitalize on anti-drug hysteria, and as
| far as we can determine, they are a total hoax."
| -- Los Angeles Times, *** 18 April 1992 ***
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
"We don't know where these come from, but they're bogus," said Ralph B.
Lochridge, a spokesman for the Drug Enforcement Administration's Los Angeles
office. "It's like UFO sightings. They show up everywhere."
-- Los Angeles Times, 18 April 1992
A spokeswoman for the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York says they didn't
print any leaflets about acid-laced sticker tattoos. "We had absolutely
nothing to do with it," she says. "The thing's a hoax!"
-- The Gander Beacon, 17 October 1990
"I haven't seen LSD in the streets in years," said Riverside County Sheriff's
Detective Carla Gordon. "We don't know the source of the notice. We don't
know the purpose."
-- Los Angeles Times, 9 December 1987
===============================================================================
HOW DO THEY SPREAD???
Well-meaning folks see the fliers, which have enough of a smell of truth about
them, and feel as if they are doing a good deed by spreading the story around.
After a few bad xeroxes, the fliers get retyped. The new versions are usually
slightly different, which enables urban-legend fans to track the progress and
origin of new epidemics through pseudo-genetic means.
"You feel like if it's happening, you want to let parents know. We didn't
make a big issue of it, but we wanted to pass it along."
-- Eileen Deck, Principal of St. Anthony's Catholic School
in El Segundo, Calif.
"I was really concerned about this. I photocopied it and gave it out to some
parents."
-- Rose Walsh, worker at Gander Daycare
"With drugs, if you're going to err, it's better to do so on the side of
extreme caution."
-- Carla Gordon, Riverside County, Calif., Sheriff's Detective
"I felt that if it was something that concerned the safety and well-being of
our students, then the parents ought to know about it."
-- King Walker, Principal of Normandie Christian School in
South Central Los Angeles, Calif.
"I was shocked. I thought about the youngsters and the children who are
entrusted to me. My spontaneous reaction prevented me from verifying the
veracity of this `information.' My good faith was abused and I may have been
careless."
-- Pr. Jasmin, a dentisty professor in Nice, France.
===============================================================================
--
***** INTERNET: dgross@polyslo.CalPoly.EDU **** finger for PGP public key *****
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/blunts.drg
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Date: Wed, 10 Nov 1993 16:10:33 -0500 (EST)
From: trent <TTSCHIRG@UMAB.BITNET>
Subject: blunts, snorting heroin
Sender: Drug Abuse Education Information and Research <DRUGABUS@UMAB.BITNET>
Message-id: <01H55GVU9XYQ8WWEX0@YMIR.Claremont.Edu>
Blunts
What are "blunts?"
The name, "Blunts," is a street name used to describe a
marijuana and tobacco cigar. Other street names include "el-pees"
(LP's), According to one source, blunts originated among Jamaicans
in New York City in the early 1980's.(1) Blunts take their
name from "Phillies Blunt=FC" brand cigars, although other brands of
similar make (such as El Producto=FC, White Owl=FC, and Dutch Masters=
=FC)
are also used for this purpose.
(1) Tobacco is removed from the inside of the cigar, and
replaced with marijuana.
Blunts vs. Joints
Smoking marijuana inside the leaf or paper wrapper of a
cigar offers several advantages to the user:
-The tobacco wrapper slows down the burning rate of the
joint. This allows a greater number of users to share the same
joint.(1)
-A blunt holds more marijuana than a joint, and is
convenient to use and store. A single user can smoke it,
extinguish it, and easily relight it. "That's what's so cool about
a blunt. Just put it out. It fits nicely in the top pocket."(1)
-It looks like a legal drug. Even though it is illegal for
adolescents to use tobacco products, blunts appear to be commercial
tobacco cigars. Policemen, teachers, and parents who ignore
cigarette possession in minors are likely to ignore blunts as well.
-Nicotine from the tobacco content may add to the effects of
the marijuana in a blunt. Nicotine is a stimulant, and marijuana
is a minor hallucinogen with some depressant properties. Other
stimulant and depressant combinations include cocaine and heroin,
cocaine and alcohol, amphetamines and alcohol. At this writing,
there appears to be no medical literature evaluating the
psychoactive effects of using marijuana and tobacco together vs.
individually. However, some of the comments made in one magazine
interview are intriguing and may indicate synergistic effects:
"The blunt is more effective =FCthan smoking marijuana
alone=FC..." "When you smoke a blunt, you get twice as high.
=2E . ." "At first, I didn't like it, 'cause it made me dizzy. . .
(1)
Why are Phillies Blunt=FC cigars used?
Many other cigar brands are still being used to make blunts.
Users say that the Phillies Blunt=FC brand produces less harsh-
tasting or sweeter smoke.(1) The leaf wrapper of a
Phillies Blunt=FC is strong enough to hold together through the
manipulations of making a blunt. Other brands fall apart.
Washington DC Area Trends
The emergence of blunts in the Washington D.C. area has been
associated with an increase in marijuana abuse among both youth and
adults.(2) The peaks and dips in positive test results for
marijuana in juvenile arrestees closely resemble increased
Washington DC area sales of the Havatampa Co.'s large cigars,
including the Phillies Blunt=FC brand.(2)
National Trends
Articles in High Times, a magazine about substance use and
marijuana farming, give methods for making blunts.
(2,3) Rap music stars featured in the articles
suggested a cultural link between blunts use and rap or hip-hop
music.(2) The appearance of tee shirts and baseball caps
promoting blunts use in New York, Washington DC, Baltimore, and
California suggest that blunts use is becoming a national
phenomenon.
REFERENCES
1. Nixon R. Story of the blunt. High Times 1993 Mar;:40-1.
2. Mundell C. (1993) The emergence of blunts: A timeline of the
emergence of marijuana and tobacco cigar use. (Presentation at the
Center for Substance Abuse Research, College Park, MD, 11/8/93)
3. Nixon R. Rolling with Redman. High Times 1993 Mar;:38-9.
=FC
[info on snorting heroin deleted -cak]
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>||
|| TRENT TSCHIRGI, R.PH. | ON BITNET: ||
|| DRUG ABUSE INFORMATION + TTSCHIRG@UMAB ||
|| UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT BALTIMORE | VOICE PHONE: ||
|| SCHOOL OF PHARMACY + 410-706-7513 ||
|| OFFICE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE STUDIES | FAX: ||
|| 20 N. PINE STREET, RM 224 + 410-706-7184 ||
|| BALTIMORE, MD 21201-1180 USA | ||
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
=============================================================================
From: JUSCOTT@delphi.com
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Blunt Instructions!
Date: Fri, 7 Jan 94 00:25:01 EST
Message-ID: <940107.01501.JUSCOTT@delphi.com>
How to Roll a Blunt!
By: Social Distortion
The first thing you have to know to roll a blunt, is Practice,
Practice, and Practice. It takes several tries before you can get it right.
Go to your corner store and buy a pack of Tampa Gold Gars. Take a razor
blade, and cut it open like this.
_____
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|__|__|
^
|
Cut here.
Take all the tobacco out. Lick the back of the paper, that is, the
outside of the gar, thoroughly. You really need to make love to these things
with your tounge. Next, place a healthy portion of weed in the gar. Roll it
up, and lick the edge thoroughly. It takes a lot of saliva to make these
things stick. When you have it closed up, pop it in the microwave for about
ten seconds, this makes it stick better. The light it up, and smoke it.
The Ethics of Gars
A lot of people think rolling in gars ruins the taste of marijuana. I
personally think it enhances the taste. You can take mondo hits, and you'll
definately choke the first time you smoke one. For the ultimate high, let
someone give you shotgun. It'll knock you on your ass. All the people I
know now don't even carry skins anymore, only a pack of gars in their pocket.
It takes longer to roll than a joint, but it's worth the extra effort.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bond.str
+740
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
Message-ID: <073310Z08071994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an58264@anon.penet.fi (Dalamar)
Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 07:25:09 UTC
Subject: CHEMISTRY: Bonding and Structure
In the following file the numbers immediately following an atoms symbol in
a chemical formula should be read as subscript eg C2H6 should be read :
CCCCCC H H
C H H
C H H
C HHHHHHH 6
C 222 H H 6
C 2 H H 6 6
CCCCCC 22 H H 6 6
2222 66
The mole is a measure of amount of substance in chemistry and is equivalent to
6.02 x 10(raised to the power of 23) particles.
Bonding and Structure
_____________________
The vast majority of substances which occur freely in nature, or are
synthetically manufactured by man, are not comprised of free atoms,
but of atoms held joined together by chemical bonds. How and why do atoms
form bonds ?
Obviously the formation of a bond must be energetically favourable, leading to a
minimum of energy ie the product in which the bonds have been formed must be
more stable than the individual atoms, otherwise the bonds would not form.
To understand what happens in terms of electronic structure when atoms form
bonds consider the group 0 elements. These comprise the inert gases helium,
neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon, all of which are noted for their extreme
lack of chemical properties and unreactivity. Atoms of the noble gases do not
normally react with any other atoms, so that the gases consist of atoms alone.
This lack of reactivity and the fact that the gases are comprised of lone atoms
indicates that these atoms are extremely stable, their energy being at such a
favourable minimum that it cannot be improved by bond formation. The inert gases
all have one thing in common - a complete outer shell of electrons, so we
conclude that this is a very stable arrangement.
The electrons contained in the outermost shell of an atom are generally the ones
concerned with bonding and the formation of _compounds_. When two or more
different elements are combined together, so that their atoms become bonded,
the resultant substance is called a compound. The properties of the compound
usually differs radically from the elements which combined together to
form it. A classic example is the formation of water from the elements
hydrogen and oxygen. When hydrogen and oxygen are mixed in the correct
proportions and a spark or flame applied, a violent reaction occurs in which
the hydrogen and oxygen react together to form water. Both oxygen and hydrogen
are gases at room temperature, but the product of their reaction together is
a clear liquid, without which life would not exist.
When atoms form bonds they do so in such a way as to attain a stable electronic
configuration. As we have already shown, the most stable configuration is that
of a complete outer shell of electrons. There are three ways in which atoms may
obtain a stable electronic configuration : by losing, gaining or sharing
electrons. If we divide the elements into (a) electropositive elements, whose
atoms compete poorly for electrons and give up one or more electrons fairly
readily (low ionisation energy), (b) electronegative elements, whose atoms
attract electrons strongly and also readily take up electrons, then the
following rule of thumb applies :
Electropositive element + Electronegative element = Ionic Bond
Electronegative element + Electronegative element = Covalent Bond
Electropositive element + Electropositive element = Metallic Bond
The three modes of bonding described above are :
1. The Ionic Bond.
The _ionic bond_ is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to
another, generating cations and anions which are held together by the pure
electrostatic attraction of the resulting positive and negative charges.
Compounds such as sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS) and magnesium
oxide (MgO) contain this type of bonding.
2. The Covalent bond.
The _covalent bond_ is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between
two atoms. Each atom achieves a stable configuration by gaining a share of
a number of electrons from the outermost shell of the other atom. Compounds
such as methane (CH4), chloroform (CHCl3), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and
benzene (C6H6) contain this type of bonding.
3. The metallic bond.
This type of bonding, as the name suggests, occurs in metals. The outermost
electrons of the metal become _delocalised_, that is they are not associated
with any one particular atom, but are free to move from atom to atom in the
metal crystal. The structure can then be imagined as an array of metal cations
surrounded by a delocalised 'sea' of electrons which hold the cations together.
The outstanding electrical conductivity of metals is due to the mobility of
these electrons through the lattice. Sodium metal consists of an array of
Na+ cations (noble gas config. of neon, K2 L8) held together by the delocalised
M1 electrons (sodium originally K2 L8 M1).
Ionic and covalent bonding is covered in more detail below.
The Ionic Bond
______________
Consider sodium, an electropositive element with low ionisation energy and
electronic configuration of K2 L8 M1. When sodium reacts with an electronegative
element, for example chlorine, the single electron contained in the M shell is
readily lost to give Na+ ion, with the stable electronic configuration of neon,
K2 L8. Chlorine, which is of high electronegativity (electron attracting),
accepts an electron readily to give the _chloride ion_, Cl-, with the stable
electronic configuration of argon, K2 L8 M8. By the transfer of only one
electron, from sodium to chlorine, each atom is now 'happier' as it has achieved
a more stable electron configuration. The millions of Na+ and Cl- ions which are
generated during the reaction form themselves into a regular three dimensional
cubic lattice, consisting of alternating Na+ and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion in
the lattice is surrounded by 6 Cl- ions, 4 in the same plane, one in the plane
above, and one in the plane below. The diagram below shows a small portion of
a single plane of Na+ and Cl- ions as they are arranged in sodium chloride.
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
This pattern will repeated not only in the same plane, but also in planes
stacked above and below. The planes immediately above and below this one will
be arranged so that the chloride ions they contain are above and below the
sodium ions in this plane. The _coordination number_ of each ion is _six_.
The electrostatic attractive forces between the ions are extremely strong,
resulting in a rigid crystal structure and a compound which is a solid.
The chemical formula for sodium chloride is written as NaCl, which represents
the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions in the compound.
Because the rest of the group I metals (Li, Na, K etc) have similair electronic
structure (one electron in outermost shell), they also have similair properties
(electropositive, low ionisation energy) and can be expected to react in a
similair fasion to sodium with chlorine, or any of the other of the group VII
elements (commonly known as the halogens, F, Cl, Br etc), which are all one
electron short of an inert gas structure. The resultant compounds will be of
the general formula MX, where M represents an alkali metal and X a halogen.
Some examples are sodium fluoride (NaF), lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium
iodide (KI).
The group II elements are also electropositive and are collectively known as the
alkaline earth metals. All of the metals in this group contain 2 electrons in
the outermost shell of their atoms, for example the electronic structure of
magnesium is K2 L8 M2. In combining with a halogen, an ionic compound of general
formula MX2 is formed, where M represents an alkaline earth metal and X a
halogen. To obtain an inert gas structure each metal atom must lose 2 electrons.
However, each halogen atom requires but one electron to complete its outermost
shell, therefore for each M(2+) cation formed there are two X(-) ions also
formed, giving a chemical formula of MX2. Examples are magnesium chloride
(MgCl2) and calcium fluoride (CaF2).
Oxygen is another very electronegative element and with the electronic structure
K2 L6, an oxygen atom is two electrons short of attaining the inert gas
structure of neon (K2 L8). In compounds with the group I or group II metals,
oxygen can accept two electrons to form the _oxide ion_, O(2-), which now has
the inert gas structure of neon. Each group I metal atom donates only one
electron, therefore the resulting _group I oxides_, have the general formula
M2O eg. sodium oxide (Na2O). Each group II metal donates two electrons, giving
a general formula of MO for the _group II oxides_, eg. magnesium oxide (MgO).
The bonding in these oxides is again ionic (e.pos element + e.neg element).
Most of the oxides, although stable, must be prepared by indirect methods as
combustion in air gives other products such as peroxides and superoxides.
The amount of energy released when one mole of an ionic compound is formed
from its constituent ions is known as the _lattice energy_. This figure is
usually quite high (eg approx 750 kJ/mol for NaCl) and depends on the nature
of the ions and which type of structure they adopt. As well as the NaCl type
of lattice which most of the group I halides adopt, many other geometries are
formed by other ionic compounds. The reason why any particular geometry is
adopted is that the lattice energy is at its most favourable.
The Covalent Bond
_________________
When two electronegative elements react together, ionic bonds are not formed
because both atoms have a tendency to gain electrons. However, both atoms may
still achieve an inert gas structure by the mutual sharing of electrons.
Consider the element chlorine, which has seven electrons in the outermost shell
of its atoms. Chlorine exists under normal conditions as a yellow gas composed
of discrete Cl2 molecules. Now consider how two chlorine atoms will combine to
form a chlorine molecule (Cl2). If each atom gives a _share_ of one of its
outermost electrons to the other, each achieves a full outer shell. As both
chlorine atoms are of identical electronegativity, the pair of electrons
which now constitute a covalent bond are shared equally between both atoms.
Diagramatically this may be represented:
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
Cl + Cl =====> Cl Cl
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
Chlorine atoms A chlorine molecule
Only the outermost electrons are shown in the diagram (the M shell).
Each chlorine atom in the chlorine molecule has in its outermost shell six
electrons which fully belong to it, plus a share in two more electrons, making
a stable octet (inert gas structure of argon, K2 L8 M8) around each atom.
A single covalent bond is therefore made up of a shared _pair_ of electrons.
A carbon atom is four electrons short of a complete outer shell, therefore
it will need to share four electrons and form four bonds. For example, a
molecule of carbon tetrachloride is composed of one carbon atom bonded to
four chlorine atoms, CCl4. Each chlorine atom is only one electron short of
a complete outer shell, so each Cl atom forms only one bond.
Diagramatically this may be represented:
x x
x x
Cl
x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x C x + 4 Cl ======> Cl C Cl
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x
Cl
x x
x x
Only the outer shell of electrons is shown for each atom.
By sharing electrons in this way, both the carbon and all four chlorine atoms
attain an inert gas structure. Although these equations and diagrams help us
to rationalise the bonding in CCl4, it does not neccessarily follow that the
atoms will react directly together. In the case of CCl4, carbon and chlorine
do not react directly to CCl4 and carbon tetrachloride must be prepared by
indirect reactions.
Nitrogen is three electrons short of attaining an inert gas structure and will
therefore form three covalent bonds to other atoms. Ammonia has the chemical
formula NH3 and is produced by the direct reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen
at high pressures :
3 H2 + N2 = 2 NH3
Hydrogen atoms are one electron short of attaining the inert gas structure of
helium (K2). Each H atom is therefore capable of forming one covalent bond, as
in ammonia (NH3).
H
x x
x x
N H
x x
x x
H
For the N atom, only the outer electrons are shown.
Notice in the structure for ammonia that there are two electrons on the nitrogen
which do not form bonds. These two electrons are known as a _lone pair_ and play
an important role in the properties of ammonia and its derivatives.
The bond which a pair of electrons form is more usually represented by a
straight line joining the two atoms, and a lone pair by two dots next to the
atom to which they belong. Thus ammonia can be more neatly represented by
H
|
:N-H The structural formula of the ammonia molecule with its
| 3 single covalent bonds between N and H, plus a single
H lone pair situated on nitrogen.
Each bond line therefore represents a pair of electrons, which can be considered
to be in the outer shell of both the atoms it joins. Each H atom has its
required 2 electrons in the K shell, the nitrogen has 3 bond pairs, plus
its lone pair, making a total of 3x2+2 = 8 electrons in its outermost shell
which is the inert gas structure of neon (K2 L8). This is the _structural
formula_ of ammonia and shows us the order in which the atoms are connected.
The _molecular formula_ for a compound shows us which atoms are present and
their numbers, but there could be many ways of fitting the atoms together so
that each still forms its required number of bonds. Therefore, it is important
to have a way of systematically naming all compounds in such a way that the
structural formula can be worked out simply from the name. Even though such
a system of naming has been in force a long time, some old common names are
still in use. Some large molecules, which commonly have very long systematic
names are generally referred to by an agreed common name. Compounds which
share the same molecular formula, but differ in the way their atoms are
connected or spatially arranged, are known as _isomers_. For example
ethanol and dimethylether are related as _structural isomers_ because
although they share the same molecular formula C2H6O, the way in which the
atoms are connected differs :
H H H H
| | | |
H-C-O-C-H H-C-C-O-H Ethanol and Dimethylether
| | | | structural formulas.
H H H H
Dimethylether Ethanol
C2H6O C2H6O
Two other types of isomerism that are important are known as geometrical and
optical.
As well as single covalent bonds, double and triple covalent bonds also
exist. For a double bond, two pairs of electrons are mutually shared between
the atoms and for a triple bond three pairs of electrons are shared.
An example of a compound containing a double bond is ethene (old name ethylene),
which has the molecular formula C2H4 :
H H
| | A molecule of ethene.
C=C
| |
H H
Each carbon atom requires a share in 4 electrons in order to complete its
outer shell. Each H atom supplies one electron to pair with one of carbons
electrons. As there are two H atoms connected to each C this uses up 2 of
carbons 4 valency electrons. The only way both C atoms can obtain a complete
outer shell is to now share both of their 2 remaining electrons with each other,
so that each carbon atom gets a share in two electrons which originate from
the neighbouring carbon atom.
Nitrogen molecules are diatomic (contains two atoms, N2) and contain a triple
bond between N atoms. Each N atom contains 5 electrons in the outermost shell,
hence a share in 3 more is required to complete the octet and achieve an inert
gas structure. If each N atom shares 3 of its 5 valency electrons with its
neighbouring N atom, each achieves a stable octet. Each N atom thus retains
two electrons (a lone pair) which fully belong to it, plus gets a share in six
others (3 from itself, 3 from the other), thereby completing the octet around
each atom.
x x
:N x x N: The N2 molecule, : represents a lone
x x pair of electrons situated on each N.
Double and triple bonds also occur between atoms of different types and are
most important for the period two elements carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
For example, the carbon-oxygen double bond is very important in organic
chemistry, where C=O is known as the _carbonyl_ group and is present in
many important classes of compound eg. ketones, aldehydes, amides and esters.
An oxygen atom contains six electrons in its outermost shell and therefore
requires a share in two more to achieve an inert gas structure. A carbon atom
requires a share in four electrons, therefore it shares two of its electrons
with oxygen, which satisfies the requirements of oxygen. This still leaves
the C atom two electrons short of the inert gas structure, which it achieves
via bonding to other atoms. The nature of the other atoms attached to the
carbonyl group will determine the reactivity and class of compound we have.
Some examples are given below.
Structural formula Class Name
__________________ _____ ____
H
|
H-C-H
|
C=O Ketone Propanone (acetone)
|
H-C-H
|
H
CH3
|
C=O Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
|
H
CH3
|
C=O
|
O-CH2-CH3 Ester Ethylacetate
H
|
C=O
|
N-CH3 Amide Dimethylformamide
|
CH3
Common names shown in brackets.
For the first compound in the table i drew the complete structural formula.
However it is possible to shorten this slightly by writing :
H
|
-CH3 to represent -C-H
|
H
and
H H
| |
-CH2-CH3 to represent -C-C-H
| |
H H
The oxygen atom originally has 6 electrons in its outermost shell and shares
two of these when forming two single covalent bonds (as in dimethylether) or
one double bond (as in the above compounds). This leaves two lone pairs of
electrons situated on oxygen, but these can usually be omitted when drawing
the formulae for compounds.
From the way we have discussed bonding so far, you may have expected a double
covalent bond to be twice the strength of a single bond (if we consider the
bonds to be between the same atoms). However, this is not the case and the
double bond, although much stronger than a single bond, falls short of being
twice the strength by a fair amount. To account for this we must go on another
step in complexity and consider a more accurate model for the electronic
structure of the atom. This i hope to do in another file if there is interest,
but for the moment these basic ideas will suffice.
The Coordinate Bond
___________________
So far you have seen that a single covalent bond consists of a pair of
mutually shared electrons. One electron of the shared pair originated from
one atom and the other electron from the other atom. However, there is a mode
of bonding termed _coordinate_, or sometimes _dative_ in which the bond pair
originates from the _same_ atom. To see how this is possible consider again
the ammonia molecule, NH3. The nitrogen atom in ammonia has a lone pair of
electrons. Even though the nitrogen atom has achieved its stable octet of
outer electrons, it is still possible for further bonding to N to take place
via the lone pair. For example, NH3 will react with a proton (H+, a hydrogen
cation, formed by the removal of the single K electron from a H atom) to give:
H
| The positive charge now resides
H-N->H on the N atom in NH4(+).
|
H
The lone pair from the N atom gives the newly attached H the inert gas config.
of helium (K2) whilst at the same time it maintains the octet around N.
Once formed, this coordinate bond is identical to that of a normal covalent
bond and all N-H bonds in NH4(+) are in fact identical. The positive charge
originally carried by H(+) is transferred to the nitrogen atom and the
resultant cation, NH4(+), is known as the ammonium ion.
The bond pair in molecules such as F2 and Cl2 is situated between identical
atoms, which are of course of identical electronegativity. Hence the electron
pair may be considered to be exactly in the middle of the two atoms. If however
the atoms which are linked by a covalent bond are of different electronegativity
then the electron pair of the bond will be drawn closer to the more
electronegative atom. This results in a _polarised_ bond in which the more
electronegative atom aquires a slight negative charge (because it hogs the
electrons) and the other a slight positive charge (beacuse the electrons are
being dragged away from it). This slight charge separation is represented by
d+ and d- (the greek letter delta). For example, consider a molecule A-B, in
which A is more electronegative than B. The bond becomes polarised in the
direction of A :
d- d+
A-B
The resulting partial positive and negative charges attract each other and
in fact strengthen the bond slightly. This electrostatic attraction is
no different to that found in ionic compounds, so the above bond could be
described as being partly ionic in character. In fact, if we kept increasing
the electronegativity of atom A and decreasing that of B the compound AB
would become increasingly more ionic as more and more negative charge
built up on atom A. When the difference in electronegativity between A and
B is great enough the compound will be ionic and consist of a lattice of
A- and B+ ions. Then there is the region between the extremes, where the
bond could be described as mainly covalent, but with some ionic character,
or mainly ionic, but with some covalent character. Methyl lithium (CH3Li) is an
example of a class of compounds known as the organometallics, and the bond
is about 40% ionic in character due to the extreme polarisation of the
C-Li bond :
H
d-| d+ In methyl lithium the C-Li bond is
H-C-Li extremely polarised.
|
H
Reagents such as MeLi (Me short for methyl, -CH3) are versatile reagents in
the synthesis of organic molecules, where the carbon skeleton of the molecule
usually has to be constructed from smaller molecules by a series of reactions.
Hydrogen Bonding
________________
Hydrogen bonding occurs in compounds which contain a hydrogen atom bonded to
a strongly electronegative element, most commonly oxygen and nitrogen. The
X-H bond (X=O,N etc) is polarised (d-)X-H(d+). The resultant d+ and d- charges
become attracted to the d- and d+ charges on another molecule of the compound,
with the result that a weak attractive force comes into play between the
molecules. If we consider water :
O.........H H Hydrogen bonding in water.
/ \ \ /
H H.........O ... = Hydrogen bond.
H . . .
\ . . .
O . O.........H
/ . / \ /
H H H.....O
\
H
Water has two H atoms bonded to one O atom and both of these H's can take
place in H bonding. The positively polarised H atoms in one molecule attract
the negatively polarised O atoms of other water molecules and a 3-D network
of hydrogen bonds is established. Hydrogen bonding is much weaker than either
covalent or ionic and H-bonds can be broken fairly readily. To break the H
bonds requires the input of energy (usually by heating). The high boiling
point of water is due to hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds in water are
broken if the sample is heated enough (eg by boiling) and the water molecules,
with enough thermal energy that the H-bonds can no longer hold them together,
enter the gas phase.
Some examples of other types of compound which contain H-bonds are alcohols,
carboxylic acids, amines and amides.
Van der waals Forces of Attraction
__________________________________
This is an extremely weak force of attraction which operates between the
molecules in covalently bonded compounds. The size of the attractive force
generally increases with the weight of the molecule. A good illustration
of this principle is the trend in the boiling points of the alkanes, which
increase with increasing molecular mass. The alkanes are a family of organic
compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Methane, CH4, is the lightest
of the alkanes and as such the V.D.W forces of attraction between its molecules
are extremely weak, hence methane is a gas at room temperature. For the next
heavier alkanes ethane (CH3CH3), propane (CH3CH2CH3) and butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
the V.D.W forces do increase, but not enough to allow the alkane to be a liquid
at room temperature. However, the next members pentane and hexane are fairly
volatile liquids at room temperature. The boiling point continues to increase
with increasing molecular weight. When the molecular weight is high enough,
the V.D.W forces between the molecules will have increased enough so that the
alkane becomes a low melting point solid (as in candle wax). Hence most
covalent compounds are either gases, liquids or low melting point solids
(there is an exception to this where in some cases infinite 3-D covalent
structures are formed, as opposed to discrete molecules, as in diamond and
silica, in these cases the boiling points are abnormally high).
Shapes of Simple Covalent Molecules - VSEPR Theory
__________________________________________________
The shapes of most simple covalent molecules can be predicted by using the
valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. This theory states that the
shape of a molecule is related to the number of electron pairs (bond pairs or
lone pairs) in the outer shell of the central atom. It is assumed that the
electron pairs arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible in order to
minimise the repulsive forces between them (negative charges repel). If the
distribution of these pairs can be predicted then so can the shape and bond
angle.
Consider the structure of a gaseous molecule of beryllium fluoride BeF2.
In this molecule the central Be atom forms two single covalent bonds, one bond
to each fluorine atom. There are therefore 2 bonding pairs of electrons in the
valence shell of the Be atom in BeF2. These 2 pairs will arrange themselves to
be as far apart as possible - and this is 180 degrees to each other. The BeF2
molecule is therefore linear, with a F-Be-F bond angle of 180 degrees. You
may have noticed that the central Be atom has only 4 electrons in its outermost
shell i.e. it does not have a complete inert gas structure. The molecule is
described as being electron deficient.
A molecule of boron trifluoride, BF3, has a central B atom covalently bonded to
three fluorine atoms by single covalent bonds. The three bond pairs arrange
themselves so that repulsion is at a minimum - and this is in a plane triangular
shape, with the F-B-F bond angles equal to 120 degrees. The fluorine atoms
occupy the corners of an equalateral triangle, with the boron atom in the
middle.
In methane, CH4, there are four bond pairs of electrons around the central
carbon atom. The repulsion is at a minimum if the bond pairs arrange themselves
tetrahedrally around the C atom i.e. all H-C-H bond angles are 109 degrees 28
minutes. The hydrogen atoms then occupy the corners of a regular tetrahedron
and the CH4 molecule is described as tetrahedral.
Ammonia, NH3, has four pairs of electrons around the central N atom. These
comprise three bonding pairs (one bond to each H atom) and a lone pair.
Because the lone pair is not shared with any other atom it is pulled closer
to the N atom than are the bond pairs. This results in the lone pair being
more replusive than a bond pair, so the order of repulsion between types is
Lone pair - Lone pair > Lone pair - Bond pair > Bond pair - Bond pair
In ammonia the 4 pairs are again tetrahedrally distributed, with one of the
corners of the tetrahedron occupied by the lone pair. This gives the molecule
a pyramidal shape:
"
| Molecule of ammonia.
N
/|\
H H H
The extra repulsion of the lone pair pushes the bonding pairs closer together
and thus reduces the H-N-H bond angle from the expected 109 degrees for a
regular tetrahedron, to ##### degrees. It is hard to draw 3D diagrams on this
terminal - the three H's are not in the plane of the screen! The N forms the
apex of a pyramid.
Water has four pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom. These
comprise two bond pairs and two lone pairs. Again the distribution of the pairs
is roughly tetrahedral, but this time two of the corners of the tetrahedron
are occupied by lone pairs. Because there are two lone pairs which provide
extra repulsion, the H-O-H bond angle is reduced to #### degrees. The molecule
is V-shaped:
O
/ \
H H
Molecules with five bond pairs (and no lone pairs) usually adopt a trigonal
bipyramid structure eg PCl5 (in the gas phase):
* Cl
\|
P-*
/|
* Cl
Three of the Cl atoms are in the same plane and form an equalateral triangle.
These i have represented by a * instead of a Cl. The Cl-P-Cl bond angle (*-P-*)
is 120 degrees. The other two chlorine atoms are arranged 180 degrees to each
other and at 90 degrees to the plane of the triangle formed by the three Cl's
marked *. Three different Cl-P-Cl bond angles are therefore present.
Dalamar.
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=============================================================================
Message-ID: <104313Z09071994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an58264@anon.penet.fi (Dalamar)
Date: Sat, 9 Jul 1994 10:39:46 UTC
Subject: CHEMISTRY: Bonding and Structure [missing bond angles]
Whoops !
When i was writing the file i left the two bond angles for NH3 and H20 blank
because i couldn't remember the exact figures. I meant to go and look them up
but it must have slipped my mind. Anyway, here they are :
NH3 = 106 degrees, 45 minutes
H20 = 104 degrees, 27 minutes
Dalamar.
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bongpipefaq.drg
+372
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
From: Chris_Walsh@mindlink.bc.ca (Chris Walsh)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Bong & Pipe FAQ
Date: 16 Mar 94 09:31:32 GMT
Message-ID: <40770@mindlink.bc.ca>
Bongs, pipes and other wonderful contraptions
=============================================
All bongs and pipes in this FAQ are ones that I've personally constructed
and used. I'm sure that there are many many more designs out there, but
these are the ones that I've found to work for myself.
ESSENTIAL SUPPLIES
------------------
Anybody planning on building any of the various forms of pipes will need
a few essentials. I buy mostly everything from the local hardware store.
You'll need some screens (faucet screens are perfect, if they don't
contain aluminum), various pipes of different lengths, some sealant, and
a way to drill holes. Just go into the plumbing section of your hardware
store and browse. Use your imagination. There are all kinds of different
pipes with valves, copper pipes, surgical tubing, blah blah blah... you
can get quite creative. One of the best pipes to buy is a toilet pipe...
it's usually a 3/8" diameter pipe a couple feet long, and one end widens
and holds some kind of plastic attachment. Rip off the plastic piece, and
that end makes a PERFECT bowl. You'll also need bottles. For most purposes,
plastic bottles (especially 1, 2 & 3 litre bottles) work quite well.
Mason jars are a standard for bongs. If you want to use glass, you'll
have to figure out how to drill holes into it (something I haven't done;
I simply don't have access to a drill press). For sealant, the only
really reliable one I've found is a good silicone sealant. I use a
caulking-gun type that's resistant to temperature extremes from -50 to
300 degrees F. and is also a water sealer. For a temporary seal, mostly
used when testing designs because the silicone takes a day to dry, hot
glue works well, as does 5-minute epoxy. On some pipes, lead-free solder
is also useful, although I tend to avoid using even the lead-free in
areas where it may be heated. Other supplies can include a various and
sundry number of spray paints, glitter, model paints, etc., for
decorating your bongs. I love to use that simulated granite-cast
spray paint and other textured paints, and I've also made good use of
sculpting stuff such as Femo and clay (don't make pipes from Femo,
incidentally; fumes are highly poisonous) to decorate them. Once again,
be creative.
JOINTS
------
A joint, as you all should know, is chopped-up weed rolled into a
cigarette. When a joint is almost finished, it's called a roach and
there are a variety of methods of holding the roach to smoke it without
burning yourself such as tweezers, tie clips, alligator clips, small
pieces of cardboard, cigarette holders, and so on. Eating the roach is
considered bad etiquette in most circles, and I usually keep the roaches
to put in a pipe. Piped roaches are very potent, as all the smoke from
the joint was drawn through that little bit at the end, and both the bud
left and the paper are soaked in nice amounts of concentrated resin.
I rarely smoke joints these days. No denying they're highly portable and
convenient, but I do find them extremely inefficient. However, Marley and
joints just have to go together. =)
PIPES
-----
A pipe is a simple device to smoke ganja. It (and any other devices
working under the same principal) doesn't require you to chop up the
weed, as with joints, and you get the added bonus of resin accumulation
in the bowl. A pipe is essentially a mouthpiece, a bowl with a screen
for the dope, and a pipe connecting the two together. You put the dope
into the bowl, light it, and suck from the mouthpiece. Standard tobacco
pipes work fine if you add a screen, and screened corn cob pipes work
well, as the resin soaks into the cob (which can later be chopped up and
smoked), just make sure it's screened and fairly heat resistant. Some
pipes have a heating element (usually a car cigarette lighter element)
that heats the dope up to sub-flammable temperatures and releases all of
the cannaboids without destroying any, as direct flame tends to do.
These are called tilt or vaporizor pipes (or bongs, if an element is built
into one), and I've yet to rig up a reliable one. If you can make a metal
pipe, you can drop some dope onto a heated up cigarette lighter and
draw, or drop some on and collect the smoke in a 2-litre bottle with the
bottom cut off and inhale from the top (similar to hot knives, below).
I don't use many pipes these days, except for convenience. The most
portable type of smoking instrument, you can make them pretty much out
of anything. Coke cans, copper piping, tobacco pipes... I've even made a
pipe out of a cigarette package (in a pinch). Coke cans make great
temporary pipes, just indent it on the side, puncture some small holes
in it and smoke from the spout. Punch a carb (an airhole that you keep
covered while hooting and uncover to clear the chamber at the end of
your toke) in the side if you wish. A rubber hose with a copper bowl
stuck on the end works quite nicely. Carve them out of wood or
soapstone. Make them out of clay or ceramics. The only things you need
are a hole w/screen to put your bud in and a mouthpiece on the other
end.
A stash pipe is a pipe with a small amount of ganja held in the stem of
the instrument. Whenever bud is smoked in the bowl, the ganja in the
stem is bathed in smoke and coated in resin. The longer you leave it in,
the stronger it gets.
ONE-HITS
--------
One-hits or dugouts are very portable instruments for people who only
like to smoke a little at a time. It's a small metal tube with a cavity
at one end and a mouthpiece on the other. You press the cavity into a
small containter of cleaned, chopped grass to fill it and then it is lit
like a cigarette and inhaled steadily until the grass is smoked. You
only get one inhalation per filling, so it's called a one-hit. A dugout
is a small container which has a space for some cleaned grass and
another space for the one-hit itself.
A good design that I use often is a simple 3/8" pipe, about two inches
long, with a cigar filter stuck on the end, and a small screen pushed down
at the front about a 1/4". It's very portable, and in a bad situation,
I've passed it off as a cigarette holder.
GAS PIPES
---------
A gas pipe is essentially a regular pipe with a large chamber. The
standard design is a plastic bottle with the bottom cut off and a small
bowl mounted perpendicular to the bottle in the side. You cover the
bottom with your hand, light the bud and suck, which fills the chamber.
Then you uncover the end of the bottle to rush all the smoke in your
lungs.
BONGS
-----
Water bongs, also known as water pipes (esp. in head shops), are,
IMHO, the most enjoyable, comfortable and easy way to smoke. The bong
is essentially a sealed chamber half-full of water. A pipe with a bowl
on the end goes into the chamber and the water, another pipe with a
mouthpiece on the end that enters the chamber but stays above the water
level. You put bud in the bowl, apply a flame to it and suck on the
mouthpiece. This will lower the air pressure in the chamber, causing
air to travel from the bowl, through the water, into the chamber and
into your lungs, pulling the smoke with it. The water cools the smoke,
as well as filtering quite a few carcinogens from it, and you usually
get a couple of tokes because the chamber fills with smoke. You can build a
carb into the bong to drain the chamber, or leave it without (some
prefer this, as it's a less immediate way than a carb to drain the chamber
if you just keep sucking on the hose). Here are a couple of designs that
I've found to work.
Mason Jar bong
--------------
The standard. I'm no great ASCII artist, but I'll give it my best.
> _________
/ -------.| ____
mouthpiece || \ / <---- bowl
|| ||
|| ||
____||_________||____
|____||_________||____|
| || || |
| || || |
jar --> | || |
| || |
|^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^||^^^^| <---- water line
| || |
| || |
| || |
| || |
|_____________________|
Classic design, efficient, easy to make and paint. I used surgical
tubing for the mouthpiece and one of the aforementioned toilet tubes for
the bowl and pipes (I cut a piece about two inches off and stuck it
through the lid for the shorter tube, put the tubing over that). The
carb could be placed in the lid if you wish (mine is carbless).
Coke bottle bong
----------------
This is a simple design, but the most efficient bong I've found. Take a
1-litre plastic bottle and put two holes in it, one about halfway down
the bottle and the other on the opposite side about an inch up from
the bottom. Take a pipe & bowl (toilet tube is perfect, once again) and
insert it in the lower hole. Hold the pipe up at about a 60 degree angle
so that the bottom of the pipe is almost at the bottom of the bottle and
the bowl is sticking up as much as possible, and seal/glue it in place
(I use hot glue for this one and change the bottle about every month,
scraping out the old one for resin, keeping the toilet tube). Fill the
bottle up with water to about halfway between the two holes. You hold
the bottle straight up so that the bowl is pointing up and away from
you. The hole halfway up on the back is your carb, and suck from the
mouthpiece of the bottle. You can also make it out of smaller bottles
for more portability, or link two or more bottles together, or use
bigger bottles for a larger chamber... experiment.
Triple Chamber Mason jar
------------------------
This is a design that has worked quite well for me as well. The design
is the same as the mason jar bong above, but there are three jars used.
Three wide-mouth mason jars of different sizes are needed. The second
largest jar comes first. Mount the bowl and pipe as above, except
instead of the mouth piece going into your mouth, use a 1/2" diameter
piece of rubbing tubing and put it into the largest jar, below the water
level. Then another half-inch piece from above the water level of the
largest jar into the smallest, below water level, and finally a
mouthpiece from above the water level of the smallest. When you suck on
the tube of the smallest, it lowers the air pressure in the jar, and it
sucks air from the largest chamber. The air pressure in the largest goes
down, so it sucks from the chamber of the second-largest jar, which then
sucks the smoke down from the bowl on that one. This is kind of the
chain:
Mouth hose (3/8" rubber) - chamber on smallest - 1/2" rubber
hose below water level on smallest - chamber of largest - below
water level of largest - chamber of second largest - 3/8" pipe
below water level of second largest - bowl & ganja.
That's as clear as I can make the design... it gives a surprising amount
of suction and absolutely huge tokes. You can work out some kind of
carburation system for it, but it seems to me that carbs are rather
pointless with this design. Make sure all seals between lids of jars and
the hoses are airtight - one small hole will stop it from working.
If you get the basic principle behind bongs, there's no telling what you
can do.
GRAVITY BONGS
-------------
Also known as bucket bongs, beach bongs, and depth charges, this is
essentially a device that uses gravity and air pressure to draw the
smoke into a large chamber and then expel it quickly into the lungs.
This gives much larger hits than most instruments, and it is possible to
get quite fried quickly with a relatively small amount of weed. The most
popular method is to take a 2-litre and a 3-litre bottle. Cut the top
off the 3-litre at the point where it starts to curve into the neck, and
the bottom off the 2-litre. Attach a bowl to the top of the 2-litre (or,
preferably, attach one to the lid so it can be taken off). Fill the
3-litre up with water. Place the 2-litre into the 3-litre and attach the
filled bowl to the top. Then light the bud as you slowly draw the
2-litre up. This will create a vacumn in the 2-litre bottle and suck the
smoke down into the chamber. Once you get near the top, quickly remove
the bowl, expel all the air out of your lungs, put your lips over the
top of the bottle and push it back down quickly. This will force all the
smoke into your lungs quickly.
You can experiment a little bit with this design, using different sized
containers and such, but the model above works as well as any other I've
tried. It's easy to use it in a kitchen sink filled with water as well.
Another popular method is to just put a small hole in the lid instead
of a bowl and placing a lit joint in the hole. Draw the bottle up, and
it's possible to get an entire joint into the bottle to be taken in your
lungs at once.
WATERFALLS
----------
This is essentially a variant on the gravity. You take a bottle (I use a
2-litre) and drill a small hole (about 3/8") in the bottom, at the lowest
point.
Cover this hole with your finger and fill the bottle up. Then, attach a
filled bowl to the top (I use the same Coke-bottle lid as the gravity) and
light the
dope. Uncover the hole out the bottom, and as the water drains out, the
smoke will be drawn in. Keep the bowl lit and let the water drain out,
and by the time you're done you have a 2-litre bottle full of
concentrated smoke. Just suck from the top and uncover the hole at the
bottom to hoot. This is also an extremely efficient design, as very
little smoke can escape.
HOT KNIVES
----------
Knives are a rather complex method of smoking dope, but also a very
powerful and efficient method. Although it sounds simple, it can be
difficult to do them successfully (especially if you're already cooked).
All you need are a couple of knives (with wood handles, preferably),
something to heat them with (a propane torch works best), a plastic
bottle with the bottom cut off, a moderately heat-resistant plate (I use
a lightswitch plate), and of course, weed. You heat the knives to the
point where they're glowing red. Then you put the bottle in your mouth,
take one of the hot knives, touch it to a SMALL bud on the plate so that
it sticks to the knife, and then use the other one to sandwich the bud
between the two knives underneath the bottle in your mouth. Plumes of
smoke will come up into the bottle, which you then draw into your lungs.
This can hurt your throat like hell, but it works beautifully. It's also
the most popular way to do hash, and a reasonably good way to smoke hash
oil.
GLASSES
-------
This is a really entertaining way to smoke dope, and also a pretty good
party trick. =) First, take a nice-sized glass mug or jar, run it under
the faucet, and put it into the freezer for about twenty minutes. Light
a joint and put it into a holder (a Bic pen with the innards removed works
well) until only the burning cherry and about another 1/4" of the joint
are sticking out. Then take the burning end and CAREFULLY put it into your
mouth. Take the jar out of the freezer, stick the end of the Bic pen
(the end you'd be dragging on if using the pen like a cigarette holder)
near the bottom of the jar, and blow. The cold jar keeps the smoke from
escaping, and you can fill the jar to the top (it's possible to get the
entire joint in). Then take the jar, put it to your lips, and inhale it
into your lungs by tipping it into your mouth just as you would a drink.
The smoke will be so cold you can barely feel it going down. It's
complicated to do correctly, and takes some practice, but it's probably
one of my favourite methods.
EATING
------
You can eat dope if you heat it first to activate the cannaboids, which
are also fat and alcohol soluble. This is much more efficient than
smoking it, as none is wasted, and it gives a longer stone. Also, it
eliminates the carcinogenic effects of smoking it. The most popular
method is to sautee some ganja in some butter on medium heat for awhile,
and then using the butter to cook. You can make anything out of it...
cookies, cakes, spead it on bread, cook vegetables, and, of course,
brownies. Standard ratio is one eighth of an ounce of ganja to a stick
of butter.
DRINKING
--------
It is also possible to extract the active ingredients from dope by
soaking them in a strong alcohol. The cannaboids are alcohol soluble, so
they dissolve into the alcohol. The remaining solids can then be
strained out and the mixture drunk, with the same effects as eating it.
The standard method is to take a bottle of 190 proof grain alcohol and
put it in a pot on an ELECTRIC stove. Heat it to sub-boiling and then
add ganja (standard ratio: 1/2 gram per ounce of liquor). Let it sit at
sub-boiling for 20 minutes or so and then drain it out. This produces a
green-tinted alcohol known as "Green Dragon", which can be drunk
straight (painful) or put in a drink. A popular drink using Green Dragon
is 1 oz. Green Dragon and lemon lime soda served over ice with a dollop
of honey.
IN CONCLUSION
-------------
As you can see, bong construction can be extremely creative. I'm going
to include the plans to one last bong: my masterpiece, the Kong Bong. =)
Kong Bong
---------
Take a 20 litre plastic water cooler jug. Drill four 3/8" holes around
to the top, put in four 3/8" hoses a couple feet long and seal them. These
are your mouthpieces. Then find a bowl. For the bowl on mine, I use one of
those large spark plug sockets. Drill a hole in the lid of the bottle and
insert the bowl. Seal it with silicone or something similarily
heat-resistant. Then, on the bottom of the cap, afix a rubber hose over
the bottom of the bowl and seal it in place. This is your main bowl
w/hose. Now drill a 1" hole in the side of the bottle right at the
bottom, and put in some kind of plug or pipe with a removable
water-tight cap. Fill the bong half-full of water and put the lid on the
top. You now have a bong with a 10 litre chamber and a bowl that can
hold as much as an eighth of an ounce of ganja that four people can suck
on at once. A propane torch or similar heavy-duty flame is recommended
for lighting the bowl, as the bowl is too big for a lighter flame. Once
we're all nicely cooked, I usually re-stuff the bowl and hold a flame to
it while I uncap the hole near the bottom and plug the toke hoses. This
drains all the water out, and as it drains, it serves as a waterfall as
well, fully filling up the 20-litre bottle (with the pipe & hose, the
waterfall smoke is bubbled through the draining water) with smoke. Any
hoses that aren't being used to toke should be plugged (as well, cover the
end with your
thumb while exhaling or resting) or there won't be any suction. Or
unplug a couple hoses and they'll serve as a carb to drain the chamber.
The ultimate party bong.
---
There will be periodic updates to the FAQ when I discover new methods
and designs. My thanks to all those who sent in designs, and whoever
sent messages a year ago on the net detailing some of the basics to get
me started. Good luck, and happy smoking.
--
Chris M.F. Walsh (Chris_Walsh@mindlink.bc.ca)
Vancouver, B.C., Canada Voice:(604) 943-9273
"Everything to excess. Moderation is for monks."
- Lazarus Long
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/book_mjlaw.drg
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@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
From: pearl@crl.com (Peter Helyar)
Newsgroups: alt.hemp,alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Weed Laws/CA
Message-ID: <2foqpb$s88@crl.crl.com>
Date: 28 Dec 93 08:29:31 GMT
In article <ohoffmanCIpwAD.E8t@netcom.com> ohoffman@netcom.com (Owen Hoffman) writes:
>Does anybody here know what the
>laws in California are regarding marijuana?
I recently purchased the book you need.
_Marijuana Law_, by Richard Glen Boire. 1992, ISBN0-914171-62-3, 171 pp.,
with a foreword by Tony Serra (which is in itself a significant
reccomendation.)
I quote from that Foreword:
"I urge every marijuana smoker to turn [this book] into usable knowledge.
We must know the law to fight the law. We must fight fire with fire. We
must know the law to resist and defy injustice."
For those unfamiliar with his name, Tony Serra is a lawyer who has made
great strides in the defense of drug cases. The first statement in his
Foreword runs:
"We marijuana smokers in the U.S. are an oppressed category of citizens."
Earlier this year, he agreed to represent some friends of mine who had
been arrested after selling several hundred thousand doses of LSD to
undercover agents. When the San Francisco daily newspaper, _The
Chronicle_, interviewed him that week, he led off the interview by saying
that he felt that LSD and mushrooms were wonderful drugs, and he wished
he were on them right then.
I can't help feeling that we would be much better off if there were a
damn' sight more lawyers like Tony around.
--
/^v^\ |There are no rehearsals - live like you mean it already.
( 0 0 ) |
uuuu U uuuu | pearl@crl.com (this is more reliable)
Pearlie was here | pearl@cyberden.sf.ca.us
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bor&drug.txt
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From: esterling@cdp.UUCP
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Bill of Rights & Drugs Prt I
Message-ID: <225100338@cdp>
Date: 3 Jan 91 21:53:00 GMT
Lines: 301
Nf-ID: #N:cdp:225100338:000:15604
Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!esterling Jan 3 13:53:00 1991
Attention alt.drugs conference users: Many of us are concerned about the
impact of the war on drugs on our constitutional rights. I was invited by the
Colorado Bar Association to address it on this subject this fall. For ease of
transmission, I have divided the text of the speech into three parts. The
speech was reprinted on 7 pages in VITAL SPEECHES OF THE DAY, Nov. 1, 1990, a
publication found in many public libraries.
Part I of III
"IS THE BILL OF RIGHTS
A CASUALTY OF THE WAR ON DRUGS?"
ERIC E. STERLING
President, The Criminal Justice Policy Foundation
PeaceNet: esterling
2000 L St. N.W., Suite 702
Washington, D.C. 20036
Tel. 202-835-9075
Fax. 202-223-1288
Remarks prepared for
delivery to the
COLORADO BAR ASSOCIATION
92nd Annual Convention
Aspen, Colorado
September 14, 1990
(Revised, November 5, 1990)
Good afternoon. I'm going to talk to you this afternoon about the "war on
drugs" and its effects on the Bill of Rights. There isn't any question that
drug abuse is one of our nation's most serious public health problems. In some
instances, drug abuse can cause birth defects in babies, mental retardation and
learning disabilities in children, mental illness in teenagers and adults, as
well as death and suicide. Addiction to tobacco causes at least 300,000 deaths
a year and billions of dollars of economic losses. Abuse of alcohol causes some
100,000 deaths per year, and thousands more crippling injuries.
The criminal traffic in drugs usually involves violence and murder, brib-
ery, and tax evasion. Many drug addicts commit theft, fraud, burglary or
robbery to get the money to buy expensive drugs. There is a tiny criminal
traffic in alcohol, and crime committed to buy alcohol, in contrast to crime
committed under the influence, is not great. Obviously, drug abuse and drug
trafficking are very serious problems.
This afternoon I'm going to be critical of our war-like approach to the
drug problem. But that doesn't mean that I think drugs are good. I don't. I
don't think we can win the "war on drugs," but that doesn't mean we can't be a
lot more effective in dealing with the drug problem. Basically, we have to
manage the drug problem -- that is, the distribution has to be regulated and
policed and subject to the forces of law and order.
The war on drugs is a war on all of us. Who is the enemy in the war on
drugs? It is not the drugs because the drugs are mere chemicals. We have a
war on drugs no more than we have a war on carbon dioxide.
In the eyes of the government, the obvious enemy is everyone who uses ill-
egal drugs, and everyone who gives them aid and comfort. Of course, the ob-
vious enemy includes everyone who buys drugs, who sells drugs, who transports
drugs, who grows marijuana.
But there are hidden enemies. The hidden enemy is every person not act-
ively working to purge drug users from our society. The hidden enemies include
the employers of people who may use drugs if the employer fails to adopt steps
to root out drug users -- even if employees are competent and perform well.
The hidden enemy is every parent of a drug user who fails to turn their
child over to the police or fails to use every means to coerce their child into
stopping his or her drug use.
The hidden enemy is every lawyer who represents a person accused of
violating the drug law.
The hidden enemy is everyone who makes or exhibits a motion picture that
makes jokes about drug use. The hidden enemy is every merchant who sells
cigarette rolling papers. The enemy hidden is every radio station that plays
rock 'n' roll from the 1960s and 70s.
The hidden enemy is our next door neighbor, our bowling buddy or golfing
partner, our mail carrier, our secretary, our spouse. We are the government's
hidden enemy.
When you have a hidden enemy, you need to use extremely powerful weapons.
As in Vietnam, when you can't find the hidden enemy, sometimes weapons are
used that injure the innocent. A foundation of our system of justice is that
it is to protect the innocent. That foundation has been filled by the termites
of the war on drugs.
This afternoon let's examine the weapons being used by the government
against its enemies in the war on drugs and examine the casualty list.
It is my thesis that among the most tragic casualties in the "war on drugs
" are our constitutional liberties. To start, let's go through the Bill of
Rights in the Constitution one-by-one to see how they have been affected by the
war on drugs.
The First Amendment: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establish-
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press..." "What does the First Amendment have to
do with drugs?" you ask.
I want to bring two examples to your attention: the first is the decision
of the United States Supreme Court, Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith
(--U.S.--, 110 S.Ct. 1595, No. 88-1213, April 17, 1990). In that case two
Native Americans were discharged from employment in the drug treatment program
for which they worked because they used peyote as part of their participation
in the religious practices of the Native American Church. Peyote is the sacra-
ment in that church. They applied for unemployment benefits after they were
fired, and the State of Oregon turned them down. The Oregon Supreme Court,
however, found that as participants in the Native American Church they had a
right to use peyote, and said they were entitled to benefits.
But the Oregon Attorney General, Dave Frohnmeyer, Republican candidate for
Governor, saw the case differently. In his view, the war on drugs can not
tolerate drug use. If a drug treatment program demands a "drug-free" staff,
Native Americans who worship with their sacrament ought to be fired. And an
appropriate government weapon in the war on drugs is to deny such people
unemployment benefits.
Notwithstanding well settled Supreme Court precedents that denial of these
benefits impermissibly restricts the free exercise of religion, Attorney
General/gubernatorial candidate Frohnmeyer appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
It is important to stress that peyote is the sacrament in the Native Amer-
ican Church -- it is used by over 250,000 Native American worshippers. They
don't consider it a drug anymore than Catholics think of communion wine as a
drug, or as a refreshing beverage.
The Supreme Court, 5 to 4, reversed the Oregon Supreme Court, and in the
process threw out the long-standing doctrine that a State's burden upon the
free exercise of religion can only be justified by a State "compelling interest
" that cannot be served by less restrictive means (Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S.
398, 406 (1963), Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)). Consider the
background: the respondents were never prosecuted by Oregon for their use of
peyote. There is no evidence that anyone has ever been harmed by the religious
use of peyote. 23 States and the Federal government exempt the religious use
of peyote from the Controlled Substances Act. Indians who use peyote as part
of the Native American Church are less likely to abuse drugs or be alcoholic
than those who do not.
Here is a case where use of a religious sacrament, because it has been
classified by law enforcement authorities as a drug, but nevertheless an
essential component of the way in which people worship and have worshipped for
hundreds of years, became the basis for denying unemployment benefits. From
the perspective of the international, multi-billion dollar war on drugs, this
case was totally insignificant. Unlike crack or heroin, the use of peyote is
not destroying people, their families, or cities like New York, or nations like
Colombia.
Most importantly, this case was a purely a symbolic battlefield in the war
on drugs. Yet this totally insignificant drug case became the occasion for
restricting the religious freedom of all Americans by narrowing the applica-
bility of the Free Exercise clause. Justice Blackmun wrote ironically in his
dissent, "One hopes that the Court is aware of the consequences, and that its
result is not a product of overreaction to the serious problems the country's
drug crisis has generated." (Dissenting Slip Opinion at 2.)
Justice Blackmun put his finger on the problem: this trashing of the Free
Exercise of Religion was purely an overreaction to the drug problem, and the
Bill of Rights was a casualty. As we will see, this result is hardly new.
Let's look at another way in which the First Amendment is being undermined
by the war on drugs -- in this instance, the freedom of the press. This summer
, a magazine about drugs and the drug culture -- High Times -- is being invest-
igated by the U.S. Attorney in Louisiana for aiding and abetting the illegal
cultivation of marijuana. The magazine prints a column called "Ask Ed" that
gives tips on improving marijuana cultivation. High Times is also being in-
vestigated for printing advertisements for "grow lights," irrigation equipment
that can be used for growing, among other plants, marijuana, and an advertise-
ment for "The Seed Bank", a business in the Netherlands that would mail seeds
for growing marijuana.
This investigation is not an obscenity case. This is not an investigation
of an "incitement to imminent lawless action" under Brandenburg v. Ohio
(395 U.S. 444 (1969)). This is an old-fashioned threat of prosecution for
seditious writing. This harks back to the dark days of the 1918 Sedition Act
and the prosecution of filmmaker Robert Goldstein, sentenced to 10 years in
prison for his unbecoming portrayal of the British (then U.S. wartime allies)
in a film about the American Revolution, and the conviction of Eugene Debs for
criticizing Teddy Roosevelt's support of World War I.
Once again, in the charged atmosphere of war, the fundamental freedom of
press is endangered.
The second amendment says, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to
the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed." Gun control advocates argue that this amendment does
not guarantee an individual right. (Quilici v. Village of Morton Grove,
695 F.2d 261 (7th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 863 (1983), and U.S. v.
Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939).) However, having been responsible for Federal gun
control legislation between 1981 and 1989 and having read many of the law re-
view articles on the origins and meaning of the Second Amendment (See e.g.
Stephen P. Halbrook, Ph.D., J.D., THAT EVERY MAN BE ARMED: THE EVOLUTION OF A
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT (University of New Mexico Press 1984); To Keep and Bear
Their Private Arms: The Adoption of the Second Amendment, 1787 - 1791, 10
Northern Kentucky Law Review 13-39 (1982) reprinted in 131 CONG. REC., 99th
Cong., 1st Sess., S9105-9111, July 9, 1985); The Right to Bear Arms in the
First State Bills of Rights, 10 VERMONT LAW REVIEW 255-320 (1985).), I think
there is an individual right to keep and bear some arms. There are scores of
millions of Americans who possess a .22 rifle for target practice, a handgun
for personal or family protection, or a shotgun for hunting. Perhaps there are
a few such Americans in this room today. I think that such firearms possession
is protected by the Second Amendment.
But the extremism of the war on drugs manages to infringe on that right.
If, after surgery let's say, you use your wife's Valium or your husband's pain
medication, and the prescription was not issued to you, you are an unlawful
user of drugs. If you also happen to be exercising your Second Amendment
rights and possess a firearm in your closet or gun cabinet, your possession of
the firearm makes you, at that moment, a Federal felon subject to a ten-year
sentence and a quarter million dollar fine (18 U.S.C. 922(g) and 924(a)(2)).
This penalty also applies to the millions of American gun owners who use mari-
juana, even those who live in states for which the penalty for possessing
marijuana is a minor civil offense as it is here in Colorado. If you receive
a shotgun for Christmas and accept it, having twice been convicted of possess-
ion of marijuana or another drug, you are subject to a mandatory five years in
prison (18 U.S.C. 924(c) and 21 U.S.C. 844(a)).
The politically manufactured fear (See Kaplan, MARIJUANA --THE NEW PROHI-
BITION, (1970) 91-146, and materials cited therein.) of the blood-thirsty
maniac killer of "Reefer Madness," led Congress to prohibit any person who was
addicted to or used illegal drugs from receiving a firearm. The blunderbuss
weapon of an overbroad law was created. Thus, millions of Americans, whose
illegal use of drugs is a minor or technical violation, are felons and potent-
ial casualties because of their exercise of Second Amendment right to posses
firearms.
Incidentally, common sense is also a casualty in the war on drugs. Prison
is one place we don't want convicts to have firearms. In 1984, a ten year
prison term was established for possessing or bringing a firearm or bomb into
a Federal prison. In 1988, Senator Phil Gramm of Texas insisted that the pen-
alty for bringing heroin, cocaine or LSD into prison be raised from 3 years to
20 years. Now possession of drugs in prison is twice as serious as possessing
a firearm or a bomb, rocket or grenade. When the stupidity of this amendment
was pointed out, the Senator's counsel insisted that it was Gramm's contribu-
tion to the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act and it had to be in the bill. (18 U.S.C.
1791(b)(1); P.L. 100-690, sec. 6468(a), (b).
The Third Amendment prohibits in time of peace the quartering of soldiers
in any house. You recall, of course, that in the 18th century the King of
England quartered soldiers in homes to keep an eye on the unruly, disloyal
colonists. About all the King had were soldiers -- he had few other officials
to police the behavior of citizens. Police as we know them today were not
invented until the 19th century. Well, today government mandated urine testing
is the contemporary equivalent of quartering troops in homes. The disloyal
person who smokes marijuana in his home Saturday night while watching a home
video, who is urine tested by government order on Tuesday, suffers the same
degrading, invasive surveillance as if the King's soldier were sitting there
in the living room monitoring the citizen's private activity.
Now the government uses infra red cameras in military satellites designed
to find the hot engines of enemy vehicles moving at night to look over houses
in America to find those that show up as excessively warm. This evidence is
used for obtaining records of electricity use to see if someone might be
growing something indoors that he or she shouldn't be. Now instead of merely
stationing soldiers in homes, the war on drugs uses "Buck Rogers" weapons --
the technology of 21st century warfare -- to look right through the ceiling
into our homes. The privacy from military surveillance embodied in the third
amendment is another casualty.
End Part I of II
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20/150: The war on drugs and rights PT2
Name: Faramir #12 @17458
Date: Sun Apr 07 00:47:46 1991
From: Gentle Rain Electronic Forum (Southern California)
Part II of III
"IS THE BILL OF RIGHTS
A CASUALTY OF THE WAR ON DRUGS?"
The Fourth Amendment states that "The right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated." Then the amendment spells out the procedure
for issuing warrants. Every member of this audience who practices criminal law
knows that every interpretation of this amendment that ever extended the "right
of the people to be secure" has been reversed in the 18 years since President
Richard Nixon declared war on drugs. From the first days of the war on drugs,
new exceptions to the warrant requirements, to the probable cause requirements,
to the particularity requirements, have been created -- and almost all of these
have been in drug cases. Those of you who do not practice criminal law, who
studied criminal procedure in law school ten or fifteen years ago would be
< >Pause< >//� shocked. Lead cases you knew such as Aguilar v. Texas (378 U.S. 108 (1964)),
and Spinelli v. U.S. (393 U.S. 410 (1969)), are gone, overruled in drug cases,
rationalized by the exigencies of the war on drugs. (See e.g. Wisotsky,
Exposing the War on Cocaine: The Futility and Destructiveness of Prohibition,
1983 WISCONSIN LAW REVIEW 1305, 1418-1420.)
The Fourth Amendment has been so watered down that the search of a person
for evidence of drug use -- without any evidence of drug use, without any ind-
ividualized suspicion -- is, in the words of Justice Scalia, "a kind of immol-
ation of privacy and human dignity in symbolic opposition to drug use."
(National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab, 489 U.S. 656, 109 S.Ct. 1384
(No. 86-1879, March 21, 1989)).
By this time, you must be wondering if the Bar Association turned this
program over to some radicals who cooked up the inflammatory title, "Is the
Bill of Rights a casualty of the war on drugs?" Well, a fairly conservative
newspaper, USA Today, on November 15, 1989 entitled its lead, cover story "The
War on Drugs--Are Our Rights on the Line?" On the cover was a photograph of
the Broward County, Florida Sheriff manufacturing crack cocaine to sell in
stings of drug buyers. The subheadline is "Some Worry Police Out of Control."
The story begins, "As the war on drugs intensifies, there is growing
concern that the battle is claiming an unintended victim,
our Constitutional rights. Emboldened by recent Supreme
Court rulings, police across the U.S.A. are adopting
aggressive tactics including neighborhood sweeps, no-
knock searches, reverse stings and property seizures.
'I've lived through a lot of crime crises but we've never
gone out of control like this,' says University of
Michigan law professor Yale Kamisar, an expert on police
searches."
"In Detroit, police raided a food market in a drug
neighborhood, held the owner and seized his profits after
dogs sniffed cocaine on three one dollar bills in his
cash register. Quoting Denver Federal Judge Richard
Matsch, a Nixon appointee, 'I wonder where the United
States is headed. My concern is that the real victim of
the war on drugs might be the Constitutional rights of
the American people.'"
The Fourth Amendment, in its requirement that warrants "particularly
describe" the place to be searched and the objects of the search requires that
the information that sustains a search be recent, Rugendorf v. U.S. (376 U.S.
528 (1964)), Sgro v. U.S. (287 U.S. 206 (1932)). If an informant tells a
police officer, "You know, it seems to me that last winter I remember that Joe
had some marijuana on the table in his living room," it is not permissible to
rely on that information as the basis for a search today to find marijuana.
Now consider the case reported in the article in USA Today, from Hudson,
New Hampshire. At 5:00 a.m., August 3, 1989, police came to the home of Bruce
Lavoie, 34, a machinist with a wife and three children. Without announcing
themselves and without evidence that Lavoie might be armed, police smashed the
door with a battering ram. Police had a search warrant based in part on an
informant's tip that was 20 months old. "As he rose from his bed, apparently
resisting the intruders, Mr. Lavoie was fatally shot as his son watched. A
single marijuana cigarette was found."
The casualties are not just abstractions, they have children, now orphans,
who will never feel their father's hugs again, all innocent victims of the war
on drugs. Incidentally, pickets later defending the police use of deadly force
carried signs reading, "Druggies have no rights."
The Fifth Amendment sets forth many rights and procedures including the pro-
hibition against depriving any person of "life, liberty or, property, without
due process of law." In the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act, Congress created a
scheme of mandatory sentences in drug cases (which I played a major part in
drafting). Two levels of mandatory sentences were set forth for transactions
in quantities of drugs greater than certain threshold quantities which was in-
tended to give U.S. Attorneys the direction to focus on the highest level
traffickers, and not waste time on the small fry. Unfortunately the enacted
thresholds, as watered down by the Senate and in conference, are no longer
based on the realities of the drug marketplace. They were adopted without
consideration of their effect in sentencing real defendants, without consider-
ation of the effect on prison populations, and without study of their potential
effectiveness in deterring drug trafficking or drug use.
Now those mandatory penalties are used to coerce plea bargains. They give
prosecutors the power to say, "Here's your choice: I can charge you with this
offense which carries a mandatory sentence. If you go to trial and you lose,
you will get a mandatory 10 years without parole up to life imprisonment for a
first offense (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A). (Congress specifically prohibited par-
ole in these kinds of cases.) Alternatively, if you plead guilty to this less-
er included offense which only carries a maximum of 20 years, cooperate with us
by becoming an informant for us, we'll recommend a lower sentence in the guide-
lines such as five years or something like that (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(C)."
Very simply, faced with that kind of choice, a guilty plea is coerced, and
the fifth amendment protection against denial of due process of law is lost.
Let's think of another example of the erosion of the fifth amendment pro-
tection. Due process in criminal cases includes the presumption of innocence,
In re Winship (397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068 (1970)). However, in drug cases,
Congress granted to the government the power to seize the property of suspects
in advance of trial. Indeed, in advance of indictment (21 U.S.C. 853(e)).
Another way in which due process is denied and the accused are unable to
get a fair trial in some drug cases is by means of the "megatrial." Under the
continuing criminal enterprise section of the Controlled Substances Act (21
U.S.C. 848) and RICO, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
Statute (18 U.S.C. 1961), there are monstrous trials, in which a score of de-
fendants are tried together in dozens of counts of indictments alleging hun-
dreds of different acts. Former Chief Judge Jack Weinstein of the Eastern
District of New York in his opinion in U.S. v. Gallo spelled out how putting
many defendants together in a "megatrial" undermines the presumption of inno-
cence (National Law Journal, Dec. 7, 1988 at 13). If the government accuses
twenty Italian-American men with being members of an organized crime family and
requires them to sit together at the same table in a courtroom for half a year
and presents a continuous stream of testimony about conversations between and
about Italian surnamed citizens, what jury isn't going to believe that they are
all members of the "Mafia?" Even when the evidence only applies to a few de-
fendants, the innocent defendants are the victims of "spillover prejudice."
Another megatrial, the "Pizza Connection" heroin trial (U.S. v.
Badalamenti) in New York, lasted over 17 months. There were something like 21
defendants. The name of one defendant was not mentioned in the evidence or
testimony until six months had elapsed. How does someone defend oneself in a
megatrial? How can a jury process evidence in a complex trial that takes 17
months and sort the truth from the lies in dozens of counts? How can due proc-
ess of law be said to exist in that situation? Yet these abuses are being tol-
erated in the prosecution of the war on drugs. The casualties include thousands
of accused (including some who are innocent) with good defenses, who rightly
feared that the risk of conviction coupled with mandatory penalties made a neg-
otiated guilty plea look more attractive.
The Sixth Amendment, among many specific rights, guarantees that "the
accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the assistance of counsel for his de-
fence." Yet even such a fundamental right is under attack by the government
and the courts in the course of the war on drugs. In U.S. v. Morrison (449
U.S. 361 (1981)), Drug Enforcement Administration special agents knowingly met
with the defendant, without counsel being present, to denigrate counsel's abil-
ity and threaten conviction, thus invading and undermining the lawyer-client
relationship. Yet the Supreme Court said a sixth amendment violation could not
be established without a "showing of prejudice" to the outcome (in effect re-
quiring the defendant to lose) -- thus weakening the protection of an individ-
ual's right to counsel.
Congress has also joined the assault on the right to counsel. It gave pro-
secutors the power to seize the fees of the attorneys who represent the accused
in drug cases. Justice Blackmun in describing this law said "Had it been Con-
gress' express aim to undermine the adversary system as we know it, it could
hardly have found a better engine of destruction than attorney's-fee forfeiture
." Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. U.S. (dissenting opinion, 109 S.Ct. 2667,
2674 (1989)).
In order to seize those fees, the government has begun to issue subpoenas
to defense attorneys about their fees. This forces the defense attorney to
become a witness in the government's forfeiture case, and forces the attorney
to withdraw as counsel. This has been found to give the government the ability
to eliminate highly competent counsel from trying certain cases.
Another frightening example is that the government is demanding and
attempting to force attorneys to provide it with evidence against their clients
in circumstances rationalized by the war on drugs, but which involve all types
of cases.
This is the background: under the Currency and Foreign Transaction Re-
porting Act of 1970 (also known as the Bank Secrecy Act, 31 U.S.C. 5311 et seq.
), if you went to a bank and made a $10,000 or larger cash transaction, the
bank had to report that transaction to the Treasury Department. But if you
bought a large ticket item like a car and paid cash, that did not have to be
reported to Treasury. Now the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 6050I)
requires all such cash transactions to be reported to IRS. It enables the gov-
ernment to get intelligence about people who buy a Mercedes-Benz with $55,000
in cash. Then the government specifically applied this reporting requirement
to criminal defense lawyers. The special tax return under this section
requires extensive detailing of who the customer is and the nature of the
transaction. Look at how this works for lawyers and their prospective clients.
Let's assume that you believe that you may be under surveillance or in-
vestigation by the government. You keep hearing mysterious clicks on your
telephone, and you think you are being followed. You go to a famous criminal
defense attorney for advice and possible representation, and she wants $10,000,
by no means an unheard of fee. You borrow a few thousands dollars from three
or four close friends and relatives, you pawn your stereo, and pay the attorney
the $10,000 in cash you've collected. The attorney however sends the required
form to the Internal Revenue Service about you. You haven't been indicted.
You don't even know if you're being investigated. Your attorney sends govern-
ment investigators a form saying, "My name is Mary Smith, famous criminal
defense lawyer. I've just been retained by Mr. Jones, who paid me $10,000 in
cash to represent him."
Does anybody doubt that lights and bells will go off at the IRS when that
report comes in? Of course they will. If there is no investigation pending on
Mr. Jones, IRS or another Federal agency will put an agent on him right away.
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (sec. 7601(b)) created a major exception to the
usual rule of confidentiality of income tax information to permit the return
filed under 26 U.S.C. 6050I to be turned over to any Federal law enforcement
agency (26 U.S.C. 6103(i)(8)). How can the traditional protection of counsel
of choice and the right to have counsel continue to exist if counsel are put in
the position of becoming informants against their own clients?
The Washington Post reported on November 15, 1989, that nine hundred lett-
ers had been sent to criminal defense lawyers around the country by IRS saying,
"We want more information about your clients." Quite justifiably, criminal
defense lawyers are in an uproar -- but so should everyone who values the Sixth
Amendment right to counsel.
The war on drugs has also become the pretext for an assault on the crimin-
al defense bar itself. Sentencing of Federal defendants is pursuant to guide-
lines promulgated by the U.S. Sentencing Commission, but a judge may impose a
sentence lower than the stated guidelines by stating the reasons. However, a
court can impose a sentence below a statutory mandatory minimum sentence
(which Congress has created almost exclusively for drug cases) only upon the
motion of the prosecutor that the defendant provided "substantial assistance in
the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense
." (18 U.S.C. 3553 (e)).
Consider the temptation upon the defendant awaiting sentence in such a
drug case to find somebody, anybody, who they can inform against, in order to
induce the prosecutor to move for a sentence reduction below the mandatory 5,
10 or 20 years. In fact, many defendants are secretly encouraged by the gov-
ernment to attempt to incriminate their own defense counsel.
The Seventh Amendment guarantees that "In suits at common law, where the
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved." If you think about it a second, this right is essential
for protecting other rights. If you want to bring a Federal civil rights case,
for example, you have a right to a jury trial under the Seventh Amendment. If
you are the victim of an environmental hazard, or product liability, or any
kind of case in which you have been harmed, you have a guaranteed opportunity
to sue.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees that criminal trials must be "speedy,"
consequently they have priority over almost every other matter. Recently a
Federal Magistrate in Los Angeles told me that in the United States District
Court for the Central District of California, the volume of drug cases is so
great the judges are concerned that soon they will be unable to try any civil
cases. The number of attorneys in the U.S. Attorney's criminal division has
just been doubled which promises a new influx of drug cases, but few new judge-
ships are being created. The Supreme Court of Vermont declared a six month
moratorium on all civil jury trials. (Administrative Directive #17, "Temporary
Postponement of Civil Jury Trials." January Term, 1990. Signed by all 5
justices on January 11, 1990, effective January 22, 1990. All civil jury
trials for which jurors have not been drawn are postponed until after July 1,
1990. The moratorium was amended on March 28, 1990 when it appeared that the
legislature would appropriate additional funds.) Many other federal and State
courts are in a similar bind.
How can your right to a civil jury trial -- any kind of civil litigation
-- be maintained if the docket is jammed with drug cases? Obviously, that
right is lost.
The Eighth Amendment guarantees that "Excessive bail shall not be required
,...nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." In 1984, in the Comprehensive
Bail Reform Act, the Congress said that in most felonious drug cases (see 21
U.S.C. 841(b)), there is a rebuttable presumption that defendants are dangerous
to the community and can be held without bail (18 U.S.C. 3142(e)). Those pro-
visions are being used throughout the federal court system to detain accused
persons before trial. This undermines their ability to work on their defense,
to assist their counsel and to obtain a fair trial.
Regarding the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment: The
Supreme Court has struck down, as cruel and unusual punishment, the death pen-
alty for crimes that do not involve an intent to kill (Coker v. Georgia,
(433 U.S. 584, 1977, rape); Enmund v. Florida (458 U.S. 782, 1982, co-defendant
in a robbery and murder); Cabana v. Bullock, (474 U.S. 376, 1986, instructions
to jury require finding an intent to commit murder).; cf. Tison v. Arizona
(481 U.S. 137, 1987).
However, on June 28, 1990 the Senate, by a 66 to 32 vote, adopted the
D'Amato amendment to S. 1970 providing for the death penalty for a person
convicted of any drug violation committed as part of a large scale continuing
criminal enterprise (21 U.S.C. 848(b) and (c)(1) (involving for example 30,000
kilograms of marijuana, or only 1.5 kilograms of cocaine base, 300 grams of
LSD, 30 kilograms of heroin, etc.), even where no homicide has been committed.
While these are significant quantities, by no means are they earth-shaking
quantities. And considering the purity of the drug is not considered, a
mid-level operative may be chargeable with a capital offense. When it comes to
fighting the war on drugs, the Senate is prepared to inflict punishments the
Supreme Court has held are cruel and unusual. Only the presence of controver-
sial amendments to ban semi-automatic assault weapons and a provision in the
House crime bill to allow the introduction of evidence of racial disparity in
the imposition of the death penalty, combined with the exhaustion of Congress
in the October 1990 budget deadlock, resulted in the elimination of these death
penalty provisions in the enacted legislation (S.3266).
Unless the political climate is forced to change, it is only a matter of
time before the death penalty for these types of offenses will be imposed.
(Parenthetically, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral argument on November 5,
1990 in Harmelin v. Michigan (No. 89-7272), on the question of whether the
Michigan law requiring a sentence of mandatory life in prison without possibil-
ity of parole for the simple possession of more than 650 grams of cocaine
constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. The only other offenses in Michigan
which carry the same sentence are first degree murder, as well as possession of
cocaine with intent to deliver, and distribution of cocaine.
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21/150: The war on drugs AND rights Pt3
Name: Faramir #12 @17458
Date: Sun Apr 07 00:49:42 1991
From: Gentle Rain Electronic Forum (Southern California)
199/200: Steal this concluding post!
Name: Midnight Tree Bandit #2 @18407
Date: Thu Jan 10 08:54:46 1991
From:*The Vaporboard (Virginia)
Part III of III
"IS THE BILL OF RIGHTS
A CASUALTY OF THE WAR ON DRUGS?"
Let me skip the Ninth and Tenth Amendments for a moment. The Thirteenth
Amendment prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, and the Fourteenth
Amendment, guarantees equal protection of the laws. Those amendments have been
read to prohibit government behavior which continues the badges of slavery --
the treatment of African American citizens as second class citizens (See City
of Memphis v. Greene, 451 U.S. 100, 126 (1981). When the police get the
license to crack down on suspects as part of the war on drugs, in any community
. They stop people without any cause whatsoever. In what communities do the
drag nets take place? You know the answer. Overwhelmingly, it is in minority
communities. The Los Angeles Times ("Blacks Feel Brunt of Drug War", April 22,
1990, p.1) has shown that this is the case throughout the nation.
Consider the National High School Senior Survey of the National Institute
on Drug Abuse shows white youth use drugs at higher rates than black youth.
However, the U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
reported that minority youth detained for drug offenses increased by 71 percent
between 1983 and 1985. The rate of detention of white youth was stable. This
is typical of how the burden of enforcement of the drug laws is inflicted on
Blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans. Even though many more pregnant white
women use cocaine than pregnant Black women, 80% of all of the arrests of women
for endangering their fetus or delivering cocaine to their fetus are of Black
women.
The spirit of the 13th and 14th Amendments is violated everyday because
the police are carrying out the war on drugs much more heavy-handedly in
communities of color. Equal protection of the law is being denied.
Returning to the Bill of Rights.
The Ninth Amendment provides that "The enumeration in the Constitution of
certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by
the people." What are those other rights? Those are every other right.
Now, when we think about rights, let's ask, "where do rights come from?"
Do our rights come from Constitutional amendments? Are those our only rights?
Or does the existence of our rights precede the First Amendment? Wasn't it the
Declaration of Independence that said, "we hold these truths to be self evident
" -- that we are "endowed by our Creator with certain unalienable rights?"
Those rights don't flow from Congress. Uncle Sam doesn't give us our
rights. We had our rights before the government was created.
Consider the right to vote. The Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments to
the Constitution say that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of
race or on account of sex. Did those rights come into existence because white
males suddenly thought it would be a neat idea to give those rights to the rest
of us? Did those rights come into existence because Congress finally decided
to vote for them? No. Those rights always existed. They were not recognized
by the society. But those rights were always there. Was it Black Americans or
women that changed in 1870 or 1920? No, society changed -- it recognized that
a right which existed, the exercise of which was being denied, must now be
guaranteed. Society's recognition of our rights is slow, it evolves.
I argue that there is a right to use drugs. Last night a few of you drank
alcohol -- a drug. Today, a few of you have used nicotine, a drug. We don't
urine test people to prevent them from using nicotine. We don't lock up the
nicotine dealers. Most of us have had caffeine today, a very powerful central
nervous system stimulant. We drink it in very carefully measured dosages,
usually in common six ounce ceramic cups or ubiquitous styrofoam cups. Coffee
cups are drug paraphernalia. A wine glass, a beer bottle, they are drug para-
phernalia. An ashtray is drug paraphernalia.
We use drugs in our society legally and illegally to an enormous degree.
Why are the drug laws violated by tens of millions of our fellow citizens?
Because they intuitively know that they have a right to engage in conduct that
gives them pleasurable sensations even though it is prohibited -- that those
laws are unjust.
Many of us in this audience, probably a majority, recognize a woman's
right to control her reproductive freedom, to control her reproductive tissues,
to control her womb. How is the right of all us to control our brains any less
? Don't we have a right to control our cerebral tissue?
To say that exercise of personal control over something so intrinsically
personal as one's brain and central nervous system is not a right reserved
under the Ninth Amendment means that the Ninth Amendment is almost meaningless.
The Tenth Amendment says that "the powers not delegated to the United
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States are reserved to
the States respectively, or to the people."
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution are re-
served to the people. Where is the power in Article I, Section 8 of the Con-
stitution that allows Congress to say, "We declare that your brain is off
limits to you. You cannot use those cells in your brain that opium can affect,
or that marijuana stimulates. Your brain is not really yours to control. The
space between your ears -- that's not really yours to control. We're the
Congress. That's our space. You are prohibited from using your brain in
unapproved ways." Is this a power that the Congress has? If so, where did it
get it and when?
Let's think about the First amendment broadly for a moment, and think
about the policy that underlies the First Amendment. Ultimately, the First
amendment is designed to guarantee our right to make up our minds. ("Those who
won our independence believed that the final end of the State was to make men
free to develop their faculties . . . . They valued liberty both as an end and
as a means. They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness and courage to
be the secret of liberty. . . ." Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927)
(concurring opinion of Justice Brandeis, joined by Justice Holmes, 274 U.S. at
375). Brandeis defended the "freedom to think as you will and to speak as you
think" as "indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth....."
(274 U.S. at 375).)
How do our minds work? As you hear me speaking or if you read this, there
are biochemical changes taking place in your brain. That's what's happening.
Your brain is changing chemically. If you remember what I say or wrote, your
brain has been permanently changed.
In fact, what I'm saying is more dangerous than any drug you can take
-- much more dangerous. You might get angry at your members of Congress for
deliberately or carelessly embracing a policy that systematically degrades your
hard won freedoms and liberties. You might protest or take action and chall-
enge the government. Even though what I'm saying is very dangerous because
it's affecting your brain, and affects your ability to make up your mind about
drug laws, what I'm saying is protected by the First Amendment.
Do you have a right to listen or a right to read? Even though the First
Amendment doesn't explicitly say "the freedom to listen shall not be abridged,
isn't it obvious that you have a right to listen. If so, in material terms
you have a right to chose to have your brain changed by what you want to listen
to or what you read.
Two centuries ago the King of England did not try to prevent Americans
from directly using their brains. He did what he could do, which was to punish
seditious speech and treasonous writings -- things which profoundly influenced
the minds of revolutionaries through the chemical changes they caused in their
brains.
Today, we know how the brain functions as a biological processor of
chemicals. But since Congress has by law acted to intervene in your choice of
brain-effecting chemicals, forbidding you from choosing certain drugs that
millions of Americans desire, we must ask, "What is Congress' constitutional
power for doing this?"
Congress' legislative powers are set forth in Article I, Section 8 of the
Constitution. The authority to ban drugs is no longer based on the power to
tax, as it was from 1914 until 1970. Congress now asserts its power to forbid
the use of drugs in the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C 801; titles II and
III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Public
Law 91-513.) is based on it's power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce
. (United States v. Scales, 464 F.2d 371,373 (6th Cir. 1972); United States v.
Montes-Zarate, 552 F.2d 1330, 1331 (9th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 947
(1978).) Now what, pray tell, does that have to do with your brain?
Congress recognized that if you grew marijuana in your backyard for your
own use, there would be a very strong claim that such activities did not affect
interstate or foreign commerce. Therefore Congress asserted that "local dis-
tribution, and possession, nonetheless have a substantial and direct effect
upon interstate commerce" and declared that it could not "feasibly different-
iate" or "distinguish" purely intrastate activity with respect to drugs from
the interstate or foreign commerce in drugs. Therefore, it claimed jurisdiction
over drugs grown in your backyard, or always possessed by you in local, intra-
state commerce. (21 U.S.C. 801(3),(4),(5),(6)).
Now, is your brain interstate commerce? Is your bedroom interstate comm-
erce?
Consider the implications of this expansion of the Congressional power to
regulate interstate commerce. Beginning in 1933, Congress at the urging of
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asserted an enormously expanded role in
regulating interstate commerce. Conservatives considered it an almost revol-
utionary expansion. Only after a number of deaths and resignations, and the
electoral sweep of 1936 was this enormously expanded claim of Federal power
under the interstate commerce clause upheld by the Supreme Court (NLRB v. Jones
& Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937)).
We therefore accepted the expansion of the power of Congress to regulate
interstate commerce to the maximum. Even if an individual's act is trivial,
that is irrelevant if it is a type of act, when cumulated with other similar
acts, might reasonably be deemed by the Congress to have substantial national
consequences. (See, e.g., Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942); Katzenbach
v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964); Perez v. United States, 402 U.S. 146 (1971)).
There was also created the theory that Congress could enact prohibitions
to "protect" interstate commerce. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
excluded from interstate commerce goods made in plants with did not meet Fed-
eral standards for wages and hours of employees. (This was upheld in United
States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941): "Congress, following its own conception
of public policy concerning the restrictions which may appropriately be imposed
on interstate commerce, is free to exclude from [such] commerce articles whose
use in the states for which they are destined it may conceive to be injurious
to the public health, morals, or welfare..." (312 U.S. at 114).) In the 1960's
Congress used the interstate commerce power to guarantee civil rights in inter-
state travel and accommodations. (e.g. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc, v. United
States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964)).
It is time to consider, where does interstate commerce end? I'm standing
here in this conference center, a facility of interstate commerce. I'm carry-
ing an airplane ticket to Washington. My pocket is full of credit cards, tools
of interstate commerce. However, I spent the night here, I've had a beautiful
hike, I've had a couple of meals here. Am I actually here in Colorado, or am I
still in the limbo of interstate commerce? If I am still in interstate comm-
erce now, when do I leave interstate commerce? Can I ever leave interstate
commerce? (Notably, Justice Rehnquist suggested that "it would be a mistake to
conclude that Congress' power to regulate pursuant to the Commerce Clause is
unlimited. Some activities may be so private or local in nature that they
simply may not be in commerce. Nor is it sufficient that the person or activ-
ity reached have some nexus with interstate commerce." Hodel v. Virginia Sur-
face Mining & Reclamation Assn., Inc., 452 U.S. 264 (1981) (concurring opinion
at 310). Departing from the post New Deal line of cases he concluded, the
commerce power "does not reach activity which merely 'affects' interstate
commerce. There must be a showing that a regulated activity has a substantial
effect on that commerce." 452 U.S. at 312. (Bold in the original, underlining
added.) So far, no other justices have joined this argument.)
But if I am in interstate commerce, what about those of you who have not
left your home state to come to this conference. Are you in interstate
commerce?
If interstate commerce can constitutionally be claimed to be the basis for
anything that Congress wants to regulate, what part of our lives is not reg-
ulatable by Congress? If Congress can use this power this broadly in the reg-
ulation of our brains, then the Federal government is omnipotent and the notion
of constitutional checks and balances is non-existent.
If our brain is regulatable as interstate commerce, then certainly our
wombs and genitals are too, aren't they, and our blood, our heart, our lips,
our fingers, our eyes, and our ears? Is there any part of us that is not in
interstate commerce?
I believe that at some point the tissues inside our skin must be totally
outside interstate commerce, or else Congress has unlimited power to tell us to
do whatever it wants us to do.
It is this, it seems to me, that is the most dangerous heart of the war on
drugs and which strips the Ninth and Tenth Amendments of their meaning.
Essentially the legal basis for the war on drugs depends upon the assumption of
total power by the Congress and the Federal Government to regulate the most
intimate aspects of our lives, the very dreams that we have. And the propa-
ganda arm of the war on drugs has been successful persuading us to unwittingly
surrender this vital power over ourselves to the Federal government. Indeed
the propaganda of the urgency of the war on drugs has been so successful, many
of our fellow citizens consciously believe we must surrender ourselves for the
good of the state.
Seen in this light, the war on drugs is the corner stone of an as yet
unbuilt edifice of totalitarianism.
Challenging the war on drugs is the most important issue facing civil
liberties and the preservation of the Bill of Rights.
You are lawyers. You know that aside from the questions of due process
and constitutionally required criminal procedure, the criminal justice system
is going down the tubes. The American Bar Association issued a special report,
Criminal Justice in Crisis, which found the criminal justice system is being
overwhelmed with drug cases. (CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CRISIS, American Bar Assoc-
iation, Section on Criminal Justice, Special Committee on Criminal Justice in a
Free Society, 1988, p.6.) It functions as an assembly line. No longer does
individualized justice takes place. The attorneys -- prosecutors, defense
counsel, and judges -- are mere mechanics that keep the machine of arrest and
imprisonment functioning.
I won't discuss today the many serious costs our society is suffering from
undertaking the prohibition approach to the problem of drugs -- the increased
crime, the spread of disease, the economic price of enriching organized crime
by $100 billion per year. I won't analyze our national drug control strategy
to explain how it cannot succeed in stopping the cultivation and shipment of
drugs into the United States. Someone who might be indifferent to the hits
taken by the Bill of Rights, should be alarmed by the problems caused our
nation by drug prohibition because they effect everyone -- in their pocketbook,
in their personal safety, in the availability of quality health care.
The organized bar, such as the Colorado Bar Association, is one of the
institutions in the society that is sensitive to the Bill of Rights
implications of the war on drugs. Next year will be the bicentennial of the
ratification of the Bill of Rights. Many bar associations are planning programs
to commemorate the Bill of Rights. Now is the time for bar associations to
begin to educate the public about the jeopardy our heritage of liberty faces
from the war on drugs. If the bar fails to do this, who will do it? If no one
does it, then surely the celebration of the bicentennial of the Bill of Rights
on December 15, 1991 will be a hollow exercise.
It should be obvious that all of these comments do not deny that drug
abuse is not a terribly tragic situation. As is alcoholism. As are 300,000
annual deaths from tobacco and cigarette addiction. Those are terrible things
too. But we are not going to solve any of these problems by allowing the war
on drugs to make our Bill of Rights into a shattered remnant of the vital
shield it once was.
End Part III of III
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bufoalv.drg
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Forwarded message:
From locklin Wed Apr 7 17:14:58 1993
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 1993 17:14:56 -0400
From: locklin (Lupo the Butcher)
To: locklin
Subject: SmOkIn' ToAdZ
Doing a bit of research in various alt.drugs files, and some textbooks
I discovered that Bufo Alvarus (Sonoran Desert or Colorodo River Toad)
has a venom in its paratoidal gland that contains from 6-16% of 5-MeO DMT.
Having experienced this (or a related) drugs once before, I was exited at
the chance of obtaining a readily available supply of it.
After consulting with the local herpetologist, and checking with several
biological supply houses, I discovered that B. Alvarus is a common enough
toad, but not available this time of the year. The price for a B. Alvarus
is generally around $10 plus $25 (US) for shipping.
Luckily for me, the local pet-shop had three specimins. Since they were
rather exorbitantly priced, I decided to have a go at conning them out of
some venom. I used the story that I was a biochemistry student interested
in certain indole alkaloids present in the venom of Bufo Alvarus. Basically,
I told them the truth. After checking with the management, they gave me the
go ahead.
Extracting the venom was somewhat problematic. _Venomous Animals and their
Venoms_ gives a procedure where the toad is pressed firmly down with one hand
and the paratoidal gland (behind the "ear") is sqeezed firmly with the other.
A piece of glass is suspended above the toad to catch the viscous venom as it
squirts from the toad. I found this method awkward. The best way (after
breif experimentation) I was able to discover was to hold the toad in one hand,
squeeze the gland with the other, and have an assistant hold some glass in the
firing line of the paratoidal gland. This should be repeated once after the
toad is allowed to rest for 20 minutes or so. You must apply a considerable
amount of pressure to release any poison; I was hesitant in this as I was
afraid I would injure the toads (especially with the manager standing next
to me). Because I didn't apply as much pressure as I should have, I only
obtained 80-100 mg of venom from the three toads. According to _Venomous
Animals and their Venoms_ I should have obtained something more like 400mg
per toad.
In any case, after letting the poison dry, I scraped it off the glass,
obtaining a fine crystaline substance. I took 1 gram of Harmala seeds
for my experiment (I weigh 160 lbs) and a freind (who weighs 260) took 1.7
grams of the same substance. We also smoked one MJ cigarrete.
Instead of freebasing the 5-MeO-DMT (as would have been most efficient) we
mixed it with some MJ and smoked it in a pipe. The taste was unusual, but
not intensely unpleasant.
Halfway through smoking the quantity, we stopped. I noticed an odd feeling
and slight buzz from the MJ, the freind noticed nothing. We continued
smoking, and after finishing both noticed some rather extreme effects.
Objects appeared extremely distorted, colors were intensified and facial
quirks were magnified, giving people a clown-like appearance. Perception
of distance was extremely disorted; objects within arms reach seemed
miles away. Height perceptions were also distorted, one minute I seemed
like a giant compared to those around me, the next minute I seemed a dwarf
in comparison. Light sources provoked an unusual reaction; they seemed
surrounded by moving, prismatic colors. Walking was problematic; the
sidewalk reminded me of the famous films of the "galloping gertie" bridge
in washington state. I felt as if I was surfing rather than walking.
Observations of the facial expressions of the passerbys seemed to indicate
that my manner of walking was no different than that of any of the other
pedestrians that night. My freind (who was, for the record, rather out
of shape) claimed to experience racing heart, but I had no such difficulties.
After walking for approximately 15 minutes, the intensity of the experience
subsided, and we felt able to go to the bar as we had intended. We were both
rather strongly intoxicated for the next hour, drinking several beers in
that time. Paranoiac feelings, and some mild visual/auditory hallucinations
persisted for approximately 2 hours after taking the substance.
Conclusion: the venom of B. Alvarus seems to contain the quantities of
5-MeO-DMT that are claimed for it in the various publications. Its use
with harmaline seemed to powerfully increase the already present marijuana
intoxication (unlike LSD, which often has an antagonistic effect with THC),
as well as provoking uniquely powerful visual hallucinations. The steroidal
poisons in the venom _may_ have a toxic cardiac effect when the venom is
smoked, or (more likely IMHO, due to my lack of similar reaction) the
heart-racing may have been due to the effects of the THC intoxication, or
the effects of the 5-MeO-DMT itself. It would probobly be a very bad idea
to ingest this substance orally in conjunction with harmaline as a kind
of animal ayahuasca; the steroidal poisons are doubtless much more harmful
when an orally active dose is taken, due both to the greater quantity that
would be required, and to the lack of steroid pyrolysis in an oral dose.
Further experiments will be undertaken under different, more controlled
circumstances.
-Spiney Norman
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an8222@anon.penet.fi
Subject: Smokin Toadz
Message-ID: <1993Jun18.013036.21314@fuug.fi>
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 1993 01:59:04 GMT
>Ok, I got a couple of questions and and help or knowledge would be greatly
>appreciated. First of all, what is the percent composition of 5-MeO-DMT in
>the skins of dried Bufo Americanus skins?
Absolutely none; you want Bufo Alvarus -not americanus.
According to "Venomous Animals and Their Venoms" (highly recommended), the
venom (from B Alvarus) contains 6-16% 5MeO-DMT- the rest is mostly mucus.
As for the whole skin; why kill the toad when you can milk it for its venom?
I recall the skin percentage to be something like 0.3-0.1% by weight (since
this probably includes the venom glands, it really isn't much).
Americanus skin has mostly bufotenin which has never been shown to be
psychedelic below toxic doses. It also contains some adrenal poisons.
Bad idea. Leave them poor little froggies alone!
>How much would one have to smoke to
>get the "effects"?
An active dose is 2-5 milligrams. You do the math.
>Must it be freebased (i.e. smoked in a "crack pipe"), or
>can it be mixed in with a little MJ and smoked through a pipe?
Either way will work, but freebasing is much more efficient. More will be
pyrolized if you mix the stuff with a burning substance.
>Has anyone had
>any experience with the skins sold from JLF?
What the heck would you do with those? Those are not Bufo Alvarus, and hence
contain NO 5-MeO-DMT. All they have are bufotenin and steroidal poisons
related to adreneline. Yukky stuff; the Bufo Marinus skin is potentially
lethal (this is the stuff that young punks in Callifornica are licking &
getting sick from. According to a herpetologist I know, B. Marinus is a
controlled substance in Callie.)
You want some Bufo Alvarus; Sonoran desert toad; Colorado River Toad.
They sell them in the petstore near my house & there are plenty of other
places you ken get them, but I am not going to tell you where.
Why not?
Because, if you are not smart enough to find 'em yourself, you should
not even attempt this. Besides; I tell you, you tell someone else, eventually
the gestapo find out and everyone else is PHUCKED for posession of a controlled
amphibian.
Information brought to you by
-Technoshaman
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/bust-germany
+15
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I have a bit of trouble in Germany to keep my drivers
licence.This is because of a story, happend 2!! years
ago. The police suspected me that I `m dealing with drugs
(bullshit), the special forces stopped my car, they couldn `t
find anything, I was doing a piss test (they found THC )
NOW ( 2 years later ) they asked for a second test ( I had the
driving licence the whole time, nothing happened), and now I was
panicing, because I did not had a clue, how long it is staying
in the blood.
Thanks to your information, I feel much more secure now !!!!!
Making a piss test, if police have the idea you are stoned,
slowly getting a sort of fashion in here, as well as regular
checks afterwards, if the connect you somehow to drugs (that you
can keep your licence)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/butter.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an11488@anon.penet.fi (more Hair than There)
Subject: Cannabutter
Message-ID: <1993May2.025923.7908@fuug.fi>
Date: Sun, 2 May 1993 02:49:40 GMT
The first step in cooking magical cannabis-laced foods is extracting
the cannabinoids (THC, CBD, and many many more) from the plant matter,
usually in a oil/fat/butter-based solution, since the cannabinoids do
not readily dissolve in water. My best FOAF has a method for doing
this that he has not seen mention of in this forum. He got it from a
little book called _The Art and Science of Cooking with Cannabis_, by
Adam Gottlieb, orignally published in 1974. Gottlieb calls the product
of the extraction `CANNABUTTER'.
The procedure is actually very simple. He brings a pot of water to a
rolling boil, then puts a small amount of butter in the water.
Quickly, the butter melts, and mixes in with the water because the
whole mixture is at a rolling boil.
Then he puts the grass in and boils it. (Of course, he separates all
the seeds first so he can plant them in the nearby park.) Now all the
grass is riling around with the water and butter, and get this: The
cannabinoids dissolve into the butter, while most of the nasty flavors
and gook dissolve into the water. He stirs the stuff regularly. After
cooking the grass like this for a while (say, half an hour), his
kitchen really smells incriminating. He strains out the spent plant
matter, squeezes all the juice out of it, and puts the liquid in the
fridge.
A few hours later, the mixture is cool enough that the cannabutter has
solidified on the surface. It looks kind of scummy, but its just
enchanted butter. He scoops it out and retains it in a bowl or a jar.
The grass-nasty water is thrown out.
The cannabutter can be used just like butter, in brownies, on garlic
bread, or mixed with honey on your finger!
Although this method takes longer than the usual saute-n-strain
method, it has several advantages:
* As explained above, the nasty shit is separated and removed from the
fun shit.
* You can make stronger cannabutter than by saute-ing, because you can
cook more grass in the same amount of butter, due to the extra
volume of the water.
* There is no danger of burning the precious, price-inflated, hard and
dangerous to obtain herb, as there is when you saute, because the
water keeps the whole mixture at boiling temperature!
If I have given any incorrect information, please let me know, so I
can learn. (On Usenet, though, no email please.)
--- more Hair than There
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oh, I don't think that heating for 1 hour will break down the THC: brownies
and breads are usually baked longer, and they seem just fine ;-)
I suppose that one does want to avoid _extreme_ heat, though... like
open flame ;-) Anyway, I made my butter in a double-boiler, which is sort
of a saucepan full of water, with another saucepan that mates on top of it,
so that the bottom of one covers the top of the other (I went out and bought
a very nice Revereware double-boiler recently, but I digress). So, in the
bottom boiler, you put water, enough, say, that you have only an inch or two
between the water and the bottom of the second boiler. In the second boiler,
put 1 quart of water, 1/4 oz, and a stick of butter. Simmer the stuff over
low heat for a few hours, at least: I waited till it turned brownish.
(the double boiler keeps direct heat away from the stuff, so it's used to cook
heat-sensitive foods such as eggs and butter, without burning them).
Now, once you're satisfied with your mixture of butter, THC, water, and
vegetation, prepare a bowl and something like a funnel lined with cheese-cloth,
or a cheese-cloth bag. You can buy cheese-cloth at the grocery store: it will
catch the vegetable matter, keeping it out of the bowl, inot which you pour
the butter/water mixture. Squeeze as much liquid as possible out of the cheese-
cloth. If you really want to, you could keep the now-hopefully-impotent bud,
but I've always just pitched it.
So. Allow your butter/water to settle and cool (I refrigerate it).
The butter will rise to the top, and can be lifted out, but I usually am not
satisfied with all the particles of butter that remain, so I run the water
through a piece of cheesecloth and try to catch some of it. Anyway, that
green gunk is butter, and you can spread it on your toast, make a sandwich
with it, or cook with it. About two "pats" of butter stone me pretty well,
but your milage may vary. I usually try to disguise the taste with something
like a pepperoni and garlic pesto cheese on rye sandwich, but you tastes
_probably_ vary ;-)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/ca_hempexp.drg
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From: hempster@crl.com (Alan Silverman)
Newsgroups: alt.hemp
Subject: CA Hemp Expo (long)
Date: 7 Jun 1994 13:03:38 -0700
Message-ID: <2t2jqq$4an@crl3.crl.com>
The California Hemp Expo was a tremendous success.
The Expo was combined with a High Times 25th(?) Aniversary party.
I didn't see a whole of exposure about High Times Magazine
in general, but I guess they were a major sponsor of the event.
We arrived at 9:30 am and got a great spot by the fountain,
under the grossly trimmed trees that looked abnormally stunted,
yet provided much shade and nice lookouts for those who climbed
them for better views of the stage and expo. The official start
time was noon. It lasted for six hours, at which time the last
of the crowd made thier way through the vendors to find those
last few items they wanted to purchase, but not carry around all day.
Located in Golden Gate Park, around the fountains between
the band shell, the California Academy of Sciences, and
the Japanese Tea Garden, was the site of one great big party.
My guess is that tens of thousands of people came by. Many knew
of the event ahead of time, but many just happened on it by chance.
The location is always busy with people anyway and the huge crowds,
music, and booths just brought more and more people.
The weather was terrific. It started out cool in the morning,
turned into a nice warm and somewhat windy afternoon, and by the
end of the event, that famous San Francisco fog started to roll in.
That was about the time I think a lot of hemp coats and tops
were sold by many of the vendors. Lots of people were wearing
lots of really nice things made from hemp. I missed JJ, our
favorite hemp importer. She could not make it to the show.
A major client of hers made her a vested pantsuit out of the
fine 10oz summercloth we use, that would have been a showstopper.
The suit is in the high end of retail, costs almost a thousand dollars,
and is sold through an exclusive designer and shop in LA and NY.
I dont know the name of the business, but they must be successful.
They keep coming back for more hemp. They sell only top line styles
made from this fine linen-like hemp fabric. Ohhh soooo nice.
Attendees were mostly the pot crowd, Deadheads, and alternative
lifestyle folks, but many people from different walks of life
came out of interest. The Chinese tourists, the older folks out
for a walk in the park, the undercover DEA agents (I guess?),
and general public came with open minds and great smiles.
Everyone appeared to have a wonderful time. I saw no fights,
practically no open drug use or drug dealing, no busts, the police stayed
out of the crowds, and the cans and bottles got recycled almost
as fast as they could be emptied.
The schedule of events included Asphalt Poetry, The Marginal Prophets,
Fungo Mungo, Total Devastation, El Magnifico, DJ Markie Mark, and
of course, Fishbone who's frontman was dressed to kill in his totally hemp
zoot suit!! Wow!!! The sounds were cool. I would have prefered more
of the psychadelic sounds that San Francisco has been known for.
Lots of work went into the stage and sound board and a big hats off to the
crew and volunteers who made this all possible. This was no little
event! A lot of effort went into this and it was most appreciated.
Speakers included Ngaio Beafun - cannabis comic/event MC; Cannabis
Action Network and High Times Magazine; Business Alliance on
Commerce in Hemp; Families Against Mandatory Minimums; The Libertarian
Party and Forfeiture Endangers American Rights. This writer was
too busy at the vending booth to listen to most of the discussion,
but the crowds were definitely into hearing what needed to be said.
I have a quote from Jack Herer, hempster extraodinaire:
"Get off your ass, change the laws.
The laws wont change untill you get actively in every
politician's face over and over and over and over again
until they fall!"
I guess Jack was a little upset that the initiative did not do as well
as he had hoped. There is not a loss yet though. Check this out.
Chris Conrad, of BACH (Business Alliance on Commerce in Hemp) told
me about a lawsuit that is in the works against the State of California.
The lawsuit, which is on appeal, is based on technicalities regarding
the procedural problems encountered by Jack and the other writers
of the California Hemp Initiative. It seems the word hemp was
replaced with the word marijuana, which not only caused undo
hardships due to wording and raised prejudices, but also caused
major delays in getting the initiative out to the public in time
for this deadline. The suit asks that this issue be added to the
ballot ANYWAY because it was unfairly compromised by the State.
The lawsuit also is based on harrassment which has unfairly
compromised this legitimate and legal attempt to change the laws.
We've all heard stories about real criminals getting cleared of
charges on technicalities. Lets see how this works with the ballot.
Also regarding Chris and BACH, he is doing a tour across the USA
between August and October. He needs information about events
where he can speak and spread the word. Please contact Chris
Conrad with any information you have.
Voice mail: (213)969-1607
Fax: (415)898-9563
Email: HELP HIM! He needs to find a good access email account.
He travels a lot and is wondering if AOL would be a good choice.
He needs a service where he can locally dial into the network
and access his email as well as other Internet type services.
Chris would also like to hear from the European hempsters as well.
He is planning on another Europe tour. Chris has done a lot of work
with the Hash Marihuana Museum in Amsterdam, which is open every day.
Jack and Chris practically launched the marijuana legalization
movement through their book, "The Emporer Wears No Clothes".
There were quite a few vendors there, for sure. I couldn't guess,
except to say, maybe a hundred. Quite a few stragglers were there
who just showed up with a few crafty type items for sale. The biggest
loser was the food concessions. Bummer. More people were asking about
food than almost anything. One enterprising young man set up a grill
and made nasty looking grilled cheese sandwiches for a buck. He had
a huge line of people who were ready to eat almost anything.
My guess, is he made the most money of the day. Some people
just have no class. These things were burnt, dirty, and gross.
On the food line, one guy had ground up hemp seeds mixed with
organic brown rice syrup. Pretty gnarley, I'ld have to say, but
he was giving away free samples. I think hemp seeds are very
nutritious and have a neat nutty flavor, but they need to be
one of the minor ingredients if you expect public support.
Brownies, granola bars, cookies, and such would be great with
a little ground up hempseed in them. Our collective is seriously
considering some tasty and nutritious snack bars. We have access
to a kitchen, can get the permits, and have more talent between our
members than you can shake a bud at. We're ready and we do trades!!
Food Not Bombs was on the scene with bagels and breads.
I love those folks! As usual, they sold nothing, but accepted
donations to help the cause of publicly feeding the hungry.
Mayor Jordan of SanFrancisco has publicly been at war with the
homeless and the hungry for quite some time. He claims it is in
the name of the war on crime, but his targets and actions show
that his agenda is bit deeper than that. He seems to attack
those who are trying to help. It's like President Clinton and
the U.N. trying to shutdown trade to North Korea and claiming
it is not an act of war. Hell, what was the Gulf War all about?
It was an act of war to support free trade of the American Oil
Companies, was it not? Editorial off, followup by email please.
Now, regarding the vending booths, this gets long and will include
a bit of info about everyone I met and talked with.
Joanne and I (Got It Covered, members of the Redwood Hemp Collective)
arrived on the scene at about 9 am, so we got a nice spot under
a tree near the fountain. The folks from the Cannabis Center and
Hemp Emporium on Haight Street were very instrumental in getting things
set up for everyone. Cheers to them! What a nice setting it was for the
Redwood Hemp Collective. We had an 8 foot table with just about every
product of the cannabis hemp plant available in one form or another.
We had our problems of course, the Cannabis Clothes van broke down
in Novato, so they were quite late getting to the expo and were very
tired and upset by they time they finally arrived, but Candi, in
her infinitely kind and awesome personality, had a wonderful day
showing, talking, selling, and taking orders for her fine custom
clothing. Alan of Hemp Book and Candle had a relapse of a bad cold,
so I handled his lip balms, soaps, candles, creams, paper, etc.
We did a fair amount of sales. It was quite obvious that the
majority of people were looking for those $3 items that were easy
to purchase and carry away as fun memories from the day.
We almost sold out of our tiedyed beanbag frogs at $12 each.
They got hugged and tossed all day. I must have heard, a hundred
times, "Awww gee... I had one of these when I was a kid....
awe.....how cute......" and never once tired of it or lost a smile.
I did lose my smile once though. Our neighbor had a gong that he
was banging on so much we not only could not hear the band, but
I couldn't hear a voice from two feet in front of me, across the table.
I let out a hardy "HEY!" in his direction. He mellowed out.
I know why they dont let instruments into Dead shows much more.
Among the other vendors, was California NORML, with an info booth.
Ganja Gear was pretty cool. This is a husband and wife team
who make fanny packs and bags from hemp. They highlight the
gear with Mudcloth, from the Dogon Tribe of Mali, Africa.
Verrry nice people. They will be at the Health and Harmony
Festival next weekend in Santa Rosa, California. I told them
to call me when they get to town. I live a few blocks from
the Fairgrounds, so we can help them with local logistics.
They said "Gangah Gear is the name. We make hempwear clothes
and bags. We're only working with organic clothes. We're just
getting started but we feel really good about our product."
Nice folks, indeed. This is one of the major things I like
about the hemp industry in general, the awesome people involved.
The Hayward Hempery, a retail outlet in Hayward California had
a booth with lots of books. They can be reached by phone by
calling (510)JET-WEED. Store hours are Tues -> Sat, 11-7.
The Fourth of July will be the store's 1 yr. anniversary.
FATEEZ was selling mostly pot related Tshirts. You can contact
them at 150 Linden St., Jack London Square, Oakland, CA 94607.
Phone and fax is (510)832-3800. They gave me a cool matchbook.
It is black, and on the front, is the white outline of a skunk
sitting on it's honches, smoking a fatty! Nice design indeed!
The Hempstead Company, one of the oldest hemp manufacturers
was on hand. Their new business cards are printed on cards
made from 100% recycled hemp fabric. Verrry nice and original.
They are associated with The Ohio Hempery in one form or another.
Products are available through many catalogs, including Real Goods
and The Ohio Hempery. They produce promotional items as well.
Patrick and Chip were on hand to greet and meet the many attendees.
They can be reached at 2060 Placentia B-2, Costa Mesa, CA 92627.
The phone is (714)650-8327, 800-284-HEMP, fax (714)650-5853.
Kat was doing hair wraps, anklets, bracelets, and beads.
She generally hangs out in Venice, but also likes to play with
the HHH hair wrappers on Telegraph Ave in Berkeley.
Derek Jones and Sally Hanson, Mind Boggling Beads and Other Arts
With Heart were on hand with some of the most incredible Fimo
beads I've ever imagined. The quarter sized pendant with the
waterfall scene is the most popular seller. The hemp bead is
nice one. We may order a qty of them to make some simple easy
things with hemp twine. These are some truely awesome artists.
They have an evolving inventory and dont carry a true catalog,
but can reached at N. 12 Garry, Liberty lake, WA (509)255-6105.
I would say it is probably safe to order beads from them sight
unseen. The panther was great! They are superb!!
Hemp Style, The 90's Store for Clothing & More had some nice things.
They are located at 1499 Wagstaff Rd, Suite C, Paradise, CA 95969.
The phone is (916)877-HEMP or 800-939-HEMP.
LightSpeed Press is one of interest to you campus rats. They have
educational novelties, hemp info, do graphics production. They have
many nice Tshirts as well. It's worth getting a catalog. Some of
the Tshirt designs are very artistic and creative and priced right.
Kelly is trying to find ways to communicate with more campuses.
I suggested the Internet, of course. She has started a group
called "United Campus Coalition". She's been around since the
"Stop The Drug War Tour" and believe we should harvest hemp, not trees.
She will be touring the MidWest and the East, so if anyone can help
her with event information, touring logistics, whatever, please help.
She's very nice and would be fun for you to meet up with.
Write to Kelly Green at Lightspeed Press, 3145 Geary Blvd, Suite 469,
San Francisco, CA 94118 or call (415)985-5232.
On the more spiritual side is Sweetlight Books. They publish books
for people who love the Earth. A catalog is available by mail.
An interesting magazine is Holy Smoke, for people who love marijuana.
It is for people who use marijuana as a sacrament and medicine.
Holy Smoke subscriptions are $12 a year and a single copy is $3.
Contact them at Sweetlight Books, 16625 Heitman Rd, Cottonwood, CA 96022
or phone them at (916) 529-5392.
Hemp Connection has many nice articles of clothing. Marie Mills was
a seamstress from way back, but got out of the business. When she
found the hemp cloth, she found a renewed energy to pull her machines
out of storage and build it back up again. She has some nice styles
and colors. She does mailorder and has a catalog or her fiber products.
Write to her at P.O.Box 33, Whitethorn, CA 95589 or call her
at (707)986-7322.
Bruce Rose, Jeweler, is the one to contact for fine jewelry,
goldsmithing, silversmithing, setting, ring sizing, repair, ear piercing,
design, and gemology. He had some nice pendants. His shop is in
San Leandro, CA. Call him at (510)633-7939.
Cannabest sent Ellen Kemp. What a pleasant and friendly person she is.
They are in print now of a four color catalog of hemp products. They
rep a lot of stuff and will have some nice offerings. Write to them
at 1536 Monterey Street, San Luis Obispo, Ca. 93401, or phone them
at (805)543-4213 or 800-227-0510. I'm looking forward to seeing this
catalog. It's going to be chock full of cannabis products, stories,
and information.
Dont let me forget Two Star Dog! This is Steve and Alan, brothers
importing cannabis products from the orient. They have a full line
of hemp and hemp/cotton blend clothes including farmer overalls,
jeans, jackets, shirts, and lots more. I dont have contact information
on them, but if anyone writes to me I can dig it up through Mari Kane
of Hempworld. They are also creating some American made products.
I bought a bicycle hat from them. You know how hard it is to find
a decent bike hat that doesn't say Campagnolo all over it? This one
had the TWO * DOG logo on the front. That was acceptable to me.
The hat was $10 at the show. I couldn't resist.
Mari Kane of HEMPWORLD was on hand with her latest publication
which comes out every other month. The latest edition is the
fashion issue. We missed out on this one, but several other
members of the Redwood Hemp Collective have been featured here.
Mari Kane was working on an article for Entrepeneur Magazine
last year when she discovered how big this industry really is.
She discovered, while writing this article on the Hemp Industry,
that the industry does not have a newsletter to keep us all informed.
This was her calling. She has put together a newsletter that will
be the missing link between those of us who take industrial hemp
seriously. The newsletter is published 6 times a year. She has
published four issues since starting last December and hopes
to publish monthly. She asks for news, stories, press releases,
subscriptions, ideas, etc sent to her care of
HEMPWORLD
P.O.Box 315
Sebastopol, CA 95473
(707) 887-7508 phone
(707) 887-7639 fax
email: needs one!
Subscriptions are $30 per year.
Classifieds run at $1 per word. Display ads are $25 for a credit
card sized at up to $125 for a full page. Inserts available even
if you want to share one with others.
Mari defines hempster:
Hemp-(hemp)n.
A tall Asiatic herb cultivated for it's tough fiber and as the
sopurce of Bhang and hashish. - Webster
-ster (ster). A suffix denoting origin of one who does something
with skill or as an occupation. - Webster
Thus:
Hempster - (hempster)n. One who uses the fiber of hemp in his
or her occupation.
Hempsters are numbering in the hundreds and may reach the thousands
by the end of the year. HEMPWORLD will be the official newsletter
of Hempsters and the Hemp industry and will hopefully reach as far
and wide as the hemp industry can grow.
To those two guys from Berkeley who identified themselves as
not students, but intelectuals, and wore down Mari's ears with
talk about the specifics of the hemp industy, I would like to
repeat her invitation to you and to the readers on the net:
"Write an article! I'll publish it." Keep the story relatively
short and concise and make sure you provide factual information.
It's important that you know what you are talking about and that
you write your story in a professional manner.
Thank you for bearing with me through all this. The expo and
entertainment was wonderful and I'm hoping we can all get together
and do it again. I think we should have this event again in the
fall and twice again next year. I hope it was a financial success
for CAN and all the others involved in this wonderful event.
The many volunteers who made this event possible are too many to
list and unfortunately, unknown by name to me, so I'll just say
thank you very much. The party after the hemp expo was for you.
The party was at Trocadero Transfer, 520 Fourth St. @ Bryant
in San Francisco. It started at 8pm and went till whenever.
The party featured Separate Ways, Wicked Mary, New Kingdom,
Wolfpack, DJs Markie Mark, Tony, and Bam Bam. Tickets were
handed out at the end of the expo. Tickets were marked as
Admint One Only, No Invitation..No Admittance, Strictly Enforced.
It was printed on a rainbow colored card to eliminate duplication.
That may be why they were handed out at the last minute too.
We did not go to the party. It was late, we were dirty, we had
lots of merchandise and cash on us, and didn't feel safe in
that part of the city, so we went on home, stopping at Taco Bell
for a quick pickup, before home, unpacking, eats, showers and bed.
What a day! I'll remember it forever. The Hemp Expo I went to in
San Francisco at the Hall of Flowers in Golden Gate Park was not
nearly as big as this, but still hangs kindly in my mind. It was
a launching pad for my involvement in the hemp industry. I'm wondering
how many others got launched today. I'm sure we'll all be reading
about them in future editions of HEMPWORLD!
Regards,
-alan
--
Got It Covered Member of the Redwood Hemp Collective.
P.O. Box 14627 Visit our booth at:
Santa Rosa, CA 95472 Santa Rosa Health and Harmony Festival
hempster@crl.com June 11,12 Sonoma County Fairgrounds off Hwy 12
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cac_growgde.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: rcain@netcom.com (Robert Cain)
Subject: On Cacti (anon)
Message-ID: <sblmz4q.rcain@netcom.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Jul 92 04:19:53 GMT
Fantastic anonymous posting:
********************THE CACTUS GROWER'S FILE***************************
The following information is in addition to the information contained
in the alt.drugs Natural Highs FAQ.
Contents:
1. "TYPES" OF MESCALINE
2. EFFECTS
3. CACTUS SPECIES
4. GROWING FROM SEED
5. CULTIVATION
6. PREPARATION AND INGESTION
7. FINAL COMMENTS: A RECREATIONAL DRUG?
"TYPES" OF MESCALINE: Mescaline may be (rarely) obtained in pure form.
Many of the descriptions in the literature, and virtually all scientific
studies, are conducted on this form. Mescaline in the wild, however,
is always accompanied by a host of other alkaloidal compounds.
Most of these, when administered to man in pure form, produce either
no effects, or only nausea and dizziness. However, Andrew Weil
in "The Natural Mind" has this to say: "...this observation does not
mean that these other constituents are inactive in the whole plant.
Their action is to modify the action of the dominant constituent:
to play down some of its effects, to enhance others, much as
harmonic overtones modify the sound of a pure tone to produce
the distinctive timbre of a musical instrument." Thus it may
well be that each of the sources of mescaline should really be
considered separate drugs in their own right. (See the section
on cactus species below for descriptions of the following cacti.)
Peyote contains the largest number of other alkaloids, several of
which do cause unpleasant reactions when administered in isolation.
Some of these are in the nature of a stimulant, and some are more
sedative in action. San Pedro contains a much smaller spectrum
of active alkaloids... the most active of which seems to act
mainly as a sedative in man (drowsiness and slowed heartbeat).
The natural highs faq reports than T. peruvianus may contain
only tyramine, which would mean it represents the "purest"
source of just mescaline. Moreover, the method of preparation
of the cactus (boiling or not) may change the alkaloidal
composition by selectively degrading specific alkaloids. In
my own experience, *extensive* boiling of San Pedro produces
a trip that is mellower, more sedative, and with fewer visuals,
as well as reducing the potency in general (see the section on
preparation).
EFFECTS: From my limited experience with San Pedro cactus, I can
definitely state that the San Pedro high is very different from LSD
or psilocybin. The emotional impact is closer to MDA. I personally
find San Pedro to be less visual than either LSD or psilocybin,
although others have described pure mescaline as being more visual
than either. There is something of an amphetamine like central
stimulation, coupled with a general physical sense of sedation and
fatigue. For me, the effects are generally characterized by a contrast
of opposites: a simultaneous feeling of stimulation and sedation, of
physical restlessness and fatigue, of increased emotional sensitivity
and emotional inhibition. The effects last longer than for either
LSD or psilocybin, and take longer to take effect. In my experience,
the first significant effects do not occur for over an hour after
ingestion, and the effect gradually intensifies up to the three hour
point or beyond. The plateau is broad and long lasting, and it is
difficult to pinpoint when the effects begin to wear off. It can be
difficult to sleep even 12 hours after ingestion. The effects of San
Pedro can generally be described by "mild" and "mellow", and this is
somewhat dose independent. Although the visual and mental effects do
increase gradually with higher doses, the underlying physical symptoms
seem to increase at a higher rate, so that very high doses may cause a
"toxic reaction" type of trip (by which I mean that the subject
remains focused on uncomfortable physical sensations -- the sense
of having been "poisoned"). All of this description may be specific
to San Pedro cactus, as discussed above.
PREPARATION AND INGESTION: Regardless of the type of the mescaline,
several sources advise that the ingestion be spaced out over a
thirty minute period. This reduces the potential impact of
nausea. Note: nausea is an intrinsic characteristic of pure
mescaline itself, and so cannot be avoided entirely. In my
experience with San Pedro, nausea is strongest between about two
hours and four hours after ingestion, and largely goes away by five
hours after ingestion. Mescaline containing cactus have an
intensely disagreeable bitter flavor. Some people react more
strongly to this flavor than others. For this reason, many
people may be tempted to "slam it down" as quickly as possible...
but this can lead to more severe nausea. On the other hand,
spacing the ingestion out over a period much longer than 30 minutes
can cause more nausea as the intensely disagreeable flavor is made
even worse by the beginning mental and physical effects of the
mescaline ingested at first. (This is from the personal
experience of a friend who spread it over an hour and a half.)
I will now describe my own procedure for preparing San Pedro
cactus. I have heard of many methods, ranging from chemical
alkaloidal extraction to just eating it raw, like corn on the cob.
A brief description of the cactus physically: a normal column
of San Pedro is around 3" in diameter, and can be of any length.
The potency can vary widely, depending on growth conditions (see
the section on cultivation), so calibration of the potency by first
trying what is expected to be a small dose is an absolute necessity.
Suggested lengths for one dose range from 3" to over a foot. The
cactus has a tubular core of woody fibers arranged in a ring. Most
of the mescaline is supposed to occur outside of this ring, near the
skin. The skin itself is somewhat like a tough, waxy paper which
tears easily. The flesh is very bitter, with the consistency
of an apple. It is mostly water and can be liquified easily. It is
possible to remove the spines with a knife and carefully peel away all
of the skin, taking care not to peel away any of the flesh directly
under the skin (the most potent part). I find this to be much too
tedious. My method, in short, is to blend the entire cactus, (spine,
skin, and all) and prepare a liquid extract. This extract can
be frozen for later use, although it may be illegal in this form.
(San Pedro is legal to possess, but illegal to consume, in the USA).
The liquid extract can be chilled to ice-cold temperatures before
ingestion, and prepared with lemon juice, both of which make it more
palatable.
To do this extraction, you need a food processor (ideally) or a blender,
and a strong course mesh filter of some type. Coffee filters are too
fine, and most metal kitchen strainers are too coarse. I use a nylon mesh
bag designed for sprouting seeds and grains -- I find this ideal. You
could probably use some kind of cloth filter (perhaps even an old
shirt would suffice). First, wash the surface of the cactus thoroughly.
Then slice it into half inch thick disks (actually stars). Optionally,
excise the small circular core from each disk. Slice the disks radially,
like a pie, into small wedges. It is *not* necessary to de-spine or
remove the skin of the cactus to do this. These small pieces may now be
liquified in a food processor or blender. You will almost certainly
have to do this in several small batches. For the first batch, you may
need to add a small amount of water to aid in the liquefaction, but
after this just add some of the previously blended liquid. Strain the
resultant broth, again in small batches, and set aside the liquid. Combine
all the solid mass that has been filtered out and set aside. For each foot
of cactus, put 1 cup of water (distilled is probably best) in a large pot,
preferably not aluminum. For each foot of cactus add the juice of two
lemons. Optionally, add one gram per foot of acidic vitamin C (ascorbic
acid) in powdered or granular form (easily obtainable in health food
stores). Heat this mixture to boiling. Now, reblend the the solid mass in
small parts with this boiling liquid. Blend each part for at least two
minutes. This step will convert any remaining mescaline to salt form,
improving its solubility, and bring the last of it into solution. Filter and
combine this with the first liquid, and mix well. If not used immediately,
this mixture should be frozen to avoid decomposition. This method
will result in two to three cups of liquid per foot of cactus.
I strongly advise against boiling this liquid down in an attempt to reduce
the volume, since it is my experience that this will adversely affect
the potency, and may increase the relative concentration of the non-
mescaline alkaloids. I also strongly advise calibrating your brew
for potency. A dose may range from one cup to over three cups.
Despite the lemon juice, it will be intensely bitter, so chilling it to
near freezing before drinking is probably a good idea. A number of
techniques can help with the taste. I suggest chasing each gulp
with unsweetened grapefruit juice. Alternatively, Adam Gottleib,
in "Peyote and Other Psychoactive Cacti" has this to say: "The Indians...
believe that if one's heart is pure, the bitterness will not be tasted.
Many have found that by not cringing from the taste, but rather letting
one's sesnses plunge directly into the center of the bitterness, a
sort of separation from the offensive flavor is experienced. One is
aware of the bitterness, but it no longer disturbs him...It is not a
difficult trick, but it takes some mental discipline."
CACTUS SPECIES: Peyote, the traditional source of mescaline,
is a very slow growing cactus which I think is actually illegal to
cultivate or possess in the USA (except for members of the Native
American Indian Church, in certain states). It is native to central
Mexico and southwest Texas, but is so rare as to be an endangered species.
I have no experience with peyote, and the bulk of this file is really
concerned with Trichocereus cacti.
Trichocereus pachanoi, or *San Pedro*, is a very common landscaping
cactus (not indigenous to the USA though) and is neither illegal
to possess, nor even particularly incriminating since it
is so widespread. It is also one of the fastest growing
of all columnar cacti. It grows fastest in a very sunny climate
with long summers (or under high intensity growth lights year round)
but will grow fairly well in more temperate ares as well. In
areas of the Southwest where cactus nurseries are to be found, it
can often be purchased as a specimen of three feet or more in
height. (One place I know of sells it for $6.50 per linear foot,
and has several hundred feet of specimens in stock). T. pachanoi
is quite easy to identify once you have seen it in person, but verbal
descriptions are probably not adequate to distinguish it from other
Trichocereus species (such things as the "roundedness" or "fullness"
of the ridges, the appearance of the growth cap at the top of the column,
and the exact shades of green are difficult to describe verbally).
Trichocereus peruvianus is a close relative of T. pachanoi with a higher
concentration of mescaline. It is very rarely found in the USA (not
indigenous and not used for landscaping) and for that reason is potentially
more incriminating than T. pachanoi. It will most likely have
to be grown from seed (see section below). It is very similar to
T. pachanoi in terms of growth rate and robustness. I have personally
never tried T. peruvianus, and it is not clear to me how much more
potent than T. pachanoi it may be. The only studies I am aware
of report that T. pachanoi contains up to 0.1 % mescaline content
*wet weight*, whereas T. peruvianus is reported at 0.8% *dry weight*.
Peyote is reported at around 1.0 % dry weight, so from this we
can infer that T. peruvianus is about as strong as peyote, but
it is difficult to compare to T. pachanoi. Most sources seem
to believe that T. pachanoi is generally less potent than peyote,
but I think this may depend on the method of cultivation of the
T. pachanoi. The mescaline content of T. pachonoi can vary widely
depending on growth conditions. In particular, the conditions
favoring most rapid growth (frequent waterings) do not produce the
highest mescaline content. See the section on cultivation for more
information.
There are several other species of Trichocereus with mescaline
content comparable to T. pachanoi. Several of them could easily be
mistaken for T. peruvianus, but are less potent and have different
alkaloidal contents. See the natural highs faq for more information.
GROWING FROM SEED: The main reason for doing this is probably to
obtain T. peruvianus, since T. pachanoi is a common landscaping
cactus and easily obtainable as large specimens. See the section
on species above. You should keep in mind that it will take at
least a year to get a plant large enough for one dose, and
unless you are using year round high intensity growth lights (such
as used for pot cultivation) coupled with an ideal watering and
fertilizing schedule, you can expect to wait two years. Growing
>From seed requires patience, knowledge, and experience. There are
many techniques... if you are going to invest the time required for
this, you should read up on several of them. Egdar and Brian Lamb's
"Pocket Encyclopedia of Cacti In Color" contains a very extensive
discussion of cactus growing in general, and growing from seed in
particular. I do have one immediate suggestion for those of you
growing from seed now: be very careful with the use of fungicides
and other chemicals! In particular, I suspect Daconil, the ingredient
in Ortho multi-purpose fungicide, of inhibiting seedling growth, even
when used in high dilution. A fungicide which I have seen
recommended for use with cactus seeds is *Chinosol*.
CULTIVATION:
This section is directed at Trichocereus pachanoi (San Pedro) and
Trichocereus peruvianus. The growth paramaters for these catus
are the same. They are different than most columnar cacti in that
they grow very rapidly, and enjoy a somewhat richer soil mix and
more frequent waterings than most cacti. They are quite hardy,
and will grow successfully in a wide range of conditions (I
have seen very large, vigorous specimens growing unattended in
the back of grass covered lawns, planted directly in the lawn
soil, watered by the lawn's automatic sprinkler system). However,
to achieve maximum growth rates their native environment should
be imitated as closely as possible. The native habitat of these
cacti is the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes, where the soil
is very rich with humus and minerals, rainfall is not too scarce, and
exposure to the sun and wind are at a maximum. I will describe ideal
growth conditions (compiled from personal experience, books, and from
the advice of someone who grows several dozen of them). However, I
should begin by stating that these conditions also produce cacti with
low mescaline content. The alkaloids in these cacti apparently are a
defense mechanism against invading organisms, and increase during stressful
conditions... particularly when the cacti are underwatered. This
is a very gradual response... the mescaline content can take one or more
growing seasons to increase after water starvation has commenced. Thus
one strategy for raising these cactus is to purchase them at the desired
size, and to "starve them out" for a full growing season before harvesting.
If this is the strategy, the following "ideal growth conditions" should
*NOT* be observed since they will contribute to decreases in potency!
For ideal growth, I have found the following variables to be important:
Lighting: One of the most important variables. Growth of these cacti
occurs mainly during the brightest months of summer. In locations
where intense, bright sunny days occur for only a few months, they
will not grow rapidly. Growth can be greatly stimulated with high
intensity plant growth lights such as used for marijuana cultivation,
but year round operation of these 1000 watt bulbs can be very expensive.
Also, as the cactus can be quite tall, care must be taken not to burn
the tops of the plants. Ideally, angled lighting from both sides should
be observed to allow full illumination along the entire column. When
underwatering to increase potency, the cacti should be placed in a
less exposed location, with partial shade. If the lighting is too
bright for maximum potency increase (but not for maximum growth) the
cacti will turn a lighter shade of green. This response occurs after
only a few weeks, so adjust the lighting to achieve a darker shade
of green.
Soil: The cacti should be planted in very porous soil. A typical cactus
potting soil mix is OK, but can be improved by addition of extra pumice.
The more porous the soil mix, the more frequently the cacti will have to
be watered, and the less danger there will be of root rot and other
problems of over-watering. However, the soil mix should also be fairly
rich. I take 3 parts high pumice soil mix (much more pumice than in
Hyponex cactus potting soil) and mix in one part forest compost.
Additionally, I use a lot of plant fertilizer. Cactus are damaged
by high nitrogen contents, so be sure to use a fertilizer with low
nitrogen. Check the label... there are three digits (like 10-7-12)
and the first is the nitrogen content. Use a plant food with the
lowest ratio of this number to the other two. Special catus
fertilizers are available... I use one called "Catus Juice" which
has a 1-7-6 ratio, plus calcium which is a special factor for cactus.
I feed my cactus at the recommended dilution about once a week.
Don't begin this treatment immediately after repotting; let the
roots set in. When attempting to increase potency, this feeding
is not necessary since the cactus will not be receiving water.
Potting: These cacti like to send out far ranging lateral root systems
near to the surface, so if potted they should be placed in very wide
clay pots. Deep but narrow pots will result in stunted growth. Clay
pots are required for proper drainage. Use of large clay pots is in
many ways preferable to planting directly in the ground, since
the watering, drainage, and feeding can be controlled more precisely.
However, if attempting to increase potency, the cactus can be
placed in small, constricted pots since good growth conditions are not
desired. In any case, repotting cactus should not be idly done since
it shocks the root system and injures the cactus. It is best to
choose a suitable pot and stick with it.
Watering: When in full growth, the cactus should be watered quite
frequently. The cactus should be watered when the subsurface soil is
not damp to the touch. This will depend on many other factors. At one
extreme, for a cactus in very well-drained, high pumice soil, potted
in porous clay pots, receiving bright full sunlight all day long, in
an exposed, windy, hot location, the cactus can be thoroughly watered
every four days. If fed this frequently, the plant food concentration
should be halved. One way to test soil dampness is to insert a small,
clean redwood stake into the soil. If it comes out with small particles
of sand clinging to it, the soil is still moist and should not be watered.
During dormant winter months, the cactus should be watered much less
frequently, perhaps once a month or so. This will stimulate root
growth and result in faster growth during the hot season. As
mentioned above, when attempting to increase potency, the cactus
should not be watered at all for an entire growing season, and placed
in a less exposed, partially shaded location.
"Doping": Adam Gottlieb, in "Peyote and Other Psychoactive Cacti"
reports that the mescaline content can be increased by injection
of dopamine, or a mixture of tyrosine and dopa. The treatment
should be done on water starved cactus, and harvesting should
wait for four weeks (for dopamine, or six weeks for tyrosine
and dopa). The book recommends a saturated solution of free base
dopamine in a .05 N solution of HCl. Instructions are to inject at
the base of the plant and repeat again every 3-4 inches up the column
of the plant following a spiral pattern. I haven't tried this
personally...
FINAL COMMENTS: A RECREATIONAL DRUG? Mescaline containing cactus
produce one, or at most, two doses of mescaline a year (for fast
Trichocereus species -- peyote cactus produces far less). Relative
to other hallucinogens, these cacti can be difficult to obtain unless
one lives in precisely the right area. Preparation of the cactus
is time consuming, and a relatively large quantity of extremely
disagreeable tasting substance must be consumed. The initial
effects are usually accompanied by considerable physical
discomfort. The experience is very long lived and inhibits sleep
for an even longer time, much more so than LSD, thus the
use of mescaline requires setting aside a considerable chunk
of time (typically an entire day, with possibility of fatigue
the next day). These facts may make cactus seem like a poor
choice for a recreational drug... and I would agree with this.
Many other compounds are better suited for recreational use.
But this is also precisely its appeal for me... I have tremendous
respect for mescaline containing cactus. Like the Native American
Indians, I think one can view these "negative" aspects of cactus
as features which are present to insure that it is treated with
the proper respect. To me, the use of mescaline containing
cactus is a rare, and spiritual, event.
REFERENCES:
=====================================================================
Lamb, Egdar and Brian. Pocket Encyclopedia of Cacti in Colour.
Blandford Press, 1981. ISBN 0-7137-11973.
Gottleib, Adam. Peyote And Other Psychoactive Cacti. Kistone Press,
1977. (A small pamphlet available in head shops.)
--
Bob Cain rcain@netcom.com 408-358-2007
Stomp out intolerance!
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cac_growtip.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: rcain@netcom.com (Robert Cain)
Subject: Re: cactii
Message-ID: <rcainC89Dus.7zt@netcom.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Jun 1993 16:01:40 GMT
25u7gardinie@vms.csd.mu.edu wrote:
: I am planning on growing some cactii soon and was wondering if anyone
: out in this virtual land has any experience with growing cactus from
: seed. If anyone does and would like to post any comments or suggestions
: they would be greatly appreciated. I regretably have little experience
: in growing things of this nature and would like to have the best chance
: for success the first time out. If you would rather e-mail me info that
: would be fine. I would even appreciate some advice on books which would
: give me the info I am seeking. Once again thanks in advance.
I have 26 little T. peruvianus that I germinated from 100 seeds from
... of the jungle. It was quite easy. As a germination bed I used
commercial cactus mix in a 3/8" layer on the bottom of a pie plate that
I could seal with saran wrap. Moisten, apply a half recommended
solution of Ortho Multi-Purpose Frungacide, DACONIL 2787, with a spray
bottle. This need be done once but needs be done. I lost seeds and
seedlings until I did this and my germination ratio would have been
much higher. Sprinkle seeds on wet bed and seal with saran. Open once
a day to air out. Sprouting will occur within a couple of weeks. They
seem to have a remarkably difficult time getting their tap root into
the ground but don't worry, it happens. They will reach 1/2" in
three months or so. I transplanted half into separate containers at
that point and left half in the germinating bed for a total of eight
months. Interestingly the ones left in the germinating bed grew taller
and thinner and overall slightly larger while the transplanted ones
gained more girth. I just transplanted the remainder and moved them
outside at about seven months and the heavy duty noon day CA sun gave
them a pretty serious sunburn, they were turning purple, I moved to
partial shade and they are recovering nicely. I have no idea how long
it will take until sufficient maturity but the fall should tell
something. These little cuties are perfectly legal (as cactii.)
Peace,
Bob
--
Bob Cain rcain@netcom.com 408-358-2007
"I used to be different. But now I'm the same."
--------------PGP 1.0 or 2.0 public key available on request.------------------
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cactus
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From: marsthom@coriolis.UUCP (marsthom)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: CACTUS: w. lophophora question
Date: 12 Apr 91 06:45:31 GMT
Organization: Albedo Communications
CACTI SOURCES OF MESCALINE
Approximate Percent
Botanical Name Locale Mescaline Content
---------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------
Lophophora williamsii Texas, Chihuahua 1
Anhalonium lewinii (L. diffusa) Queretaro trace (1% pellotine)
Trichocereus peruvianus Peru 1
Trichocereus pachanoi (San Pedro) Peru 0.1
Trichocereus brigesii Bolivia <0.1
Trichocereus macrogonus South America <0.1
Trichocereus terscheckii Argentina <0.1
Trichocereus werdermannianus South America <0.1
Trichocereus cuzcoensis Peru <0.1
Trichocereus fulvilanus South America <0.1
Trichocereus taquimbalensis South America <0.1
Trichocereus validus South America <0.1
Stetsonia coryne Argentina <0.1
Pelecyphora asilliformis San Luis Potosi 0.00001
Opuntia spinosor Arizona,Chihuahua 0.00001
---------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------
From: Shulgin,A.L.,"Chemistry of Phenethylamines Related to Mescaline"
_Journal of Psychedelic Drugs_ Vol.11(1-2)Jan-Jun 1979
-----------------------
(this in response for the request for Latin names of psychoactive
cacti, of course.)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/caffod.txt
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From: jooji@eden.rutgers.edu (Jasper O'Malley)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Caffeine Trips and other such niceties
Date: 17 Feb 1995 14:08:47 -0500
Message-ID: <3i2s7v$eiq@er6.rutgers.edu>
"And he opened the seventh seal..."
Just thought you guys be interested in a little bit of excitement that came
my way last night...
After drinking an entire pot of coffee in less than an hour, around 4 AM this
morning I became completely and utterly convinced that the world was going to
end at exactly 6:11 AM this morning, just before first light. I'm not making
this up. I completely lost my shit in a way that I have never lost it
before.
I was so freaked out, I wanted to die. Not to kill myself, just
die. I had absolutely no desire to write, speak, eat, blow my nose, kiss,
think or be in general...I wanted to die and I was convinced that when the
world did end in a blaze of hellfire, I was gonna be judged by the
Lord Almighty and burn for eternity. I wrote four pages about it in
my journal as I was hip deep in the shitpool that was a stimulant
overdose induced, acute manic/paranoiac attack that triggered some
sort of neoclassical, metaphysical, socio-religious and philosophical
crisis.
Needless to say this sucked real bad, and I didn't real start to come
down off this until around 5 in the morning. This particularly blew
'cos I had two labs to finish by today (already late...I only ended up
getting one done), and I didn't feel a hell of a lot of incentive to
expound on the vibrational-rotational modes of carbon dioxide
molecules being that the world was going to come to a screeching halt
and I was hurtling toward that inevitable eternity of suffering and
agony reserved for unrepentant pagans and unbelievers like m'self...
I fully snapped out of it at 6:20 and now my stomach feels like I
swallowed a pound of Drain-O and pixie stick cocktails...
If anyone ever tells you caffeine is not a psychoactive drug when
taken in significantly large quantities, spit on their nose. And if
you find the bastard that sprinkled LSD on my French Roast, cut out
his tongue...
HUGS & KISSES,
Crackerboy O'Brien
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/calamus.drg
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From: balld@gibbs.oit.unc.edu (Donald the Curmudgeon)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Calamus Root.
Message-ID: <2hguq6$bda@bigblue.oit.unc.edu>
Date: 18 Jan 94 15:21:42 GMT
I once ate about 4 inches of fresh calamus root.
It's a stimulant. It's a pretty good stimulant, in fact. I didn't notice
any hallucinogenic effects, but perhaps I needed a larger quantity.
In any case, it's one of the foulest tasting drugs I've ever consumed.
--
***************************************************************************
***Donald Athelstan Ball Jr. Department of Psychology***
***donald_ball@unc.edu University of North Carolina***
***(919)962-4001 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270***
=============================================================================
From: mcscs1cfsi@dct.ac.uk
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Calamus Root.
Message-ID: <1994Jan14.135756.10282@dct.ac.uk>
Date: 14 Jan 94 13:57:56 GMT
I have been experimenting with calamus root, bought already cut to quarter
smartie size and dried.
I've tried making tea from it to no avail. Yesterday i gubbed half an ounce of
the stuff. Nothing happened again.
Allegedly, 10 inces of the root works to provide hallucinagenic effects....
Can anyone provide some info???
Herbie.
=============================================================================
From: jtrichar@sdcc13.ucsd.edu (Jeremy Richardson)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Calamus=Vomit, vomit, vomit.
Date: 14 May 1994 20:03:08 GMT
Message-ID: <jtrichar-130594125107@jtrichar.extern.ucsd.edu>
I just wanted to warn everyone about this particular herb. I visited an
herb store last night, and recognized the name "Calamus" on the shelf from
the Legal Highs text. So, being the rash and inept fool that I am, I
bought it, took it home and imbibed it as per the 20th Century Alchemist's
directions. Bad move.
I drank this *horribly* bitter brew at around 10 o'clock, and experienced
little (if any) of the anticipated effects. However, to my chagrin, at
around 3, I felt ill. And I barfed, barfed, barfed, and for a change of
pace, I vomited. I had my girlfriend call the Poison Control Center to
make sure that I wasn't going to die. We found that Calamus' effects,
instead of euphoric, are a stomach irritant. So, I spent most of the night
cradled around the Porcelain God.
Lesson 1: reaffirmed "don't believe everything you read"
Lesson 2: always check out what you buy, and make SURE that it's gonna do
what it is supposed to.
Lesson 3: if you're gonna poke around the psychotropic section of the Herb
store, and try stuff, call Poison Control first to see if you should expect
bad results.
Lesson 4: there are other, much mellower substances to partake of than
Calamus.
(not to mention tastier)
Jeremy
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/calamus.txt
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
I once ate about 4 inches of fresh calamus root.
It's a stimulant. It's a pretty good stimulant, in fact. I didn't notice
any hallucinogenic effects, but perhaps I needed a larger quantity.
In any case, it's one of the foulest tasting drugs I've ever consumed.
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
I have been experimenting with calamus root, bought already cut to quarter
smartie size and dried.
I've tried making tea from it to no avail. Yesterday i gubbed half an ounce of
the stuff. Nothing happened again.
Allegedly, 10 inces of the root works to provide hallucinagenic effects....
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
I just wanted to warn everyone about this particular herb. I visited an
herb store last night, and recognized the name "Calamus" on the shelf from
the Legal Highs text. So, being the rash and inept fool that I am, I
bought it, took it home and imbibed it as per the 20th Century Alchemist's
directions. Bad move.
I drank this *horribly* bitter brew at around 10 o'clock, and experienced
little (if any) of the anticipated effects. However, to my chagrin, at
around 3, I felt ill. And I barfed, barfed, barfed, and for a change of
pace, I vomited. I had my girlfriend call the Poison Control Center to
make sure that I wasn't going to die. We found that Calamus' effects,
instead of euphoric, are a stomach irritant. So, I spent most of the night
cradled around the Porcelain God.
Lesson 1: reaffirmed "don't believe everything you read"
Lesson 2: always check out what you buy, and make SURE that it's gonna do
what it is supposed to.
Lesson 3: if you're gonna poke around the psychotropic section of the Herb
store, and try stuff, call Poison Control first to see if you should expect
bad results.
Lesson 4: there are other, much mellower substances to partake of than
Calamus.
(not to mention tastier)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/calea.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Calea zacatechichi
Message-ID: <o2Xw3B4w165w@qedbbs.com>
From: marsthom@qedbbs.com (Mark Thompson)
Date: 2 May 93 08:13:47 GMT
>Someone asked about Calea zacatechichi...
Beside Willam Bodens book "Narcotic Plants" and Richard Evan
Schultes/Albert Hofmann's book "Plants of the Gods", a good source of info
about psychoactive Mexican plants is the article:
"Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants"
by Jose Luis Diaz, MD published in the Jan-Jun 1979 issue of
"Journal of Psychedelic Drugs"
Diaz lists Salvia divinorum, Calea zacatechichi and Cannabis sativa
as "cognodysleptics", and Calea zacatechichi is mentioned as being smoked
and taken as a tea by the Chontal Indians in Oaxaca for divination and
oneiromancy (dream induction).
"Its actions during wakefulness were tested in five subjects after
several inhalations and the administration of an infusion.
With high doses, effects included: sensations of well-being
and light-headedness, difficulty in bringing events to mind,
somnolence, and an intensification of visual imagery, but only
with the eyes closed."
It isn't clear from the paper whether the psychoactive substance(s) in
the plant have been conclusively identified:
"A germacranolid called caleicine, the p-hydroxycinnamide ester of
junenol, was isolated from a sample of C. zacatechichi taken from
the state of Veracruz."
"Other substances with the basic structure of caleicine have been
isolated from the active, as well as the inactive plants provided
by the Chontal curandero; they are now being screened for the
presence of psychoactive compounds. Independently Bohlmann and
Zdero(1977) have reported two new germacranolids in C. zacatechichi.
It should be mentioned that these molecules are terpenes as are the
cannabinols in marijuana."
Diaz also mentions that there appear to be two varieties (possibly
separate species) of this plant. One is psychoactive and the other
apparently is not.
------------
Hope that's useful to someone.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cannabiscbf.drg
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From: andersom@spot.Colorado.EDU (Marc Anderson)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs,alt.psychoactives
Subject: Cannabis increases CBF!
Message-ID: <1993Apr22.203424.9887@ucsu.Colorado.EDU>
Date: 22 Apr 93 20:34:24 GMT
With all the talk about how bad cocaine is bad because it reduces cerebral
blood flow (CBF)/ glucose expenditure, I bumped into some research that found
cannabis increases CBF in the right and left frontal lobes and the left
temporal lobe.
This would be a good thing to throw at a drug warrior who claims cocaine is
bad because it decreases CBF. (ask him, "does this mean that cannabis is good
because it increases CBF?" -- of course it doesn't, but it's a good thing to
know anyway..)
[Mathew, R.J.; Wilson, W.H. (1993): Acute changes in cerebral blood flow
after smoking marijuana. _Life Sciences_. 52(8):757-767.]
Abstract:
In experienced marijuana smokers, marijuana smoking was accompanied
by a significant bilateral increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF)
especially in the frontal regions and cerebral blood velocity. The
post-marijuana CBF increase could not be explained on the basis on
changes in general circulation or respiration. Similarly, the CBF
increase was unrelated to plasma levels of tetrahydrocannabinol and
extracranial circulation. Behavioral changes showed significant
correlations with CBF. CBF and brain function are closely coupled and
therefore it seemed highly likely that CBF changes after marijuana were
closely related to its effect on mood and behavior.
-marc
andersom@spot.colorado.edu
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/car-visual
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My first trip was the best I've ever had. I dropped at 11:30pm. I started
noticing a change at around 12am. I was standing in 7-11, kinda disoriented.
I turned around and it hit me. The room strated shifting, and the shelves
started beding. 3 of us were tripping. All I remember is that whenever we
wanted to light a cigarette, we'd ask for a light, start laughing and
remember about 1/2 later that we were holding an un lit cigarette. Adam and I
were sitting outside behind a car. the car was on the right side curb. A car
rolls by and he says it's a cop and runs away. I was left sitting there
alone. Now I heard the car, saw the lights, but I didn't exactly see the car.
When I got up to run away. Everything stopped. The sounds went away, and the
lights went away to. I tell thats the biggest most life-like trip/visual I've
ever had. Love Nico Blue@}--->-------
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cat.info
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: andersom@spot.Colorado.EDU (Marc Anderson)
Subject: Re: Info on methcathinone
Message-ID: <1993Jul1.222440.8062@ucsu.Colorado.EDU>
Date: Thu, 1 Jul 1993 22:24:40 GMT
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
[some text deleted -cak]
medline only has two entries for 'methcathinone', both of which follow:
- -marc
andersom@spot.colorado.edu
- ---------- cut here ---------
AU - Glennon RA
AU - Yousif M
AU - Naiman N
AU - Kalix P
TI - Methcathinone: a new and potent amphetamine-like agent.
AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effect of
N-monomethylation of phenylisopropylamine derivatives on amphetamine-
like activity. In tests of stimulus generalization using rats trained
to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of (+)-amphetamine from saline, the N-
monomethyl derivatives of 1-(X-phenyl)-2-aminopropane, where X = 2,4-
dimethoxy (2,4-DMA), 3,4-dimethoxy (3,4-DMA), 2,4,5-trimethoxy
(2,4,5,-TMA), and 2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy (MMDA-2), did not
produce amphetamine-appropriate responding at the doses evaluated.
However, the N-monomethyl derivative of cathinone (i.e.,
methcathinone), like cathinone, resulted in stimulus generalization.
Further studies with this agent revealed that (a) in the amphetamine-
trained animals, methcathinone (ED50 = 0.37 mg/kg) is more potent
than racemic cathinone or racemic amphetamine (ED50 = 0.71 mg/kg in
both cases), (b) methcathinone is capable of inducing release of
radioactivity from [3H]dopamine-prelabeled tissue of rat caudate
nucleus in a manner similar to that observed with cathinone,
amphetamine, and methamphetamine, and (c) methcathinone is more
potent than cathinone as a locomotor stimulant in mice as determined
by their effect on spontaneous activity. The results of the present
study provide evidence for a structural analogy between the
prototypic psychostimulants amphetamine/methamphetamine and
cathinone/methcathinone, and lend further support to the concept that
amphetamine and cathinone correspond in their pharmacological
effects.
SO - Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987 Mar;26(3):547-51
DP - 1987 Mar
TA - Pharmacol Biochem Behav
PG - 547-51
IP - 3
VI - 26
IS - 0091-3057
UI - 87204443
AU - Goldstone MS
TI - 'Cat': methcathinone--a new drug of abuse [letter]
AB - [No Abstract Available]
SO - JAMA 1993 May 19;269(19):2508
DP - 1993 May 19
TA - JAMA
PG - 2508
IP - 19
VI - 269
IS - 0098-7484
UI - 93253905
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=yz0/
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
=============================================================================
From: ebrandt@jarthur.cs.hmc.edu (Eli Brandt)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Homemade cat
Date: 10 Jun 1994 03:51:55 GMT
Message-ID: <2t8o0r$kjb@jaws.cs.hmc.edu>
In article <135322Z09061994@anon.penet.fi>, Mud Phud <an97259@anon.penet.fi> wrote:
>I found it to be much, much weaker than meth. The onset is slightly
>slower (nasal route), there is no euphoria/rush, the high is like a
>buzz with some of the heightened concentration and detail perception
>ability, and the effects don't last as long as meth. I had no trouble
>sleeping at night, unlike with a meth high.
>
>My question to the expert chemists in the group is why this might
>be so. The cat refs on hmc seem to indicate that methcathinone and
>methamphetamine should have equivalent or nearly equivalent effects.
Maybe not. I have some notes comparing cathinone (the active principle
of qat) with amphetamine. Rosecran et al. found that cathinone lacked
DA agonist activity, and showed less disruption of behavior in animal
studies. This is in Harris (ed.), _Problems of drug dependence_, NIDA,
Monograph #27. I don't know whether this generalizes to methcathinone.
Eli ebrandt@hmc.edu
finger for PGP key.
The above text is worth
precisely its weight in gold.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/catinf.drg
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From: lamontg@cs.washington.edu
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: methcasidone recipe
Message-ID: <25bp20$ktb@news.u.washington.edu>
Date: 24 Aug 93 00:57:36 GMT
jcaffey@lonestar.utsa.edu (Jeffrey S. Caffey ) writes:
>Don't know much about it except that it's called methcathione, CAT for short,
correct.
>and it contains a strong base (lye, something like NaOH), battery acid, and
>ephinedrine (from diet pills and nasal sprays, etc.).
it does not "contain" those anymore than water "contains" hydrogen.
ephedrine is the precursor. NaOH and H2SO4 are used in the synthesis
to acidify or basify the solution that you're working with at various
stages -- it doesn't contain NaOH or H2SO4 *PERIOD*. it may "contain"
HCl as a hydrochloride salt, but so does the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
that you buy over the counter.
>Of course, I could be
>wrong. That's what I learned from watching, believe it or not, The Today Show
>with Katie Curic. Sounds like you would have to be high to want to get high
>on that shit!
what you've mentioned here has no relevancy to wether or not you'd want to
get high on it.
>So how DO you make it?!! :-)
From: an26424@anon.penet.fi (Badsector)
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 1993 15:20:21 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Methcathinone Info
Methcathinone ("Cat") / Ephedrone ("Jeff").
===========================================
Initially reported as a street drug in the former USSR as ephedrone
[1]. Reports of the use of "Jeff" leading to "numerous" overdose deaths
were, it seems, covered up by the former Russian authorities. It has been
banned in the USA after several labs were seized in Michigan. It was sold
as "Cat", presumably named after the African shrub Khat (catha
edulis), which contains cathinone [2]. Methcathinone is related to
cathinone as methamphetamine is related to amphetamine, i.e. by
N-methyl substitution.
Reliable reports of effects in humans are not known to me. A recent short
letter [4] in the Journal of the American Medical Association seems to me to
simply to repeat assertions made in the American popular press. In the letter,
it is said that users describe "Cat" as better than cocaine and meth.
"Typical" doses are described as 0.5-1g and the effects described as lasting
six days.
This seems to me to be unlikely. What has been reported may well be
equivalent to high dose, methamphetamine abuse on the "speed freak" pattern
and is probably *not* typical.
Animal studies [2] suggest methcathinone has ED50 of 1.9uM/kg
(0.39mg/kg) , when compared to cocaine's 7.6uM/kg (2.6 mg/kg). This would
make it *more* potent than cocaine by six times in the rat and
suggests the human figure of ten times cocaine potency in the human reported
on USENET as been given on Belgium television is not unrealistic. Indeed, this
would put it in the same range as methamphetamine, which it may well closely
resemble.
Personal communication suggests it may well be simply equivalent to
methamphetamine. The bottom line may well be that most CNS stimulants
are the same, whether they be cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine,
4-methylaminorex or methcathinone. Differing the route of administration is
likely to have more effect. Smoking or injecting such drugs leads to rapid
build-up of the drug in the blood stream and an intense "rush". This route
is more dangerous from a toxicologic point of view and likely to lead to
compulsive use. Occasional oral use in social situations is likely
to be the least harmful. Some people may find CNS stimulants psychologically
addictive.
Synthesis [1]
A 2000-mL Erlenmeyer flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, was
charged with methylene chloride (200 mL), acetic acid (10 mL) water (100 mL),
potassium permanganate (2g) and ephedrine hydrochloride (2g). The solution was
stirred at room temperature for 30 min. This was followed by the
addition of sufficient sodium hydrogen sulfite to reduce the
precipitated manganese dioxide. The aqueous phase was made basic
with 5N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the methylene chloride was
separated. The organic layer was extracted with 0.5N sulfuric acid
(H2SO4). Isolation of the acid layer followed by basification with
sodium bicarbonate and extraction with methylene chloride (50 mL,
three times), removed the product into the organic phase. The solvent
was concentrated by rotary evaporation, followed by column
chromatography through neutral alumina with methylene chloride.
Solvent removal through rotary evaporation produced a colorless
liquid which was disolved in hexane. Gaseous hydrochloric acid was
bubbled into the hexane to precipitate the amine hydrochloride to
produce a 1-g (50%) yield of 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one
hydrochloride.
Ephedrone, like methamphetamine, processes one asymmetric center.
Depending upon the synthetic precursor, l-ephedrine (1R,2S) or
d-pseudoephedrine (1S,2R), the product expected would be d-ephedrone
(2S) or l-ephedrone (2R), respectively. However, depending on the
heat of the reaction or harsh extraction conditions the enolizable
ketone will result in a racemic d,l-ephedrone.
Synthesis [3]
A solution composed of 0.99g of sodium dichromate and 133g of
concentrated sulfuric acid dissolved in 4.46 cc of water is added
slowly with stirring to 1.65g of l-ephedrine dissolved in 4.7 cc of
water and 0.55 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature.
The mixture is stirred at room temperature for an additional 4 to 6
hours and then made alkaline with sodium hydroxide soloution. the
aqueous mixture is extracted with two volumes of chloroform and then
with two volumes of ether. The organic extracts containing the free
base of 1-a-methylaminoprophenone are combined, treated with an
excess of dry hydrogen chloride and the solvents evaporated. The
residual 1-a-methylaminopropiophenone hydrochloride is stirred with
petroleum ether, collected and purified by dissolving in ethanol and
reprecipitating with ether. m.p. 182-184 o C.
(1) Zingel, K.Y., Dovensky, W., Crossman, A. and Allen, A.,
"Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropane-1-One (Jeff)," Journal of
Forensic Sciences, v. 36, No.3, May 1991, pp.915-920
(2) Young, R. and R.A. Glennon. "Cocaine-Stimulus Generalization to
Two New Designer Drugs: Methcathinone and 4-Methylaminorex"
Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 45(1) 229-231, 1993
(3) Glennon, R.A., Yousif, M., Kalix, P. "Methcathinone: A new and
potent amphetamine-like agent." Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.
26:547-5451, 1987.
(3) British Patent, 768,772 (1954).
(4) Goldstone, M.S., "Cat - Methcathinone - A New Drug of Abuse" Journal
of the American Medical Association v269 no 19 p2508 (letter) 1993
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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>Of course, I guess the college guy figured out that everything needed was
>right under the counter. Now what's the government going to do? Outlaw
>batteries and drain cleaners? I wouldn't put it past them.
i really doubt it.
--
Lamont Granquist drugz: ftp.u.washington.edu:/pub/user-supported/alt.drugs
lamontg@cs.washington.edu personal: !finger lamontg@cs.washington.edu | more
"Conservative: n. One who admires radicals centuries after they're dead."
=============================================================================
From: cooper@hacktic.nl (cooper)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Ephedrine Derivatives
Date: 10 Oct 1993 14:12:39 +0100
Message-ID: <2991olINNo8m@xs4all.hacktic.nl>
dyer@spdcc.com (Steve Dyer) writes:
>In article <1993Oct9.200043.25880@news.yale.edu> potter@minerva.cis.yale.edu (Philip G. Potter) writes:
> >It is supposedly easy to make, using Ephedrine Hydrochloride (over the
> >counter stimulant) and other household chemicals. Do anyone have any
> >information on this.
>You've got to be kidding. You'd need a chemistry lab.
Well, a chemistry lab and some knowledge _might_ help, but hey, if you wanna
give it a shot, Here's howto: (well, at the end of this post, that is!
Oh this is the end huh?? Ok, here goes:
I've never tried this synthesis, and I can't be sure baout anything. However,
if your kitchen does not explode, and you have a good time anyway, lemme know.
Methcathinone
Preparing the ephedrine/pseudoephedrine solution:
Method A:
Add enough water to completely dissolve pure ephedrine or
pseudoephedrine.
Method B:
Wash sudaphed tablets in cold water until most (it's impossible
to get all of it) of the red coating is gone. Put the tablets
in hot water, heat them to boiling, and stir until the tablets
have completely dissolved. Filter off the liquid.
The amount of water the (pseudo-)ephedrine [I'll call it
ephedrine from now on for simplicity] is dissolved in is not too
important - it should be as little as possible, but at least as
much as the amount of sulfuric acid that is added later (to
insure to that the potassium dichromate dissolves).
To this aqueous mixture add 0.62 grams of potassium dichromate
for every gram of ephedrine in the solution. If you used
sudaphed tablets, figure by the theoretical amount in
solution (number of tablets X content of each tablet). Slowly
add 3ml Sulfuric for each gram ephedrine, stirring as you add
it.
Let react for 30-60 minutes. The color should go from a bright
red/orange to a dark color (a mixture of green and orange from
the two ionization states of the chromium).
Basify the solution with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
until you see the solution become a bright green (green with a
white precipitate - the methcathinone). This happens above pH
8. Try not to add too much hydroxide (if you do the solution
becomes black and there is probably some decomposition of the
methcathinone).
Extract 3-4 times with naptha (add the naptha, shake it up,
pour off as much naptha as you can - but DON'T get ANY reaction
mixture in the extracts!). Use as much naptha as would equal
about 50-100 percent of the reaction mixture.
Quickly add the extracts to 25ml of hydrochloric acid, diluted
1 part 36% HCl to 4-5 parts water. Shake the mixture, extract
off the aqueous (lower) portion. This is an acid solution of
the methcathinone. [you may want to extract a second time with
HCl to get a slightly higher yield, a 3rd time adds nothing.]
Evaporate the mixture under low to medium heat (preferably
under a vacuum) until it becomes thick. Add acetone and stir
it a little. if the mixture doesn't become white (crystalline)
right away, it hasn't been evaporated enough. Continue
evaporating and adding acetone until it does. Be careful not
to burn the thick mixture (adding acetone helps keep the
temperature down).
After getting crystals/precipitate, cover the mixture tightly
and put in a freezer for 15 minutes. Remove from the freezer,
filter the crystals off and wash with a small amount of cold
acetone.
[If the crystals are less than white, you may want to purify
them by boiling and stirring them in acetone again, cooling
the mixture and refiltering as described above.]
The white crystals/powder is methcathinone HCL. I wouldn't
take more than 20mg for a first dose, and I wouldn't take it if
I had a history of heart disease or stroke in the family, or if
I had high blood pressure. Really, really habit forming. Very,
very pleasurable. BE CAREFUL. Don't introduce this stuff to
kids or sell it or I will personally hunt you down.
NOTES:
This synthesis is very forgiving. Substitutions of potassium
hydroxide for sodium hydroxide, sodium dichromate for potassium
dichromate and similar subsitution will not have an impact. I
wouldn't substitute anything for the sulfuric acid, however.
HCl is used to make the drug salt because it is so easy to
evaporate the excess off. Any method of making drug salts you
are familiar with should be satisfactory.
Ether works a little better than naptha, but it's more
dangerous. I stay away from it.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
--Cooper
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <051314Z09071994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an42976@anon.penet.fi
Date: Sat, 9 Jul 1994 05:11:24 UTC
Subject: Tips for CAT synthesis
Through experience I have compiled the following tips for ppl wanting
to do the CAT synthesis. It isn't hard, but the posted synthesis cannot
lead to good results becuase of certain ommisions. I don't know if these
were omitted deliberately as to stop non-chemists from completing it or
whether the author of the original article just forgot. In any case, here
are some things you should be aware of.
1) When dissolving the ephedrine don't use 'as little amount of water as
possible' as the instructions say. This will lead to a very thick reaction
mixture. When extracting with naphta this thickness will prevent separation
of layers. The naphta will stay in suspension and the naphta that does
separate will not contain high amounts of CAT. This leads to unacceptably
low yields. Use about 10 ml. of water per gram of dissolved ephedrine. Do
not use tap-water, get de-mineralised water. Trace amounts of minerals will
inhibit the reaction.
2) Add the sulphuric acid *very slowly*. If you don't, local concentrations
will get too high, causing the ephedrine to break down. Stir well while
adding the H2SO4.
3) This is the most important omission: The whole reaction mixture has to
be cooled while basifying it with Sodium hydroxyde. The heat developed
during this stage will cause practicaly all the CAT to break down if you
don't. The best way to cool it is as follows: Place the reaction mixture
in an ice-bath 10 minutes before adding the NaOH. Then, just before adding
the NaOH, chuck a handfull of salt over the ice (NOT in the reaction
mixture!) This will cause the temperature to drop another couple of
degrees, ensuring a good cooling.
4) Use a magnetic stirring device troughout the whole procedure.
5) When extracting the CAT from the naphta with the HCl use a 20%
solution in stead of the mentioned 10% (approx.)
6) When evaporating the excess amounts of water (preferably under vacuum)
do not let the temperature exceed 70 degrees C. (approx 150 F.) Again, the
high temperature would cause the CAT to disintegrate. :-(
If you follow these additional comments, you should be able to have success!
The anonymous chemist.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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=============================================================================
_____________________________________________________________________________
MAKING CAT (METHCATHINONE)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For a more complete description of how cat is made read "Secrets of Meth-
amphetamine Manufacture" (Third Edition), available from Loompanics Unlimited,
PO Box 1197 Port Townsend, WA 98368 USA. Eye protection is needed and this is
done in a well-ventilated area. AT LEAST a year of college chemistry lab
experience is needed to realize the dangers involved here. This article is for
information purposes only.
Cat (METHCATHINONE) is made by oxidizing EPHEDRINE, while METHAMPHETAMINE is
made by reducing EPHEDRINE. Cat is best made by using CHROME in the +6
oxidation state as the oxidizer. Any of the common hexavalent CHROME salts
can be used as the oxidizer in this reaction. Some of these are CHROME
TRIOXIDE (CrO3), SODIUM or POTASSIUM CHROMATE (Na2CrO4), and SODIUM or
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (Na2Cr2O7). All of these chemicals are very common.
CHROME TRIOXIDE is used in chrome plating.
First the chemist dissolves EPHEDRINE pills containing a total of 25 grams
of EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE or EPHEDRINE SULFATE in distilled water. EPHEDRINE
pills usually contain 25mg each of EPHEDRINE so 1000 pills would be needed.
Grinding them up isn't necessary. Let them sit overnight or shake the
solution hard for a while. When they're dissolved bring the solution to a
gentle boil while constantly stirring so none of it burns. As soon as it
starts boiling remove it from the heat and pour through 3 coffee filters
layered together to filter out the unwanted filler crap. Usually it is
necessary to hold the filters like a bag with the liquid that didn't go
through and gently squeeze to get the liquid to go through. The result is an
almost totally clear liquid which is the EPHEDRINE extract in water. Throw the
mush left in the filter away.
The EPHEDRINE extract is poured into any convenient glass container. Next,
75 grams of any of the above mentioned CHROMIUM compounds is added. They
dissolve easily to form a reddish or orange colored solution. Finally,
CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID (it usually comes as 96-98%) is carefully added.
If CrO3 is being used, 21 ml is enough. If one of the CHROMATES is being used,
42 ml is needed. These chemicals are thoroughly mixed together and allowed
to sit for several hours with occasional stirring.
After several hours LYE solution (1 part water, 1 part LYE) is very slowly
and carefully added dropwise with strong stirring until the solution is
strongly basic (pH 11 or more). This strong stirring is to make sure the cat
is converted to the free base.
Next, TOLUENE is used to extract the cat. Usually this is done with a sep
funnel (separatory funnel, which is a flask with a funnel-shaped bottom and
a stopcock (valve) on the very bottom. Sep funnels are used for separating
liquids by opening the valve on the bottom and letting the bottom-most layer
of liquid drain out.) but a regular glass bottle should be fine but using a
plastic cap wouldn't be good. For safety, the bottle would need to be "burped"
often anyway to make sure no gasses build up in it. A large eyedropper-type
tool could be used to efficiently remove the cat layer. A couple hundred ml's
of TOLUENE is added and the container is strongly shaken to make sure the all
of the cat free base gets into the TOLUENE layer. Shake until it resembles
milk (fine suspended globules of TOLUENE within the water layer). Shake really
hard, then allow it to separate. Insufficent shaking will result in poor yield
with some undissolved cat base remaining in the spent sludge layer. The
TOLUENE layer should be clear to pale yellow in color. The water layer should
be orange mixed with green. The green may settle out as a heavy sludge. The
water layer is thrown away and the TOLUENE layer is washed once with water and
then poured into another container. ("Washed" here means that water is added
and the mixture shaken again and separated. The cat free base stays in the
TOLUENE layer because it doesn't dissolve in water. Any remaining
water-soluble impurities are dissolved into the water layer and not the
TOLUENE layer and thus they're "washed" out.)
The cat free base now must be converted to cat salt (METHCATHINONE HCL).
Here are 2 methods for doing this.
METHOD 1
~~~~~~~~
Dry HCL gas is made and bubbled through the TOLUENE solution to turn the cat
free base into cat salt (METHCATHINONE HCL). A bottle is selected for holding
the gas-producing mixture and a 1-hole stopper will be put in the top of the
bottle. One end of a J-shaped glass tube (about 1/4 inch diameter) is pushed
into the stopper. This glass tube will reach from the top of the gas-producing
bottle down into the bottle holding the TOLUENE-cat mixture. It should reach
the bottom of the mixture. Usually a sep funnel is used to add SULFURIC ACID
to the gas-producing mixture through a second hole in the stopper to keep gas
flowing. If one doesn't have access to a sep funnel it should be possible to
take the stopper out of the gas-producing bottle just long enough to add a
little SULFURIC ACID when it's needed to keep gas flowing. Place 200 grams of
TABLE SALT into the gas-producing bottle. 35% CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID
(reagent grade) is added and they are mixed into a paste. The surface of the
paste should be rough with lots of holes poked into it for good gas
production. About 1 ml of CONCENTRATED (96-98%) SULFURIC ACID is added to the
paste. This dehydrates the HYDROCHLORIC ACID and produces HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
GAS (** DO NOT BREATHE THIS GAS! **). This gas goes out of the gas-producing
bottle through the glass tube and bubbles through the TOLUENE-cat solution
turning cat free base into cat salt. The cat salt should appear as crystals
and after a while the solution should be thick with them. The crystals are
recovered by pouring through a filter. The crystals are then dried by
evaporating the TOLUENE with gentle heat or under a vacuum. Voila. Pure
METHCATHINONE-HCL.
METHOD 2
~~~~~~~~
That was the "ideal" method. The practical method is to dump the base/solvent
solution into a container, add an amount of DILUTE HCl, shake, shake, shake,
measure pH, if it is greater than 7 (pH above 7 is basic), add more acid,
shake, shake, shake, and check pH again. Keep it up until the pH is low,
staying well below 7 (pH below 7 is acidic), then remove the solvent layer and
keep for reuse. Add BAKING SODA to the water layer a little at a time until it
stops bubbling when more is added. Check the pH, make sure it is 7 (neutral)
or higher. The water is now evaporated away on non-plastic plates or pans and
the dried METHCATHINONE HCL can be scraped off with a razor blade. The
METHCATHINONE HCl has a trace of SODIUM CHLORIDE (TABLE SALT) and an even
smaller trace of SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA). The BAKING SODA combines
with the excess HCl to become TABLE SALT. This practical method avoids the
mess of producing HCl gas. HCl is a white gas that burns your eyes and nose
really badly should you breathe it. It converts upon contact with water into
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, so if you don't want HYDROCHLORIC ACID in your eyes, nose,
lungs, don't breathe it!
Small amounts of TABLE SALT and BAKING SODA in the cat will go unnoticed. The
ideal method can be used if a source of compressed HCl GAS is found. It is
sold in lab cylinders by chem supply houses and is not watched by the DEA.
Just stick on a regulator, affix the rubber hose with a glass extension for
submersion in the solvent, and open the valve to expel the gas through the
solvent to produce PURE cat HCl.
_____________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY
~~~~~~~
Ephedrine is oxidized to produce methcathinone. The methcathinone is then
converted to the free base for separation from the rest of the unwanted crap
mixed with it. The free base dissolves in toluene and not in water whereas the
unwanted crap dissolves in water and not in toluene. Since water and toluene
separate into 2 layers the toluene layer containing the cat free base is saved
and the water layer thrown out. The toluene could probably be evaporated
leaving crystals of cat free base which could probably be smoked but I haven't
heard of anyone smoking it nor have I heard of its effects on the human body.
The cat free base is converted to cat salt using dilute hydrochloric acid or
anhydrous HCL gas. Cat salt is soluble in water and not in toluene, just the
opposite of the free base. Using HCL gas the salt produced has no water layer
to dissolve in so it crystalizes out. Using dilute HCL the salt leaves the
toluene layer as before but has a water layer (the water diluting the HCL) to
dissolve in. This water layer is saved and the water evaporated, leaving
methcathinone-HCL.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Sources of items:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EPHEDRINE pills- Sadly, GNC (General Nutrition Centers) corporate stores no
longer carry "Revive" (ephedrine-HCL pills). The franchise stores are selling
what they have left in stock and will no longer carry the straight ephedrine
pills. They will only carry the crap with guaifenesin added. It looks like
mail order will be the only possible source. Anybody ordering through the
mail will probably have their name and address recorded and possibly sent to
the DEA.
TOLUENE- Available at most hardware stores. One brand is called "Toluol" from
Parks. TOLUENE is also called METHYLBENZENE.
LYE- Available at most hardware stores. Even Safeway has it. One brand is
"Red Devil Lye" which is used to unclog grease clogs in drains.
CONCENTRATED HCL and CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID are pretty cheap. When bought
in 2-liter bottles (reagent grade) they're about $20 each. HCl, also called
MURIATIC ACID, is available as a concrete cleaner in most lumber yards. Also
used to adjust pH in swimming pools. H2SO4, aka Battery Electrolyte,
obtainable in quart to 5-gallon size containers from automotive supply
houses. This is a dilute acid which must be concentrated by pouring into
large pyrex containers and boiling the water off for many minutes. It has
reached the point of 98% concentration when the liquid stops boiling and
starts fuming off with the release of white clouds of gas (SO3, SULFUR
TRIOXIDE). Bottle while still hot as conc. H2SO4 is hygroscopic (it sucks
water out of the air and becomes dilute again). DO NOT BREATHE SO3 GAS! It
eats out your lungs, just as HCl GAS does.
CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE (CHROMIC OXIDE) (CrO3)- Very common oxidizer. Comes in
powder form. Less than $20 for 100 grams. Since it can be recycled, someone
would never have to purchase large quantities of it. Enough to use as a
reagent and a supply to supplement the losses incured during use would be
enough.
Glass tubing- About $2 per tube (1/4 inch) at chemistry supply outlets. Bent
into different forms slowly and carefully while heating with blow torch.
Glass tubing also used in salt water aquariums. Also for neon signs. Many
sources for glass tubing from veterinary to dairy, from industrial to hobby.
Easy to find if you know how to look.
_____________________________________________________________________________
CREDITS
~~~~~~~
"Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture" by Uncle Fester was used as a
reference. Information about it is in the beginning of this article.
Technical assistance was provided by Steve J. Quest.
_____________________________________________________________________________
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: andersom@spot.Colorado.EDU (Marc Anderson)
Subject: Re: Info on methcathinone
Message-ID: <1993Jul1.222440.8062@ucsu.Colorado.EDU>
Date: Thu, 1 Jul 1993 22:24:40 GMT
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
[some text deleted -cak]
medline only has two entries for 'methcathinone', both of which follow:
- -marc
andersom@spot.colorado.edu
- ---------- cut here ---------
AU - Glennon RA
AU - Yousif M
AU - Naiman N
AU - Kalix P
TI - Methcathinone: a new and potent amphetamine-like agent.
AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effect of
N-monomethylation of phenylisopropylamine derivatives on amphetamine-
like activity. In tests of stimulus generalization using rats trained
to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of (+)-amphetamine from saline, the N-
monomethyl derivatives of 1-(X-phenyl)-2-aminopropane, where X = 2,4-
dimethoxy (2,4-DMA), 3,4-dimethoxy (3,4-DMA), 2,4,5-trimethoxy
(2,4,5,-TMA), and 2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy (MMDA-2), did not
produce amphetamine-appropriate responding at the doses evaluated.
However, the N-monomethyl derivative of cathinone (i.e.,
methcathinone), like cathinone, resulted in stimulus generalization.
Further studies with this agent revealed that (a) in the amphetamine-
trained animals, methcathinone (ED50 = 0.37 mg/kg) is more potent
than racemic cathinone or racemic amphetamine (ED50 = 0.71 mg/kg in
both cases), (b) methcathinone is capable of inducing release of
radioactivity from [3H]dopamine-prelabeled tissue of rat caudate
nucleus in a manner similar to that observed with cathinone,
amphetamine, and methamphetamine, and (c) methcathinone is more
potent than cathinone as a locomotor stimulant in mice as determined
by their effect on spontaneous activity. The results of the present
study provide evidence for a structural analogy between the
prototypic psychostimulants amphetamine/methamphetamine and
cathinone/methcathinone, and lend further support to the concept that
amphetamine and cathinone correspond in their pharmacological
effects.
SO - Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987 Mar;26(3):547-51
DP - 1987 Mar
TA - Pharmacol Biochem Behav
PG - 547-51
IP - 3
VI - 26
IS - 0091-3057
UI - 87204443
AU - Goldstone MS
TI - 'Cat': methcathinone--a new drug of abuse [letter]
AB - [No Abstract Available]
SO - JAMA 1993 May 19;269(19):2508
DP - 1993 May 19
TA - JAMA
PG - 2508
IP - 19
VI - 269
IS - 0098-7484
UI - 93253905
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/catstory.txt
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The Methcathinone Project, West Coast.
--------------------------------------
I guess it all started when I heard about a new drug craze that had just been
detected in Michigan by the local authorities. I'd say it was somewhere around
the middle of 1993. A year ago I'd been diagnosed with ADHD, also known as
hyperactivity, and I wondered if I couldn't make CAT and use it to help me with
school in the same manner Ritalin and other amphetamines are used.
I decided to look into the matter - methcathinone sounded like speed. All I
had to go on was that it was made from ephedrine, and that it was named
methcathinone. I could find no other references to the compound.
One day, by chance, as I was looking up the entry for Phenpropanolamine, the
active ingredient in Dexatrim, I noticed that one of its isomers was sometimes
called cathine. Hmm - that sounds familiar - and being that 'cathine' is an
alcohol of sorts, its ketone complement might just be named cathinone!! Combine
this with the fact that ephedrine is none other than n-methyl cathine, and it
becomes obvious: one simply needs to oxidize the hydroxyl group of ephedrine
to a keytone to produce methcathinone.
As all things go in organic chemistry, this required a few tries - I was coming
up with a novel synthesis of my own... which would have been much easier had I
knew then what I do now ;)
My first attempt involved Ephedrine bought at an outrageous price from the
local GNC mart, which incedentially no longer carries them. I extracted the
ephedrine and then added potassium dichromate solution. Nothing happened. Well
shit, this is uncool. I turned around and grabbed a chick who was in my organic
chem class, and asked her - say, what do you use to oxidize a secondary alcohol
if dichromate doesnt work? She suggested potassium permaganate, so I chucked
some in. Soon enough, I smelled something sweet. "Ketones smell sweet, right" I
asked.
"Yes - almost always"
"Does this smell like a keytone to you?"
"Yes. What is it?"
I then preceded to diagram the whole damn structure for it. She just looekd at
it and said wow. I've actually gone up to instructors there with the structure
for amphetamine written on a piece of paper with dl-phenylalanine next to it,
and just looked at them and said "how would I make this go to that, i've been
curious about some naturaly processes occuring in some plants" and they give me
a full working synthesis for the reduction of amino-acids. They know so much
method but do not recognize a drug for what it is - I am the exact opposite of
this - full of wonder and questions but never the right answers.
In any case, I added way to much permaganate, and the solution turned black
when I attempted to dry it. I had a working synthesis, as evidenced by the
odor, but not a GOOD one. Because of the price of Ephedrine, and my lack of
credit cards for mail order, I turned to the popular nasal-decongestant
pseudephedrine for further research - there was tons of it lying around the
house, and it's reletively cheap, ranging from $3 per 100 for really cheap
generic to $14 for brand-name "Sudafed".
This is apparently where a twist of fate unique to me occured - I ended up
developing a synthesis that apparently will NOT work with ephedrine (I have
only tried twice and both times produced lots of ephedrine)
I was pleased with permaganate as an oxidizer - it was strong as far as
oxidizers go - and plentiful. vey lab on campus, even the biology labs, had a
shitload of it - entire jars just lying around. I took maybe 50 grams of the
stuff - and to this day have used very little of it. You see, I noticed a
strange thing while I was synthisizing cat... The less KMnO4 I used, the better
the synthesis seemed to work! I ended up using about 1/5th what I needed in
theory to produce optimal results. I'm still not sure why, but I suspect the
solution somehow pulls oxygen out of the air (understandable) and then uses it,
with KMnO4 only initiating the reaction.
My final synthesis and extraction involved washing the tablets with a paper
towel soaked in PUREFIED WATER (using pure, not tab, water seems very important
here. Mineral water will work, but not tap - I suspect chlorine is somehow
involved in this inhibition of the reaction as I can smell chlorine when I take
a shower) then smashing them in pure water until well mashed, then boiling in a
microwave. I'd remove the boiling solution, and add about 5mL of HCl obtained
from "jasco concrete cleaner" for every 3g of pseudephedrine. I'd stir the
mixture, and then let sit until settled, bringing the top (liquid) layer off
with a turkey baster and discarding the filler.
To this somewhat red solution, I added KMnO4, already disolved. A rediculously
small amount - it *IS* needed, and the more you use the faster the reaction
goes. I still don't know how much is optimal, but I used a few drops of what
from a mixture i'd made with about .5 Molar concentration. Then I boiled this
repeatedly for 10 minutes in a microwave, and dried the stuff out to a powder.
By doing an 'acetone wash' I was able to get a flaky crystal/powder. The
acetone wash consists of nothing other than pouring acetone over the dried
stuff, swishing around very well, and then discarding the acetone (cat HCl wont
disolve in acetone, at least not very well). The acetone removes the annoying
red color too!
The resulting powder proved quite addicting to rats when placed in a mixture
with peanut butter, and the rats had a deffinite preference for methcathinone -
consistently choosing methcathinone-laced peanut butter over both peanut-
butter, sugar-laced peanut butter, and pseudephedrine and ephedrine-laced
peanut butter. With some methamphetamine obtained from a semi-reliable source,
I determined that methcathinone was about twice as likely to cause convulsions
per miligram - however the methamphetamine *may* have been 'cut' or merely
amphetamine, etc - in mice. The time had come for a human trial.
I orally took a dose of about 20mg or so, mixed with orange juice to mask the
annoying alkaloidal taste. In about 30 minutes I felt quite speeded up. Like
I'd taken around 400-600mg of Caffeine when I hadn't had ANY in weeks! Only the
high was more pleasant. Hmm - spiffy - this was not the reaction I had
anticipated - previous experience with both ephedrine and amphetamine had left
me feeling relaxed and ready to pay attention. Methcathinone made me uppity,
and restless. I wanted to party and drive fast all around town, etc.
I gave some to a friend, who snorted it. This was the first time methcathinone
was snorted in all of california to my knowledge - bear in mind that at this
time the recipe was not on the internet and was selling for over $100 from
person to person - a wholely different and much more difficult recipe it turns
out.
So I smoked some out of a test tube we had lying around. I simply stuck it in
the bottom of the tube with enough NaHCO3 to neutralize the solution. The
compund dried and began to produce vapors. I stoppered the tube with my finger,
allowing little gas to escape, until the tube was full of vapor and my thumb
was hot. I took a hit - and felt more awake instantly, but not all that great
of an effect.
Then I snorted some. I think it was at this point that I became 'instantly
addicted.' Users everywhere - everyone I gave it to - seemed to agree -
unlike cocaine, snorting methcathinone is by far the strongest route to your
bodies system (no one was dumb enough to try injecting it, but that'd probably
be stronger yet).
I never stayed up for three or four days on it, like other people did, but I
think its the ADHD behind that. If I did more than a line or two, it had a
reversing effect, making me just jittery, irritated, and unable to concentrate.
One line worked best - I was more energetic and bouncy, still not really able
to focus my attention, but very hyper and happy. I still managed to screw up my
life, however, and got kicked out of my house and started living in my car,
synthesizing cat wherever I could find a microwave and a hairdryer to dry it.
Eventually I became quite paranoid, and was checked into an institution by my
still unsuspecting parents.
They listened to me talk, and piss-tested me. Nope, no drugs (methcathinone was
not tested for - they thought I was making speed or a lot of nothing?) and
proceeded to diagnose me as "Schizoaffective Bipolar". They said the next day
I'd be getting Haldol to sedate me, but that I should just go to sleep in a
room. I thought - hey, downers, cool, prescription ones too - and said lemme
have it now. OOPS. -->never ask for antipsychotic medication, it makes you feel
like shit evey time, unless you are psychotic or something naturally <--
For the next couple of days, I was really too damn sedated to argue with them
about my condition, nodding out all the time and not being able to even slighly
think. I was too sedated to even realize that Haldol was the cause of the
problem and kept taking it like a meat-head, even though I was admitted on a
voluntary basis (I thought - hey - free food and a bed! I was a total meat-
head) and had the right to refuse medication. Lucky for me, the side-effects of
Haldol and its compliment-drug, cogentin, which is supposed to prevent side
effects, made me totally unable to piss. They had to take me off of it, and
they put me on 'Risperidol', a new, fucking-expensive antipsychotic that is a
miracle-drug for people with schizophrenia, but still useless for normal
people.
I became lucid once again, and started talking with the doctors. Once I had
totalyl confused the psychologists, and the psychiatrist realized I knew more
about brain-chemistry and chemical receptors than he did, they finally listened
to the cat story. "Oh, he's an addict, and he just had whats commonly called
'amphetamine psychosis'" YEP.
They kept me on the nut-bin side for another week, just to be safe anyways. It
was the most boring time of my life. Then they took me off of the Risperidol
and sent me over to their rehab-center, across the street.
I learned a lot about my family there, but no-one knew what I had gone thru,
because, quite frankly, all the speed-freaks were the type who stay up for 5
days straight (like michigan cat-freaks you read about now) and the few other
people with ADHD there were primarily abusers of downers - typical to ADHD.
I've always found loopholes all my life, and I had to find a stimulant (other
than caffeine) that still fucks up people with ADHD... silly me.
They put me on Ritalin once they determined I could be trusted with it. I hated
it - Ritalin made me feel drowsy all the time. Every once in a while I stuck
the damn thing under my tounge and then gave it to a woman who was there for
intermitant amphetamine abuse and chronic depression. She loved the damn things
to bits. Of course, she didn't have ADHD either...
Eventually I got out of rehab, and moved to Oxnard. I stayed cat-free. Then my
room burnt down and I lived in the garage for two weeks. That sucked. After
that, I moved to Ventura.
And upon meeting a few of my old friends, decided to intrduce them to cat too.
I used it again myself - for two weeks, on a much lesser scale and more
regularly. I decided I would 'control myself'. The funny thing is, I did. very
morning I took a line, and then again in the middle of the day. Of course,
eventually this wasn't enough, but for some odd reason, instead of doing more I
thought that I had screwed up the recipe (I hadnt) and threw the cat away!
At this point, me and many others observed something startling. Brand-name
'Sudafed' when ground up smells faintly of methcathinone! None of the other
decongestants had this property. Whether this is an accident or not, Burroughs
Wellcome should look into it. On the other hand, maybe that's why people will
pay $14 for sudafed instead of $3 for suphedrine.
I went into the deepest depression of my life two days later. It lasted about 3
or 4 days. I mean, I couldnt even move - I was too depressed to eat or even
think about doing something as complicated and involved as say, committing
suicide. I just layed on the couch, to depressed to watch tv, and tried to
sleep. I musta slept about 20 hours a day. Funny, I didnt attribute this to
withdrrawl either, but stopped using cat anyways. It took me about another
week, when I looked back at myself, to realize what had happened.
I haven't done cat since. Cat is a unique drug, and I hope someone studies its
receptor-binding affinities and its effect on dopamine and serotonin reuptake
so that I may learn why it and it alone had such a dramatic effect on me. A
drug with a similar profile, bupropion, has a tert-butyl group where the methyl
is and a chlorine in the 4 position of the benzene ring... this drug is called
Wellbutrin and I take it for my ADHD now - it seems to be a balance between the
effects of cat and the effects of ritalin. The only thing I regret about
wellbutrin is its smell - which occasionally reminds me of cat.
Chemical structures:
_____ _____ OH _____ O
/ \ H H H / \ ! H H / \ ! H H
< 0 >--C--C--N < 0 >-C--C--N < 0 >-C--C--N
\_____/ H ! H \_____/ H ! H \_____/ ! H
HCH HCH HCH
H H H
amphetamine phenpropylamine cathinone
(dexedrine, benzedrine (also known as cathine (found in the Khat
and adderall contain) and ingredient in herb, commonly used
Dexatrim and many by many Serbians)
decongestant pills)
H H H
_____ HCH _____ OH HCH _____ O HCH
/ \ H H / / \ ! H / / \ !! H /
< 0 >--C--C--N < 0 >-C--C--N < 0 >-C--C--N
\_____/ H ! H \_____/ H ! H \_____/ ! H
HCH HCH HCH
H H H
methamphetamine pseudephedrine -or- methcathinone
(Desoxyn, Methadrine ephedrine (depending (aka ephedrone,
'speed', 'crystal' on position of hydroxyl) 'jeff', 'cat')
(Sudafed, Suphedrine)
(Maxilert, Mini-thins)
there is no legitimate medical use for either cathinone or methcathinone.
H H
HCH HCH
\ /
_____ O C bupropion (Wellbutrin)
/ \ !! H / \
< 0 >-C--C--N HCH an anti-depressant that smells
\_____/ ! H H kind of like cat, and is useful
/ HCH in ADHD because of its ability to
Cl H block dopamine reuptake.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/catsyn.txt
+609
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
From: an26424@anon.penet.fi (Badsector)
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 1993 15:20:21 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Methcathinone Info
Methcathinone ("Cat") / Ephedrone ("Jeff").
===========================================
Initially reported as a street drug in the former USSR as ephedrone
[1]. Reports of the use of "Jeff" leading to "numerous" overdose deaths
were, it seems, covered up by the former Russian authorities. It has been
banned in the USA after several labs were seized in Michigan. It was sold
as "Cat", presumably named after the African shrub Khat (catha
edulis), which contains cathinone [2]. Methcathinone is related to
cathinone as methamphetamine is related to amphetamine, i.e. by
N-methyl substitution.
Reliable reports of effects in humans are not known to me. A recent short
letter [4] in the Journal of the American Medical Association seems to me to
simply to repeat assertions made in the American popular press. In the letter,
it is said that users describe "Cat" as better than cocaine and meth.
"Typical" doses are described as 0.5-1g and the effects described as lasting
six days.
This seems to me to be unlikely. What has been reported may well be
equivalent to high dose, methamphetamine abuse on the "speed freak" pattern
and is probably *not* typical.
Animal studies [2] suggest methcathinone has ED50 of 1.9uM/kg
(0.39mg/kg) , when compared to cocaine's 7.6uM/kg (2.6 mg/kg). This would
make it *more* potent than cocaine by six times in the rat and
suggests the human figure of ten times cocaine potency in the human reported
on USENET as been given on Belgium television is not unrealistic. Indeed, this
would put it in the same range as methamphetamine, which it may well closely
resemble.
Personal communication suggests it may well be simply equivalent to
methamphetamine. The bottom line may well be that most CNS stimulants
are the same, whether they be cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine,
4-methylaminorex or methcathinone. Differing the route of administration is
likely to have more effect. Smoking or injecting such drugs leads to rapid
build-up of the drug in the blood stream and an intense "rush". This route
is more dangerous from a toxicologic point of view and likely to lead to
compulsive use. Occasional oral use in social situations is likely
to be the least harmful. Some people may find CNS stimulants psychologically
addictive.
Synthesis [1]
A 2000-mL Erlenmeyer flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, was
charged with methylene chloride (200 mL), acetic acid (10 mL) water (100 mL),
potassium permanganate (2g) and ephedrine hydrochloride (2g). The solution was
stirred at room temperature for 30 min. This was followed by the
addition of sufficient sodium hydrogen sulfite to reduce the
precipitated manganese dioxide. The aqueous phase was made basic
with 5N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the methylene chloride was
separated. The organic layer was extracted with 0.5N sulfuric acid
(H2SO4). Isolation of the acid layer followed by basification with
sodium bicarbonate and extraction with methylene chloride (50 mL,
three times), removed the product into the organic phase. The solvent
was concentrated by rotary evaporation, followed by column
chromatography through neutral alumina with methylene chloride.
Solvent removal through rotary evaporation produced a colorless
liquid which was disolved in hexane. Gaseous hydrochloric acid was
bubbled into the hexane to precipitate the amine hydrochloride to
produce a 1-g (50%) yield of 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one
hydrochloride.
Ephedrone, like methamphetamine, processes one asymmetric center.
Depending upon the synthetic precursor, l-ephedrine (1R,2S) or
d-pseudoephedrine (1S,2R), the product expected would be d-ephedrone
(2S) or l-ephedrone (2R), respectively. However, depending on the
heat of the reaction or harsh extraction conditions the enolizable
ketone will result in a racemic d,l-ephedrone.
Synthesis [3]
A solution composed of 0.99g of sodium dichromate and 133g of
concentrated sulfuric acid dissolved in 4.46 cc of water is added
slowly with stirring to 1.65g of l-ephedrine dissolved in 4.7 cc of
water and 0.55 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature.
The mixture is stirred at room temperature for an additional 4 to 6
hours and then made alkaline with sodium hydroxide soloution. the
aqueous mixture is extracted with two volumes of chloroform and then
with two volumes of ether. The organic extracts containing the free
base of 1-a-methylaminoprophenone are combined, treated with an
excess of dry hydrogen chloride and the solvents evaporated. The
residual 1-a-methylaminopropiophenone hydrochloride is stirred with
petroleum ether, collected and purified by dissolving in ethanol and
reprecipitating with ether. m.p. 182-184 o C.
(1) Zingel, K.Y., Dovensky, W., Crossman, A. and Allen, A.,
"Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropane-1-One (Jeff)," Journal of
Forensic Sciences, v. 36, No.3, May 1991, pp.915-920
(2) Young, R. and R.A. Glennon. "Cocaine-Stimulus Generalization to
Two New Designer Drugs: Methcathinone and 4-Methylaminorex"
Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 45(1) 229-231, 1993
(3) Glennon, R.A., Yousif, M., Kalix, P. "Methcathinone: A new and
potent amphetamine-like agent." Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.
26:547-5451, 1987.
(3) British Patent, 768,772 (1954).
(4) Goldstone, M.S., "Cat - Methcathinone - A New Drug of Abuse" Journal
of the American Medical Association v269 no 19 p2508 (letter) 1993
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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From: cooper@hacktic.nl (cooper)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Ephedrine Derivatives
Date: 10 Oct 1993 14:12:39 +0100
Message-ID: <2991olINNo8m@xs4all.hacktic.nl>
dyer@spdcc.com (Steve Dyer) writes:
>In article <1993Oct9.200043.25880@news.yale.edu> potter@minerva.cis.yale.edu (Philip G. Potter) writes:
> >It is supposedly easy to make, using Ephedrine Hydrochloride (over the
> >counter stimulant) and other household chemicals. Do anyone have any
> >information on this.
>You've got to be kidding. You'd need a chemistry lab.
Well, a chemistry lab and some knowledge _might_ help, but hey, if you wanna
give it a shot, Here's howto: (well, at the end of this post, that is!
Oh this is the end huh?? Ok, here goes:
I've never tried this synthesis, and I can't be sure baout anything. However,
if your kitchen does not explode, and you have a good time anyway, lemme know.
Methcathinone
Preparing the ephedrine/pseudoephedrine solution:
Method A:
Add enough water to completely dissolve pure ephedrine or
pseudoephedrine.
Method B:
Wash sudaphed tablets in cold water until most (it's impossible
to get all of it) of the red coating is gone. Put the tablets
in hot water, heat them to boiling, and stir until the tablets
have completely dissolved. Filter off the liquid.
The amount of water the (pseudo-)ephedrine [I'll call it
ephedrine from now on for simplicity] is dissolved in is not too
important - it should be as little as possible, but at least as
much as the amount of sulfuric acid that is added later (to
insure to that the potassium dichromate dissolves).
To this aqueous mixture add 0.62 grams of potassium dichromate
for every gram of ephedrine in the solution. If you used
sudaphed tablets, figure by the theoretical amount in
solution (number of tablets X content of each tablet). Slowly
add 3ml Sulfuric for each gram ephedrine, stirring as you add
it.
Let react for 30-60 minutes. The color should go from a bright
red/orange to a dark color (a mixture of green and orange from
the two ionization states of the chromium).
Basify the solution with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
until you see the solution become a bright green (green with a
white precipitate - the methcathinone). This happens above pH
8. Try not to add too much hydroxide (if you do the solution
becomes black and there is probably some decomposition of the
methcathinone).
Extract 3-4 times with naptha (add the naptha, shake it up,
pour off as much naptha as you can - but DON'T get ANY reaction
mixture in the extracts!). Use as much naptha as would equal
about 50-100 percent of the reaction mixture.
Quickly add the extracts to 25ml of hydrochloric acid, diluted
1 part 36% HCl to 4-5 parts water. Shake the mixture, extract
off the aqueous (lower) portion. This is an acid solution of
the methcathinone. [you may want to extract a second time with
HCl to get a slightly higher yield, a 3rd time adds nothing.]
Evaporate the mixture under low to medium heat (preferably
under a vacuum) until it becomes thick. Add acetone and stir
it a little. if the mixture doesn't become white (crystalline)
right away, it hasn't been evaporated enough. Continue
evaporating and adding acetone until it does. Be careful not
to burn the thick mixture (adding acetone helps keep the
temperature down).
After getting crystals/precipitate, cover the mixture tightly
and put in a freezer for 15 minutes. Remove from the freezer,
filter the crystals off and wash with a small amount of cold
acetone.
[If the crystals are less than white, you may want to purify
them by boiling and stirring them in acetone again, cooling
the mixture and refiltering as described above.]
The white crystals/powder is methcathinone HCL. I wouldn't
take more than 20mg for a first dose, and I wouldn't take it if
I had a history of heart disease or stroke in the family, or if
I had high blood pressure. Really, really habit forming. Very,
very pleasurable. BE CAREFUL. Don't introduce this stuff to
kids or sell it or I will personally hunt you down.
NOTES:
This synthesis is very forgiving. Substitutions of potassium
hydroxide for sodium hydroxide, sodium dichromate for potassium
dichromate and similar subsitution will not have an impact. I
wouldn't substitute anything for the sulfuric acid, however.
HCl is used to make the drug salt because it is so easy to
evaporate the excess off. Any method of making drug salts you
are familiar with should be satisfactory.
Ether works a little better than naptha, but it's more
dangerous. I stay away from it.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
--Cooper
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <051314Z09071994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an42976@anon.penet.fi
Date: Sat, 9 Jul 1994 05:11:24 UTC
Subject: Tips for CAT synthesis
Through experience I have compiled the following tips for ppl wanting
to do the CAT synthesis. It isn't hard, but the posted synthesis cannot
lead to good results becuase of certain ommisions. I don't know if these
were omitted deliberately as to stop non-chemists from completing it or
whether the author of the original article just forgot. In any case, here
are some things you should be aware of.
1) When dissolving the ephedrine don't use 'as little amount of water as
possible' as the instructions say. This will lead to a very thick reaction
mixture. When extracting with naphta this thickness will prevent separation
of layers. The naphta will stay in suspension and the naphta that does
separate will not contain high amounts of CAT. This leads to unacceptably
low yields. Use about 10 ml. of water per gram of dissolved ephedrine. Do
not use tap-water, get de-mineralised water. Trace amounts of minerals will
inhibit the reaction.
2) Add the sulphuric acid *very slowly*. If you don't, local concentrations
will get too high, causing the ephedrine to break down. Stir well while
adding the H2SO4.
3) This is the most important omission: The whole reaction mixture has to
be cooled while basifying it with Sodium hydroxyde. The heat developed
during this stage will cause practicaly all the CAT to break down if you
don't. The best way to cool it is as follows: Place the reaction mixture
in an ice-bath 10 minutes before adding the NaOH. Then, just before adding
the NaOH, chuck a handfull of salt over the ice (NOT in the reaction
mixture!) This will cause the temperature to drop another couple of
degrees, ensuring a good cooling.
4) Use a magnetic stirring device troughout the whole procedure.
5) When extracting the CAT from the naphta with the HCl use a 20%
solution in stead of the mentioned 10% (approx.)
6) When evaporating the excess amounts of water (preferably under vacuum)
do not let the temperature exceed 70 degrees C. (approx 150 F.) Again, the
high temperature would cause the CAT to disintegrate. :-(
If you follow these additional comments, you should be able to have success!
The anonymous chemist.
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_____________________________________________________________________________
MAKING CAT (METHCATHINONE)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For a more complete description of how cat is made read "Secrets of Meth-
amphetamine Manufacture" (Third Edition), available from Loompanics Unlimited,
PO Box 1197 Port Townsend, WA 98368 USA. Eye protection is needed and this is
done in a well-ventilated area. AT LEAST a year of college chemistry lab
experience is needed to realize the dangers involved here. This article is for
information purposes only.
Cat (METHCATHINONE) is made by oxidizing EPHEDRINE, while METHAMPHETAMINE is
made by reducing EPHEDRINE. Cat is best made by using CHROME in the +6
oxidation state as the oxidizer. Any of the common hexavalent CHROME salts
can be used as the oxidizer in this reaction. Some of these are CHROME
TRIOXIDE (CrO3), SODIUM or POTASSIUM CHROMATE (Na2CrO4), and SODIUM or
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (Na2Cr2O7). All of these chemicals are very common.
CHROME TRIOXIDE is used in chrome plating.
First the chemist dissolves EPHEDRINE pills containing a total of 25 grams
of EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE or EPHEDRINE SULFATE in distilled water. EPHEDRINE
pills usually contain 25mg each of EPHEDRINE so 1000 pills would be needed.
Grinding them up isn't necessary. Let them sit overnight or shake the
solution hard for a while. When they're dissolved bring the solution to a
gentle boil while constantly stirring so none of it burns. As soon as it
starts boiling remove it from the heat and pour through 3 coffee filters
layered together to filter out the unwanted filler crap. Usually it is
necessary to hold the filters like a bag with the liquid that didn't go
through and gently squeeze to get the liquid to go through. The result is an
almost totally clear liquid which is the EPHEDRINE extract in water. Throw the
mush left in the filter away.
The EPHEDRINE extract is poured into any convenient glass container. Next,
75 grams of any of the above mentioned CHROMIUM compounds is added. They
dissolve easily to form a reddish or orange colored solution. Finally,
CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID (it usually comes as 96-98%) is carefully added.
If CrO3 is being used, 21 ml is enough. If one of the CHROMATES is being used,
42 ml is needed. These chemicals are thoroughly mixed together and allowed
to sit for several hours with occasional stirring.
After several hours LYE solution (1 part water, 1 part LYE) is very slowly
and carefully added dropwise with strong stirring until the solution is
strongly basic (pH 11 or more). This strong stirring is to make sure the cat
is converted to the free base.
Next, TOLUENE is used to extract the cat. Usually this is done with a sep
funnel (separatory funnel, which is a flask with a funnel-shaped bottom and
a stopcock (valve) on the very bottom. Sep funnels are used for separating
liquids by opening the valve on the bottom and letting the bottom-most layer
of liquid drain out.) but a regular glass bottle should be fine but using a
plastic cap wouldn't be good. For safety, the bottle would need to be "burped"
often anyway to make sure no gasses build up in it. A large eyedropper-type
tool could be used to efficiently remove the cat layer. A couple hundred ml's
of TOLUENE is added and the container is strongly shaken to make sure the all
of the cat free base gets into the TOLUENE layer. Shake until it resembles
milk (fine suspended globules of TOLUENE within the water layer). Shake really
hard, then allow it to separate. Insufficent shaking will result in poor yield
with some undissolved cat base remaining in the spent sludge layer. The
TOLUENE layer should be clear to pale yellow in color. The water layer should
be orange mixed with green. The green may settle out as a heavy sludge. The
water layer is thrown away and the TOLUENE layer is washed once with water and
then poured into another container. ("Washed" here means that water is added
and the mixture shaken again and separated. The cat free base stays in the
TOLUENE layer because it doesn't dissolve in water. Any remaining
water-soluble impurities are dissolved into the water layer and not the
TOLUENE layer and thus they're "washed" out.)
The cat free base now must be converted to cat salt (METHCATHINONE HCL).
Here are 2 methods for doing this.
METHOD 1
~~~~~~~~
Dry HCL gas is made and bubbled through the TOLUENE solution to turn the cat
free base into cat salt (METHCATHINONE HCL). A bottle is selected for holding
the gas-producing mixture and a 1-hole stopper will be put in the top of the
bottle. One end of a J-shaped glass tube (about 1/4 inch diameter) is pushed
into the stopper. This glass tube will reach from the top of the gas-producing
bottle down into the bottle holding the TOLUENE-cat mixture. It should reach
the bottom of the mixture. Usually a sep funnel is used to add SULFURIC ACID
to the gas-producing mixture through a second hole in the stopper to keep gas
flowing. If one doesn't have access to a sep funnel it should be possible to
take the stopper out of the gas-producing bottle just long enough to add a
little SULFURIC ACID when it's needed to keep gas flowing. Place 200 grams of
TABLE SALT into the gas-producing bottle. 35% CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID
(reagent grade) is added and they are mixed into a paste. The surface of the
paste should be rough with lots of holes poked into it for good gas
production. About 1 ml of CONCENTRATED (96-98%) SULFURIC ACID is added to the
paste. This dehydrates the HYDROCHLORIC ACID and produces HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
GAS (** DO NOT BREATHE THIS GAS! **). This gas goes out of the gas-producing
bottle through the glass tube and bubbles through the TOLUENE-cat solution
turning cat free base into cat salt. The cat salt should appear as crystals
and after a while the solution should be thick with them. The crystals are
recovered by pouring through a filter. The crystals are then dried by
evaporating the TOLUENE with gentle heat or under a vacuum. Voila. Pure
METHCATHINONE-HCL.
METHOD 2
~~~~~~~~
That was the "ideal" method. The practical method is to dump the base/solvent
solution into a container, add an amount of DILUTE HCl, shake, shake, shake,
measure pH, if it is greater than 7 (pH above 7 is basic), add more acid,
shake, shake, shake, and check pH again. Keep it up until the pH is low,
staying well below 7 (pH below 7 is acidic), then remove the solvent layer and
keep for reuse. Add BAKING SODA to the water layer a little at a time until it
stops bubbling when more is added. Check the pH, make sure it is 7 (neutral)
or higher. The water is now evaporated away on non-plastic plates or pans and
the dried METHCATHINONE HCL can be scraped off with a razor blade. The
METHCATHINONE HCl has a trace of SODIUM CHLORIDE (TABLE SALT) and an even
smaller trace of SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA). The BAKING SODA combines
with the excess HCl to become TABLE SALT. This practical method avoids the
mess of producing HCl gas. HCl is a white gas that burns your eyes and nose
really badly should you breathe it. It converts upon contact with water into
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, so if you don't want HYDROCHLORIC ACID in your eyes, nose,
lungs, don't breathe it!
Small amounts of TABLE SALT and BAKING SODA in the cat will go unnoticed. The
ideal method can be used if a source of compressed HCl GAS is found. It is
sold in lab cylinders by chem supply houses and is not watched by the DEA.
Just stick on a regulator, affix the rubber hose with a glass extension for
submersion in the solvent, and open the valve to expel the gas through the
solvent to produce PURE cat HCl.
_____________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY
~~~~~~~
Ephedrine is oxidized to produce methcathinone. The methcathinone is then
converted to the free base for separation from the rest of the unwanted crap
mixed with it. The free base dissolves in toluene and not in water whereas the
unwanted crap dissolves in water and not in toluene. Since water and toluene
separate into 2 layers the toluene layer containing the cat free base is saved
and the water layer thrown out. The toluene could probably be evaporated
leaving crystals of cat free base which could probably be smoked but I haven't
heard of anyone smoking it nor have I heard of its effects on the human body.
The cat free base is converted to cat salt using dilute hydrochloric acid or
anhydrous HCL gas. Cat salt is soluble in water and not in toluene, just the
opposite of the free base. Using HCL gas the salt produced has no water layer
to dissolve in so it crystalizes out. Using dilute HCL the salt leaves the
toluene layer as before but has a water layer (the water diluting the HCL) to
dissolve in. This water layer is saved and the water evaporated, leaving
methcathinone-HCL.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Sources of items:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EPHEDRINE pills- Sadly, GNC (General Nutrition Centers) corporate stores no
longer carry "Revive" (ephedrine-HCL pills). The franchise stores are selling
what they have left in stock and will no longer carry the straight ephedrine
pills. They will only carry the crap with guaifenesin added. It looks like
mail order will be the only possible source. Anybody ordering through the
mail will probably have their name and address recorded and possibly sent to
the DEA.
TOLUENE- Available at most hardware stores. One brand is called "Toluol" from
Parks. TOLUENE is also called METHYLBENZENE.
LYE- Available at most hardware stores. Even Safeway has it. One brand is
"Red Devil Lye" which is used to unclog grease clogs in drains.
CONCENTRATED HCL and CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID are pretty cheap. When bought
in 2-liter bottles (reagent grade) they're about $20 each. HCl, also called
MURIATIC ACID, is available as a concrete cleaner in most lumber yards. Also
used to adjust pH in swimming pools. H2SO4, aka Battery Electrolyte,
obtainable in quart to 5-gallon size containers from automotive supply
houses. This is a dilute acid which must be concentrated by pouring into
large pyrex containers and boiling the water off for many minutes. It has
reached the point of 98% concentration when the liquid stops boiling and
starts fuming off with the release of white clouds of gas (SO3, SULFUR
TRIOXIDE). Bottle while still hot as conc. H2SO4 is hygroscopic (it sucks
water out of the air and becomes dilute again). DO NOT BREATHE SO3 GAS! It
eats out your lungs, just as HCl GAS does.
CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE (CHROMIC OXIDE) (CrO3)- Very common oxidizer. Comes in
powder form. Less than $20 for 100 grams. Since it can be recycled, someone
would never have to purchase large quantities of it. Enough to use as a
reagent and a supply to supplement the losses incured during use would be
enough.
Glass tubing- About $2 per tube (1/4 inch) at chemistry supply outlets. Bent
into different forms slowly and carefully while heating with blow torch.
Glass tubing also used in salt water aquariums. Also for neon signs. Many
sources for glass tubing from veterinary to dairy, from industrial to hobby.
Easy to find if you know how to look.
_____________________________________________________________________________
CREDITS
~~~~~~~
"Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture" by Uncle Fester was used as a
reference. Information about it is in the beginning of this article.
Technical assistance was provided by Steve J. Quest.
_____________________________________________________________________________
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <124353Z31051995@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an267556@anon.penet.fi
Date: Wed, 31 May 1995 12:37:03 UTC
Subject: CAT synth help
I'm looking for some help with the cat synth posted on hyperreal.
I followed the cat procedure on hyperreal and when I bubbled hcl through
the mix the first time I got white paste that on further drying on a glass plate
turned to a yellow orange oil. Still works great but not as pretty. I think it is
the heat. The second and third attempt at bubbling hcl
through the mix all I got was a milky naptha(I'm using naptha instead of
acetone)
Precipitating the cat has been more succesful for me but the mix never gets
cloudy. I just continue washing out with naptha until I dry it.
Im no chemist but I follow direction well. However besides the above My yeild is way down.
The first few times I used 1000 30mg
pseudoephedrine HCL pills and only ended up with about 3.5 grams of cat.
Yeild has gotten worse with each attempt.
Anyone who has tried this care to critique my methods
1. 1000 pseudoephedrine HCL pills (30mg) disolved in 300ml water. Bring to a
boil,and let settle. Filter off some of the water leaving paste behind.
2. Add more water and repeat step 1. Filter off top and add to already
filtered material until the paste has no bitter taste to it..
I end up with about 800ml of water. I don't let the temp pass 50c so I don't really
boil the mix.
2.Add 20 grams potassium dichromate. stirring constantly.
This was hard to come by and unless I mail order it looks like I won't be able to get
any more of this. Someone mentioned photo supply but several calls in the bostonarea left me wondering if it is used for photography at all. None of the people
I talked to had it on thier list.
3.Slowly add concentrated sulfuric acid.
One method calls for 3ml per gram pseudoephedrine HCL (90ml)
another method says 42ml
I have tried both.
I add this slow enough to keep the mix temp below 50C.
4.leave this for several hours constantly stirring. It gets very hot from
the reaction.
5.Put container in ice bath and while stirring slowly add lye until strongly
basic (ph 11) stir this for 1 hour.
6.add naptha to the mixture in the sep funnel
and shake until my arms hurt ~2 minutes. Let settle and syphon off naptha.
repeat 4 times.
7.Put naptha in a sep funnel with 200 ml water and shake. Let settle
and pour off water.
8. bubble hcl gas through the naptha and filter crystals.
I make my own gas.
00g salt +30%hcl in a wide bottom flask. Slowly drip sulfuric acid into mix.
If i use muriatic acid for this I get many bubbles in the mix that
would eventually bubble into naptha/cat mix if not careful.
reagent grade hcl (harder to get) doesn't do this?
The first time I did the naptha clouded up and then crystals began to appear
Quite beautiful to watch. I used my vacuum settup to separate crystals and then
set crystals on glass plate to dry. They changed from white paste to
yellow/amber in color and seemed to evaporate to less than half a gram.
My second and third attempt was even less encouraging. All I got was milky
colored naptha with no precipate. That was another reason I thought heat was
destroying the cat but last night keeping the to 50c or below all I got was
a cloudy mix and after several minutes of bubbling hcl gas through it
there was no precipitate. Very frustrating.
Early attempts at this step I put the naptha/cat mix in a sep funnel,
added 30%hcl and shook till my arms hurt. Pour off the water/hcl and
evaporate under low heat.The instructions said to wait until it got milky,
put in freezer for 15 minutes, then filter off crystals and wash with naptha.
This was very difficult and time consuming. The mix never got milky and after
eventualy evaporating all the liquid I ended up with a dark colored paste
that would stay hard under heat but as soon as I removed it it became a
sticky paste again. From what I have read, (I have noone to discuss this
with) sulfuric acid will absorb the moisture in the air so I thought
prehaps there was still hcl in the mix and it was absorbing moisture
from the air. I'm only guessing. I would have thought the hcl would have
evaporated with the water/naptha mix leaving only the cat.
I have talked to two other people on the net but neither do more than ask
questions or agree with my methods. I must be missing something as my
yeild is so low and my results have been poor.
Also the cat high is really great. I don't know how much I do.
two small lines every so often until I start to buzz. When I do hit it though
it is a nice buzz. The cat did not give me a rush. I felt powerful, strong, euphoric
over the beauty of life. My mind could focus very well and seemed to be
able to connect abstract thought into coherent patterns. I am learning the
guitar in my spare time and under the influence of the cat I wrote several
songs. Sitting playing my guitar a melody would just leap from my fingers
and the words would pour out as if I were reading it from a script. Nothing
profound but enjoyable emotional music pouring out of me faster than
I could write it down... or was that the mushrooms Im growing...
Too much and my heart hits the hyway at well over 100bpm. Not to pleasant.
So the million dollar questions is what am I doing wrong?
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: ralph@inter.NL.net (Ralph Moonen)
Subject: Re: CAT synth help
Message-ID: <D9G3D3.1Hy@inter.NL.net>
Date: Wed, 31 May 1995 13:41:26 GMT
an267556@anon.penet.fi writes:
>1. 1000 pseudoephedrine HCL pills (30mg) disolved in 300ml water. Bring to a
>boil,and let settle. Filter off some of the water leaving paste behind.
Boiling will decompose some of the ephedrine. Don't let it boil.
It will dissolve just fine, it just takes alittle longer.
>3.Slowly add concentrated sulfuric acid.
> One method calls for 3ml per gram pseudoephedrine HCL (90ml)
> another method says 42ml
42 ml is WAY OVER THERE!!! stick to 3, if it's concentrated. Else add
more. It's not critical, except you should go below Ph 3. (approx.)
Too acidic an environment will decompose your ephedrine and cat.
>5.Put container in ice bath and while stirring slowly add lye until strongly
>basic (ph 11) stir this for 1 hour.
Nope. Add lye untill mixture turns brright grrreen. This happens at around
Ph = 8. Adding more lye will do nothing, except make the next step more
difficult.
--Ralph
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cha.drg
+119
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@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
From: cha@io.org (Canadian Hemp Assox)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Canadian Hemp Association
Date: 6 Jun 1994 03:07:55 -0000
Message-ID: <2su3ub$3ii@ionews.io.org>
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canadian HEMP Association
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Who are we?
A national organization to facilitate and promote the growth of
a hemp industry in Canada.
What is Hemp?
"Hemp is an alternative agricultural crop with significant
economic and environmental benefits for the Canadian
farming and Industrial communities."
Hemp, isn't that marijuana?
No.
Industrial hemp is a special low THC version
of the cannabis sativa plant grown for fiber and biomass.
It can not be used as an intoxicant.
Why Hemp?
Hemp is an alternative, renewable resource
capable of providing:
100% Tree-Free paper products.
All of our energy needs through biomass fuel production.
A stronger more durable textile, made from
100% natural fibers, grown without pesticides.
How can you help?
We are a non-profit environmental organization supported by
membership and donations from both the private and
business sector. Please join with us, and
help make a hemp industry in Canada, a reality.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GOALS & OBJECTIVES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Raise public awareness to the benefits of the hemp plant through
environmental, economical & medicinal avenues.
Promote the industrial cultivation of hemp using low THC seed for immediate
economic benefits. Bill C7 legalizes the commercial growing of hemp. Our
farmers now have an alternative, reliable cash crop to help end the
bankruptcy cycle.
Developing and maintaining the definitive library of hemp's past,
present and future.
Put Canada on the global map as a leader in environmental change,
and economic development. By growing hemp we are offering an alternative
sollution to our current economic problems while providing a renewable
resource that can be most beneficial to our environment.
Develop the C.H.A. into a respected organization in the
eyes of the public by maintaining a professional, structured and open
approach to the disemination of hemp information.
To work in harmony with other environmental organizations, the public,
and government in order to facilitate change. New economic resources
mean vast new employment opportunities.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public & Member Services
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monthly newsletter detailing the advancement of the hemp quest. Filled with
news from around the globe, and helpful information on finding useful
hemp products.
Informational seminars for Universities, Colleges, High-schools, Hospitals and
Corporate Business.
A platform for government lobbying.
Hemp business and supplier connection / co-ordination services. Helping
entrepreneurs locate sources of products and outlets for new hemp merchandise.
Annual hemp festival to unite the world's hemp organizations and peoples
for networking, information sharing, live entertainment and lots of fun.
Featuring creative hemp workshops, guest speakers and much much more.
Information packages explaining the many uses of hemp. Along with strategies
and ideas you can use, to help us make legal hemp a reality.
BBS for electronic communications with other members. Online E-Mail,
Information packages, newsletters, and hemp conferences.
------------------------------------
What we are doing is environmentally friendly and economically realistic.
Robin Ellins
Coordinating Director
For more information dial (416) 977 - 4159 During regular business hours.
You can contact us snail mail: Canadian Hemp Association
312 Adelaide St. W. Suite 608
Toronto, ON
M5V 1R2
or write to cha@io.org
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/chromoslsd.drg
+93
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@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
Message-ID: <052314Z17091993@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an13187@anon.penet.fi (H-Man)
Date: Fri, 17 Sep 1993 05:16:50 UTC
Subject: Weil: LSD and Chromosomes
Hey all! I just read THE NATURAL MIND by Andrew Weil. Although it dealt
with ACID and MARIJUANA too much for my tastes, I typed up some EXCERPTS
that I thought you'd like.
|--########>-- H-Man --<########--|
pp. 44-46:
Retrospective studies are risky ways of framing hypotheses; they are fraught
with logical traps known to the ancients, and it is remarkable that men of
science still fall for them.
The saga of LSD and chromosomes is a case in point, for much of the evidence
was of this retrospective sort. The initial hypothesis, first reported in
1967, was based on the observation that LSD users seemed to have a higher
frequency of broken chromosomes in certain white blood cells (lymphocytes)
than "normal" persons (1). The _New England Journal of Medicine_ gave this
observation great prominence in an editorial titled, "Radiomimetic Effects
of LSD," suggesting that the drug mimicked radiation in its damaging effects
on genetic material. Evidence that was more circumstantial then appeared:
LSD was shown to affect chromosomes of cells growing in test tubes; a few
mothers who had used LSD gave birth to deformed babies. The scientific and
lay press gave all these findings front-page attention. The National
Institute of Mental Health eagerly seized upon and disseminated the new
information in a propaganda campaign against LSD. And, for a few months,
use of the drug appeared to decline.
But throughout this campaign, a number of facts were overlooked. First was
the total absence of any prospective studies supporting the hypothesis. No
one had tested the hypothesis in a legitimate way -- by looking at
chromosomes before exposure to the drug, giving the drug in a controlled
fashion, and then keeping watch on chromosomes. Second was the known fact
that many things affect chromosomal integrity, among them such common drugs
as aspirin and chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and recent viral infections. No
effort was made to control for these other factors in the clinical cases.
Third was the general problem of tissue-culture studies: cells growing in
test tubes do not behave the way cells do in the body. In addition, the
doses of LSD that caused visible changes in chromosomes of tissue-culture
cells were far higher than the doses living cells get when a person takes
an acid trip. Fourth, chromosomal breaks are seen in cells of all people;
the arguments turned on a statistical difference in frequency, not an
all-or-nothing difference, and the frequency of chromosomal breaks in
lymphocytes seems to correlate more directly with laboratory technique than
with other variables. (The technique of preparing lymphocytes to make
chromosomes visible is complicated and likely to produce factitious
changes.) Fifth, the lymphocyte is one of the only cells in which human
chromosomes can ever be seen under the microscope. Even if the changes were
real, they said nothing about the state of chromosomes in other cells (such
as reproductive cells). In fact, through the whole controversy no one
showed _why_ it was bad to have broken chromosomes in your lymphocytes. It
sounds bad, certainly, but one cannot say that it is bad without making a
number of shaky assumptions.
All of these logical flaws in the medical arguments against LSD were obvious
in 1967. They do not mean that the hypothesis should never have been
published, but surely it should not have been promoted by the medical
profession, the press, and the National Institute of Mental Health without
more thought. And it is significant that these logical flaws were first
pointed out in the _Berkeley Barb_ and other underground newspapers at least
eight months before the _New England Journal of Medicine_ voiced similar
doubts. The necessary prospective studies were not published until the end
of 1969 (2). Not surprisingly, they failed to demonstrate any relationship
between LSD use and chromosomal changes. They generated very little
national publicity.
This episode ought to be profoundly embarassing to journal editors and
government scientists. At one stroke it created an irreparable gap between
users of drugs and drug experts. Since 1968 I have not met a single user of
hallucinogens who will believe any reports of medical damage associated with
drugs, and the use of hallucinogens has never been higher.
(1) M. M. Cohen, K. Hirshhorn, W. A. Frosch, "In Vivo and in Vitro
Chromosomal Damage Induced by LSD-25," _New England Journal of Medicine_ 227
(1967), p. 1043.
(2) J. H. Tjio, W. N. Pahnke, A. A. Kurland, "LSD and Chromosomes: A
Controlled Experiment," _Journal of the American Medical Association_ 210
(1969), p. 849. For a recent review of the whole field, see N. I.
Dishotsky, W. D. Loughman, R. E. Mogar, W. R. Lipscomb, "LSD and Genetic
Damage," _Science_ 172 (30 April 1971), p. 431.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cloud9.drg
+499
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
From: cmullen@ocds.cs.oberlin.edu (Charles Mullen)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Cloud 9 Review
Date: 14 Oct 93 10:25:49
Message-ID: <CMULLEN.93Oct14102549@ocds.cs.oberlin.edu>
I don't know if all the questions have been answered in regards to cloud 9,
the alleged e substitute. I hardly have all the answers.. But what I do know,
is the following. Friday night two friends of mine tried cloud 9. One of them
was intoxicated from drinking about 6 or 7 beers. The other was sober. The
capsules that cloud 9 come in are huge. They swallowed the capsules and waited.
Within an hour they were both extremely sleepy, yet felt an urge to chat with
people at the same time. It was not in any way comparable to e, according to
both of them. Oh well.... Sorry about the bandwidth if you guys already know
all this.
--
Spencer Mullen .... OCMR 1555 Oberlin, OH 44074 .... 216.774.1633
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: coutsoft@cheshire.oxy.edu (Michael Coutsoftides)
Subject: Re: Cloud 9 Review
Message-ID: <1993Oct19.031123.21857@cheshire.oxy.edu>
Date: Tue, 19 Oct 1993 03:11:23 GMT
I don't think Clound 9 is GHB... it's a whole lot of organic material.
Ground up herbs and such... it didn't taste salty like GHB...
M.
=============================================================================
From: phase@cybernet.cse.fau.edu (Phase)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: cloud-9
Date: Mon, 28 Feb 94 19:15:37 EST
Message-ID: <qwFHic1w165w@cybernet.cse.fau.edu>
graham@cs.montana.edu (Jonathan Graham) writes:
> A friend of mine said that a couple of days ago, he was reading
> High Times and saw an ad for Cloud-9 by mail order. Does anyone know
> about its effects, side-effects, hazards, problems? He said that it is
> legal, but he wants to know if anyone has tried it and any other useful
> info. Anything that I could pass along to him would probably be most
> appreciated. Thanks in advance.
>
>
> -J.
>
A friend of mine has purchased and tried Cloud-9. I read the brocure
it's distributers mail out on request, and it's very vague and unspecific,
and it tries to make this herbal placebo sound like a good replacement
for MDMA. Not a chance...
He bought the caplets from a health food store, for around $10 a piece.
He said it produced a definate warmth sensation, but it was very minimal,
and that a cup of coffe was way more psychoactive. He said it was a total
waste of money, and he wouldn't take it in the future even if it was free.
It's a placebo "sugar-pill".
At that price, there's far more worthwhile herbs and synthetics to spend
my money on.
phase@cybernet.cse.fau.edu
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <082302Z10021994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an65129@anon.penet.fi
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 1994 08:15:12 UTC
Subject: CLOUD 9
Well I've heard a lot about people asking about cloud 9. I would
just like to tell you all that I have tried it and didn't notice a thing
once and noticed a little another time. The first time I tried it I went
to a rave and I felt real active and excited. The second time I sat
around my house and felt little more than awake. The people who make it
say that you have to get out and be real active for the stuff to work.
(It supposedly feeds off chemicals already in your body, like adrenaline
and stuff) Thats mainly what I've found. If anyone has any more direct
questions, just email me and I answer all of em.
BTW, I was talking to someone about it through email and I seemed to have
lost his address, If this was you then send me your address again.
(I think his name was Tom)
Bye bye.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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=============================================================================
From: an056@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Gregory Winer)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: Cloud 9
Date: 4 Apr 1994 17:56:45 GMT
Message-ID: <2npkct$h0a@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu>
[quoted text deleted -cak]
I've tried it...The experience was VERY similar to a caffine coctail
(caffine and ephidrine) dose. IMHO, It's nothing like "X". Save your
bucks, and buy some no-doze and mini-thins, if you're into that kinda
thing.
--
G. Winer =-=-=-= an056@po.cwru.edu
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <121310Z11041994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an80196@anon.penet.fi
Date: Mon, 11 Apr 1994 12:04:48 UTC
Subject: Cloud 9
>
>In article <98B1Jc3w165w@mindvox.phantom.com>, Thermodynamix (tdx@mindvox.phantom.com) writes:
>>Cloud 9 may be obtained from:
>> Advanced Research 2000
>> P.O. Box 494490
>> Redding, CA 96049
>> (916)223-2000
>>
>>
>>
>
>Okay so I called. You can order 10 capsules for $120. But before
>I or anyone else does this lets hear some personal testimonials.
>Anyone out there ever try this stuff???????
>
Okay, I called some time ago, and obtained the stuff.
My roomate with a friend tried a capsule each. Waited but nothing happened.
I tried two capsules, again nothing happened.
Did not even feel any stimulant effects ! A cup or two of coffee will
definately be stronger.
For all those posts with a stiry like : I met such and such at and she/he
couldn't stop smilling .... etc, etc... FOAF said she/he was on
*some new pill* called Cloud ...
These stories are : a) a hoax to make people on the net get interested
or
b) confused reviews since some clubs throw parties
under names like "white cloud", or cloud whatever.
At these usually all dress in pure white ( as opposed
to the pure black of the 80's) and take X and
generally have lots-and-lots of fun.
So, I recommend to perspective buyers to beware.
Actually I am surprised
that almost none on the net has relayed any personal tries of this
hoax, of cloud 9 passing as a XTC substitute. On the bright side none has
said anything positive either.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
From: hawks@benji.Colorado.EDU (andy)
Subject: Re: Cloud 9
Message-ID: <hawks.766168310@benji.Colorado.EDU>
Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 16:31:50 GMT
[quoted text deleted -cak]
There was that front page story in the Colorado Daily you might
(should) have read about two weeks ago...If I remember correctly, of
the four or so people who were willing to share their xperiences with
Cloud 9 bought at Nootrophia or Ground Zer0 in Boulder, one person
just felt sick after taking one or two capsules, one person reported
empathogen-like effects after taking it for three days continuously,
one person didn't notice anything . . . .
I had been wanting to take it after first hearing about it On The
Hill, and then right after that it's populartity exploded wheen it
started showing up on rave flyers at Wax Trax. Soon after that was
when the Colorado Daily front-page article appeared, and the police
said they were going to do their tests on it and I'm sure the Daily
will publish what the plice want to say about it (if that's worth
anything). Odds are they'll just say "it's a bunch of natural stuff
which you could mostly get at Alfalfa's or Wild Oats market and so any
effects that compare to those of ecstacy are largely psychosomatic."
I would suppose it would be extremely dissappointing to get one's
hopes up for this shit, especially anyone who's had any experience
with any of the designer drugs it's supposed to mirror (but mild
enough to be legal), like ecstacy. TSS. I think the interest in
Cloud 9 is from the same group of people who approach lsd with that "i
would but i want to do it naturally, so i'll do shrooms instead of acid"
mindset, just replace ecstacy with acid and Cloud 9 with shrooms.
But, of course, the parallel is flimsy at best, since not only or lsd
and shrooms fairly different, but ecstacy and Cloud 9 are not even on
tthe same level of intensity with each other.
Here's a reprint of Nootrophia's flyer on Cloud 9, for what it's
worth. It's vague, promotional, meant to sell the stuff, probably
doing mmore harm than good:
NOOTROPHIA PRESENTS CLOUD 9
The Next Level of Conciousness
o Cloud 9 is a natural supplement, which has a dramatic stimulating
effect. Each capsule is 850 mg.
o Could 9 is a natural herbal extract formula imported from the high
mountains of Tibett and Siberia.
o It is 100% organic, legal, safe and is registered as a food
supplement. No, there are no known side efffects. (There are no
claims or refunds of this product).
o It gives people a natural, safe and fulfilling alternative, which
will improve the scene, [rave scene, if it can still be called
that, I guess] and good health of all Americans.
o Cloud 9 is currently being sold in the US, UK, France, Australia,
and sooon Tokyo. Nootrophia is proud to offer a new way to aprty
in Colorado.
"I dig this stuff, it feels like an incredible euphoria! It's
antural, oorganic, and safe. What more could yoou want to improve the
scene?" -F.P. Hollywood Hills, CA
"The best part about Cloud 9 is you feel great the next day, unlike
the crash X can give you." -B.Z. Sydney, Australia
"I'm a promoter here in the UK and it's been a pleasure to see people
changing over to Cloud 9 at the events here, we feel that it is about
time for a product l;ike this to come about without harmful side
effects." -P.G. London, UK
"I was skeptical at first when I heard about Cloud 9, but after
experiencing it I'm a lifetime distributor and consumer." -S.R.
Hosuton, TX
"I just didn't want to stop dancing. What a great feeling." -M.C.
Denver, CO
The Designed Effects Are:
1) Warm Sensation
2) Energy Rush
3) Creates Euphoria
4) Enhanced male & female sexual responses
5) Enhances all five senses
There ar no refunds on this product.
--
andy
=============================================================================
From: tiffanyde@urvax.urich.edu (Derek Tiffany)
Newsgroups: alt.rave
Subject: Re: Cloud 9
Message-ID: <1994Apr12.074849.26505@gossip.urich.edu>
Date: 12 Apr 94 09:51:58 GMT
[quoted text deleted -cak]
I have talked to about 5 people who have tried it...and no one has ever
gotten anything out of it...that's all I know...
later days and sunny rays,
-----------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------
Derek Tiffany | TIFFaNydE@urvax.urich.edu | This space for rent
University of Richmond | djt0u@aurora.urich.edu |<= djt{zero}u@aurora...
-----------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------
or just plain derek if you prefer
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.rave
Subject: RE: Cloud 9
Message-ID: <2oeud0$8dv@carina.unm.edu>
From: xstatic@unm.edu (greggory kevin sandovalotecon)
Date: 12 Apr 1994 13:56:16 -0600
As I mailed kotobi@unm.edu, Cloud 9 is total and complete CRAP!
I saw an ad for it in Sin and I thought it would be cool to try out,
since I was running a smart bar in the city at that time. I called the info
line and left my name and phone number as requested and recieved a return phone
call at about 8:00 p.m. the following day. I talked to a very nice lady on
the phone and she described her product and how they were looking to find a
distributor for our area, because they didn't have one yet. They offered to
sell us a 100 count bottle for $5 a piece, the 'wholesale' price, I guess. I
thought to myself, "Damn! That's a lot of money!" But we said it was too
expensive and declined her offer.
I receieved another call back with another offer for a 10 count bottle
for $30 + shipping. Some friends and I accepted and recieved the bottle three
days later. We decided to give it a try at the Halloween rave. Well, one friend
got completely sick, flushed and generally irratated. Another got nothing at
all, no 'increases energy, mild euphoria, increased sexual response,' NOTHING!
I took it and was milded irratated, kinda like a niacin flush, and a bit
sick.
Later that week, I opened up one of the capsules I had left to see
what was in it. It looked and smelled EXACTLY like the ephedra that Durk &
andy use in their 'Thermogen Tea' formula. The powder was a fuzzy brown and
smelled vaguely spicey.
My guess is all it is is EPHEDRA and maybe some ginseng or kava kava.
It's not worth $15-$20 a pop, especially when they recommend taking TWO pills.
I suggest locating some Mini Thins and taking some of those before you take
'the legal alternative to MDMA.' Its better and a hell of a lot cheaper! Don't
buy the sale pitch that its a cot effective alternative to Ecstasy. It's a
complete RIP-OFF! You're probably better off buying from the shadey E-dealer
than you are from the Cloud 9 peddler. At least you might wind up with
something good from the dealer!!
Another alternative I've found that works is 'Happy Camper' available
from any GNC store at the mall. It comes in a nice happy yellow,green and red
bottle of 60. It's got kava kava, gotu kola nut, siberian ginseng, guarana?
and other natural stimulants that really work! Take about two or three and if
like it share with yer friends! A couple of those, a smart drink with
l-phenylalanine and you'll be better off than taking that crap Cloud 9 stuff.
Spread the word about this product: SAY NO TO CLOUD 9 !!!
Peace, love & respect,
Gregg S
DJ Intensity
xstatic@carina.unm.edu
p.s. massive SHOUT 2 all the 'ardcore Junglistic massives! Hold it down!
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.rave
From: hannon@rintintin.Colorado.EDU (HANNON PADRAIC I)
Subject: Re: Cloud 9
Message-ID: <hannon.766217799@rintintin.Colorado.EDU>
Date: Wed, 13 Apr 1994 06:16:39 GMT
It took Cloud 9 about a month ago, and except for a BRIEF burst of energy
similair to honey it did nothing, especially at $15 a pop. Take X instead
it definatly is not an alternative or a substitute in any way shape or form.
Paddy
hannon@ucsub.colorado.edu
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.rave
From: zichi@spot.Colorado.EDU (Yogi)
Subject: Re: Cloud 9
Message-ID: <Co6xHw.AKL@cnsnews.Colorado.EDU>
Date: Wed, 13 Apr 1994 09:10:44 GMT
In article <2oeqv3$5jc@draco.unm.edu>, <kotobi@unm.edu> wrote:
>Hmm..That's interesting. The distributer at the rave was a company from
>Colorado I think, they were called Nootropics. They were passing out flyers
>for Cloud 9 as well as selling it. They also were selling something
>called Yohimbix. They said it was an aphrodisiac (sp?). I'm assuming
>it's yohimbine bark. Anybody have any experience with Cloud 9, Yohombix,
>or any other legal "drug" that is sold at raves? Please reply!
>
I was at the giveaway in Colorado when Nootropics was first trying
to market the stuff. After taking it, and talking to about another dozen
people at the club, we all agreed that it was EPHEDRINE (white cross).
From reading the other posts on here, I would surmise that this is
happening all over the nation. So, to sum it up for everyone who is
wondering:
Cloud 9 is BOGUS! Cloud 9 is EPHEDRINE!
=============================================================================
From: Dale Shin <ds7p+@andrew.cmu.edu>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Cloud 9
Date: Mon, 18 Apr 1994 14:48:50 -0400
Message-ID: <EhghMGy00iV0A8Pn1y@andrew.cmu.edu>
Well, I did it with my friends last thursday. Boy, it was something.
It's not at all like ecstasy though. I tried x once and supposedly it
was more heroin than x so I guess I can't really say.
I took one dose, which is two capsules of cloud 9. I also took one
capsule of nirvana-6 which is supposed to boost/enhance the effects. I
was very skeptical after reading a post here that described a cup of
coffee being stronger. That is not altogether true, at least with me.
Later we smoked some sticks of tea and so this is cloud 9 together with
the effects of THC.
We did as prescribed, taking it on an empty stomach. I had lunch at
around one o'clock and took the pill at around six that evening. After
about an hour I started to feel something. First, I could feel a
strange weirdness in my stomach. Not butterflies, but kind of like the
feeling you get when you dose on acid and the first tremors of it affect
your stomach. The whole time I was on cloud 9 I also felt a nervous
tension I also get with acid. Except this was very low key. On acid,
my whole body tenses; my jaw and head especially. Cloud 9 did not do
that but gave a very similar tension emanating from my stomach at a very
low volume.
If I tilted my head back so I could look straight up at the sky and then
slowly face forward at a normal angle, my whole scalp tingled. Every
time I ran my fingers through my hair it plowed a path of tingling
sensations in my scalp. My other friends felt the same. I liked that a
lot. That was about the only physical sensation I noticed, that and my
stomach feeling strange. Later my stomach started to hurt a little, but
as soon as I started to talk again it went away. Later, the tingles,
which lasted about two hours, went away and then at one point my heart
seemed to beat with irregularity. It felt like my heart was being
overtaxed, kind of like heartburn but no burning sensation.
My friend took two doses, six capsules in all, and he felt all those
effects in the first half-hour. We were having a carnival at our school
and he felt sick after we rode the pirate ship which goes up and down
really high. I had the greatest time on it though, lifting my hands up
every time we went to the top. My friend though declined from riding
anymore after that.
We all had strange periods where our stomachs would start to hurt. But
if you keep talking, we found that it went away. You know, get your
mind off it then all will be better.
In terms of being an ecstasy substitue, nay I say. I did feel like
doing things instead of just sitting around and stuff but everyone else
seemed really beat. And I guess it could feel like the after effects of
an all nighter with coffee and vivarin. I am not going to try this
again. I don't think it's worth $20. In terms of mood, I felt good
however, but that's because I like anything that alters my brain even a
little bit. But if you're expecting some drastic things to happen,
you'll be disappointed. It does give you a light, tense feeling for
about seven hours.
I told my friends who weren't on it about the tingling scalp and they
just laughed saying it's not worth it. If you like your scalp to
tingle, then this is the drug ( I mean vitamins) for you.
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <214308Z05061994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an80196@anon.penet.fi (Xist)
Date: Sun, 5 Jun 1994 21:39:46 UTC
Subject: CLOUD 9? Is this stuff real?
ecto@babylon.montreal.qc.ca (Bradley J. Finlay) writes :
>
>I dunno if this is fer real or not. I don't know anyone personally that has
>taken it (you'd have to get it mail order here) but I've read in Project-X
>magazine that some of the staff took it and had various degrees of
>experiences. Everything from a tingling scalp to a small caffeine rush to
>nothing at all. It sounds to me that comparing it to 'e' is a bad idea.
>espresso might be better (and it's natural too!).
>
>ecto
According to my experiences and friends, CLOUD-9 is as good
as a placebo.
Nothing came on. Absolutely nothing. Not even caffeine-like
effects. Not even a mild stimulation. These are the results of
3-4 times of taking Cloud-9 myself and independent friends.
All pills came from the same Cloud-9 sealed bottle.
Try sugar next time, or parsley. Parsley you can smoke.
Caveat Emptor, or whatever.
Xist
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Due to the double-blind, any mail replies to this message will be anonymized,
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/clouds
+145
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@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
OK, some of you experienced druggies are going to get a chuckle
from this. This is a description of my first trip. I grew up
in a real conservative environment. I always wanted to hallucinate
but I was real scared of LSD. After all, it causes chromosome
damage and a lot of the people that trip on it either jump out of
windows or end up in a permanent psychosis. Some of the lucky ones
that make it through the trip ok suffer from uncontrollable flash backs
for the rest of their life. Pretty scary stuff.
I never was around people that used psychedelics much. The few times
I had the opportunity, I was unable to find out enough about the
source and quality to put my ignorant self at ease. It seemed like
I was never going to get to have a psychedelic experience.
Well, I was surfing the net one day and decided to test the reach of
information contained on it. I was trying one exotic topic after
another in Yahoo. I was amazed at the knowledge contained on the net.
I decided to push it to the limit. I asked about psilocybin. To
my amazement, a few indexes to documents came back. I quickly
down loaded them and started studying them. I was astonished to find
out that the spores for Psylocybe mushrooms could be mail ordered
because the spores did not contain any controlled substances. And best
of all, there was no overdose for psilocybin.
It doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure out what I was thinking!
The net contained bits and pieces of information. I was able to learn
some of the basic concepts for growing shrooms but there was a lot
of uncertainty and contradictions in the information I had. I kept
increasing the depths of my searches on the topics. It eventually
became obvious that my best chance of success lay with Psylocybe
Fanaticus' method. I promptly ordered their Tek Notes and a spore
syringe.
I followed their directions and had cultures well under way soon enough.
But, I was frustrated with their humidification techniques. They did
not work for me even though I experimented like crazy. My job
involves doing research and development at a high tech. computer
company. I was determined to solve the problem and make it easy for
others with access to the net to succeed. I found a few people on the
alt.drugs news group that had vast mushroom growing experience and they
helped me with advice that got me over some of my initial problems.
I was going home in a few months on vacation to visit old buddies.
I told them I thought I was going to be able to bring some shrooms
so we could all trip together. They freaked with joy. I have a basic
personality flaw. Anything worth doing, is worth doing to excess.
I didn't know how many shrooms I would need so I figured I had
better grow a couple pounds. I worked out the problems I was
having and simultaneously ramped production. I had a couple pounds
of dried mushrooms by the time I headed north on vacation.
We were at a friends cabin on the lake when the time was right. I
broke out my stash of shrooms as we prepared to go out on the lake
fishing. Of course I offered some advice about what I thought was
a reasonable first dose, but then I made the mistake of trying to
comfort them with the information that it was impossible to overdose
on psilocybe mushrooms. My friends have my same basic personality
flaw about doing things to excess as I do, except worse. The closest I
can figure, I ate about an eighth of a cup of crushed, dried shrooms and
they all ate about twice that.
Being the scientific type, I grabbed my cam corder just in case we needed
to document anything and we headed to the boat to go fishing. The
first 25 minutes seemed pretty normal, but then I started to feel myself
coming on. I had done enough research to know that the peak experience
was a good hour away. I kept fishing. Soon I had to put down my pole
and just watch my buddies. I just had way too much stuff going on to
be holding my pole.
I had heard that the most basic visual experience was how colors became
vibrant while tripping. I kept looking for this, but never noticed it.
I was wondering if we dosed high enough or if I had gone to all the
trouble to grow these damn things and eat those awful tasting
shrooms for nothing. I started to feel a little down. I just stared at
the seat where one of my buddies was sitting.
Suddenly the seat was alive. I became mesmerize by how the grain
in the wood seats of the boat would not stay still. Every time I looked
at the seat, it would ebb and flow. Too cool! The surface of the
water was even more intense. The patterns formed by the little ripples
and waves were unbelievable. I was frying big time. Even though my
buddies dosed way higher than me, they seemed unaffected. They just
kept fishing and cracking jokes. I was still 30 minutes from peak.
I was looking across the lake at the far shore. There
were lots of clouds blowing across the sky. I was enjoying just
watching them. Then it happened. It became obvious to me which
clouds were going to break apart into little clouds and which
little clouds were going to combine to make bigger clouds. I spent
a lot of time trying to figure out if I was just imagining this ability
or if I could really do it. I just kept watching the far shore. Eventually
my buddies noticed my fascination with the far shore and I became the focus
of their jokes. They still didn't seem like they were tripping. I
told them about my new found ability. That only encouraged them to make
more jokes. I challenged them to predict which clouds were
going to break apart and which ones would combine. They admitted that
would be impossible. When I told them I thought I could do it, the
jokes really started.
Naturally, I had to prove I wasn't making up this ability. I started
pointing and telling my buddies which clouds were going to do what.
They were real skeptical at first, but finally I convinced them. One
of them realized that we ought to get this on the cam corder tape or
nobody would believe this had happened. It was a little work to get
the cam cord setup because we were so fucked up, but I got about 5
minutes of this on tape. This was real valuable in making me a
believer that psychedelics really can expand your mind and give you
insight that you never had before.
Later that day, everybody commented on how they thought they were the
only one affected by the shrooms. We were all having a good time, but
nobody recognized that the others were tripping hard. I was only at
1/2 the dose my buddies were at, so it's not too hard for me to believe
they were really looped.
The next day, everybody wanted to trip again. I gave them some advice.
I told them that a person's tolerance builds quickly to psilocybin and
that they would have to dose significantly higher to get the same effect.
Interestingly enough, they all thought they wanted a little less of
an experience. The first trip had tired everybody emotionally and
intellectually. Strangely enough, that day, straight or tripping, I was
unable to repeat my cloud predictions. It seems to have been a one
time experience. Yet, I know and have proof I was able to do it that
one time. It turns out the real life value of being able to predict
cloud behavior is pretty small, but the important point is that
psychedelics can give you insight you would not have had otherwise.
When we got back to town, all my buddies wanted me to teach them how
to grow shrooms. My buddies are not very scientifically minded people.
I have been trying to get them to use computers and get on the net
for a long time with no success. I did not think I could just explain
the steps and have much probability of them succeeding. I thought about
this problem for a little while. I wanted to write a comprehensive guide
for the people on the net and I wanted to get my buddies on the net. I
could kill two birds with one stone. I told them that if they figured out
how to get on the net, I would have a simple guide there for them to
follow.
It turns out the previously mentioned guide is available at:
http://www.paranoia.com/drugs/
There is a link on the main page under 'Items of Particular Interest'.
Ultimately, it's supposed to be in the mushroom growers directory.
Check it out, and let me know if you can predict cloud behavior.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cloves
+267
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@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
From: v113mg59@ubvmsb.cc.buffalo.edu (Ronald T Coslick Jr)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: clove cigarettes
Message-ID: <C56qF7.5K4@acsu.buffalo.edu>
Date: 8 Apr 93 22:01:00 GMT
Regarding clove cigarettes, grigsby@rintintin.Colorado.EDU (Scott Grigsby)
writes:
> If anyone could provide more information on this, I'd be
>very appreciative! I, too, have been told that cloves were much
>more damaging than cigarettes (someone even told me once that
>one clove was as damaging as a whole pack of say...Camel Lights!)
>I've also been told that they make you cough blood. (Not that
>inhaling any smoke won't, eventually....). Indeed, they certainly
>seem to char my lungs to hell much better than a regular cig! :-)
>But does anyone know for sure? Thanks!
>
> Scott (grigsby@rtt.colorado.edu)
Hope this helps.
======
RoN
v113mg59@ubvms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Los Angeles Times
March 21, 1986
SMOKE THICKENS OVER CLOVE CIGARETTE INHALATION STUDY
By: DENNIS McLELLAN
The results of an industry-sponsored study, released this week,
on the possible toxic effects of smoking clove cigarettes show that
clove cigarette smoke is no more harmful to laboratory rats than
smoke from conventional cigarettes.
Scientists not connected with the study, however, caution that a
single study on rats does not provide conclusive evidence that the
pungent-smelling imported cigarettes from Indonesia do not cause
lung damage in humans.
The independent study, which was conducted by the Department of
Inhalation Toxicology at the Huntingdon Research Centre in
Huntingdon, England, is the first inhalation study made available
to the public on clove cigarettes (or kreteks), which have come
under attack in the past year for causing serious health problems
and allegedly leading to the death of one Orange County teen-ager.
The British inhalation study was funded by P. T. Djarum and House
of Sampoerna, both of Indonesia, although an industry spokesman
said the laboratory wasn't told who was backing the study. The two
firms are the largest manufacturers of clove cigarettes -- which
contain 60% tobacco and 40% ground cloves.
Cigarettes 'Vindicated'
"I think the study shows that clove cigarettes have been
vindicated as far as being guilty of what the critics have said
they are guilty of: that these things are much worse for you than
non-clove cigarettes," said G. A. Avram, executive director of the
Specialty Tobacco Council, an organization representing the major
manufacturers and importers of clove cigarettes in the United
States.
Avram, who released the results of the 119-page study at a news
conference in Washington, said the study "clearly establishes that
clove cigarettes do not cause acute respiratory distress or
anesthetize the lungs on the test animals." (Eugenol -- the major
component of cloves-- is used as a mild dental anesthetic; critics
of clove cigarette say the eugenol in the cigarettes numbs smokers'
throats.)
The results of the British inhalation study differ sharply from
those of an as-yet-unpublished study conducted last year by the
American Health Foundation, which shows that eugenol can cause
extensive lung damage and may be lethal to laboratory animals when
administered directly into the lung via the trachea (in contrast to
inhalation studies, in which laboratory animals breathe smoke).
Another study by the American Health Foundation, however,
supports the findings of the British study: In that, an inhalation
study, there were no acute toxic effects among hamsters exposed to
clove cigarette smoke, according to Edmond LaVoie, associate
division chief of environmental carcinogens at the nonprofit,
independent research foundation in Valhalla, N.Y.
LaVoie added, however, that "one cannot discount the data
obtained in the intratracheal experiments because there are
limitations in using small rodents in inhalation experiments." The
American Health Foundation studies on clove cigarettes will be
published soon in Archives of Toxicology, a scientific journal.
In view of the findings in the British inhalation study, however,
Avram maintains that "the burden of proof has shifted and it's now
up to them (clove cigarette critics) to prove there is a problem
with clove cigarettes instead of clove cigarettes being put on the
defensive."
Robert Phalen, director of the air pollution health effects
laboratory at the College of Medicine at UC Irvine and author of
"Inhalation Studies," a professional reference book, observed that
the inhalation study "is important, but I'd say a single study is
not definitive for something that has widespread use."
Phalen added that "there's a segment of the population --
somewhere around 5% -- that have very sensitive lungs. These
people can over-respond to a variety of chemicals when inhaling.
The rat is not a good model for those people."
Moreover, Phalen said, "You can never, in a small single animal
study, say that something is safe. Let's say clove cigarettes
hypothetically caused one smoker in a thousand to die. You could
never detect that in a study of human beings unless you had tens of
thousands of people and you couldn't detect that level of risk in
a study using less than several thousand animals."
"The conduct of a single study is suggestive but in no case
convincing evidence one way or the other unless the study is so
designed as to be essentially foolproof and these studies are so
complicated that they rarely can be made foolproof," said Dr. Tee
L. Guidotti, professor of occupational medicine at the University
of Alberta Faculty of Medicine in Edmonton, Canada, who has done
research on clove cigarette toxicity.
"We can't say anything about long-term health effects from a
single short-term study," Guidotti said. "We do know that the
International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is the
international authority on such matters, has concluded that eugenol
is a possible human carcinogen. The addition of a possibly harmful
substance (eugenol) to an already hazardous product (cigarettes)
can only increase the risk that much further."
Lawsuits Filed
In general, Guidotti added, clove cigarettes "have more tar,
nicotine and carbon monoxide than conventional cigarettes."
"I think it (Avram's assertion that clove cigarettes are as safe
as regular cigarettes) is bunk," said Eric Lampell, attorney for
the two Orange County families that have each filed $25-million
lawsuits against the makers, importers and sellers of clove
cigarettes for supplying their children with what they charge were
"dangerous and defective" cigarettes.
Anticipating possible criticism over having a vested interest in
a study examining his own product, Avram said the Huntingdon
Research Centre did not know until the study was completed that the
sponsor, Avram's North Carolina law firm, was representing two
clove cigarette manufacturers.
Avram said two more inhalation studies will be forthcoming soon
from the independent British contract research organization.
"And," he said, "the preliminary indications we're getting are that
they are even more encouraging from our point of view than this
original one."
Avram was scheduled to present the inhalation study Thursday to
a state Senate committee in Maryland where legislators are
considering a bill to ban clove cigarettes.
Missouri and Utah currently are considering similar bills.
Nevada and New Mexico already have banned the imports, but a
Florida judge declared unconstitutional a 3-week-old law banning
clove cigarettes in that state.
Reacted 'Hastily'
The Speciality Tobacco Council maintains that legislators have
reacted "hastily" in banning clove cigarettes "without taking time
to obtain a balanced appraisal on the issue."
The council was formed early last year in the wake of media
reports on the potential health hazards of smoking clove
cigarettes, which have been sold in the United States since 1970
but did not become popular until the early 1980s. (Sales of the
imports, according to Avram, have dropped to about half of their
peak of 150-170 million in 1984 as a result of the controversy.)
Last March, Ron and Carole Cislaw of Costa Mesa filed a
$25-million lawsuit, claiming that the sellers, makers, and
importers of clove cigarettes were, among other things, negligent
in supplying "dangerous and defective" cigarettes. Their
17-year-old son Tim developed shortness of breath shortly after
smoking a clove cigarette and eventually died of respiratory
failure. A second $25-million lawsuit was filed in July by a Buena
Park woman whose 17-year-old allegedly contracted a debilitating
lung ailment after smoking clove cigarettes.
Last May, the U.S Centers for Disease Control reported 12 cases
of severe illness possibly associated with smoking clove
cigarettes. Symptoms in the 11 patients who were hospitalized,
according to the CDC report, included pulmonary edema (blood- or
fluid-filled lungs), bronchospasm (a constriction of the air
passageway) and hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
Minor symptoms reported to the CDC included nausea and vomiting,
increased incidence of respiratory tract infections, worsening of
chronic bronchitis and increased incidences and severity of asthma
attacks. Mild coughing up of blood, the report said, has been
reported with particular frequency. Preliminary Results
The CDC report, however, stressed that a cause-and-effect
relationship between clove cigarette smoking and the patients'
illnesses has not been proved.
When preliminary results of the the American Health Foundation
intratracheal study were obtained by The Times last June, the
Specialty Tobacco Council labeled the foundation's method of
administering eugenol via the trachea into the lungs of laboratory
animals as an "unsound scientific test."
"You might regard the intratracheal instillation (method) as a
massive overkill and it does not reflect the smoking of a (clove)
cigarette," said Murray Senkus, a consultant for one of the major
manufacturers of clove cigarettes in Indonesia and a former
director of research and development for R. J. Reynolds Tobacco
Co.
LaVoie responded by saying, "We gave them (the laboratory
animals) less than one-third the dose of eugenol which is delivered
to the lungs by one clove cigarette: less than one-third the amount
of eugenol in one clove cigarette kills 50% of the animals."
UC Irvine's Phalen said "intratracheal studies can be useful and
important in looking at the toxicity of something the lung has been
exposed to. However, it is not a definitive method of
administration for something that's inhaled. One of the principles
of toxicology is to expose animal subjects by the same route that
one expects human populations to be exposed."
In light of the results of the American Health Foundation's own
inhalation study on clove cigarettes, LaVoie said he is not
surprised by the results of the British inhalation study.
He maintained, however, that "because the rats used in the
(inhalation) studies are obligatory nose breathers -- they by
nature breathe through their nose -- only a very small portion of
the smoke components ever reach or become deposited in the lung.
This is an inherent deficiency of the animal model and I would say
both models (intratracheal instillation and inhalation) do not
mimic the way humans actively smoke."
More Studies Recommended
LaVoie said he could not say much about the British study because
he hasn't seen it. "I can say that no two-month inhalation study
using small rodents would convince me that these cigarette products
are safe."
LaVoie recommends conducting more inhalation studies that are
"longer term and possibly more sophisticated in order to bypass
some of the inherent differences in the inhalation of particulates
observed with small rodents vs. man."
"I think what they (Huntingdon Research Centre researchers) have
done is an appropriate beginning and I anxiously await both details
on the study and further studies to evaluate just how dangerous
clove cigarettes are," said LaVoie. "Like cigarettes, they do
adversely affect health, we just don't know how severe the degree."
As Guidotti said, "We'll be going back and forth for years on the
inhalation toxicology."
(end of article)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/clrblndlsd.drg
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From: jimb@orion.oac.uci.edu (Jim Barrera)
Subject: Re: Blind on lsd (?)
Message-ID: <2B5729D2.11825@news.service.uci.edu>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Date: 15 Jan 93 21:17:06 GMT
Seer Snively <snively@cybernet.cse.fau.edu> writes:
> If someone who is blind (because of a phyical problem with the eye, no
> brain problems) or who is colour blind took lsd, would they "see" colour?
>
> Does anyone think they would get visuals? Does anyone KNOW (first or 2nd
> hand)?
Hello. My evil twin(tm) is a green-blind deuteranomal.
Due to the presence of an annoying little recessive gene
on his X-chromosome, the spectral sensitivity of his
middle cones peak at a different wavelength of light
than a "normal" individual. Thus, greens look different
to him, or not like "green" at all...
He enjoys both hiking in the wilderness and psychadelics,
especially simutaneously. In the wilderness, it's often
useful to be able to spot red objects amidst all the
green (e.g. reddish poison oak leaves in the green scrub
oak). He has found that LSD enhances his perception of
colors, but does not greatly improve his differential
perception of green. While his hiking companions are
constantly pointing out red-tailed hawks, red manzanita
bark, or the poison oak he's currently standing in, he
still has problems picking them out of a green background.
So when the iodopsin in one or more of the sets of cones
is abnormal, the signals being sent to the brain are
the same, with or without psychadelics. How the brain
on LSD recognizes these signals may be different, but he
hasn't found that the green perception improves.
But he's continuing the therapy in hopes of improvement...
As far as *visuals* are concerned, he hasn't noticed any
really special greens that he doesn't see in real life.
But here's a question: does this hypothetical individual
who is colorblind (total achromat, which is rare) _dream_
in color? Would he/she know if the dreams were in "color"?
Would he/she know if the hallucinations were in "color"?
`jimb
"LSD: not a cure, but good therapy for color blindness."
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cocaineinf.drg
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From: bell@beethoven.cs.unc.edu (Andrew Bell)
Date: 9 Mar 92 18:35:46 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs,misc.legal,talk.politics.drugs
Subject: Re: Legal Cocaine? (WAS Re: Drug legalization)
In article <1992Mar5.660665.6F0o5@infopls.chi.il.us> zane@infopls.chi.il.us (Sameer Parekh) writes:
> I read in _Licit + Illicit Drugs_ that the people living in the
>Andes who chewed coca leaves to deal with the thin air had no trouble
>stopping use once they moved to a more airy clime.
People interested in checking further into this might be interested in
a couple of articles about coca leaf chewing:
-------
A. Barnett, R. Hawks, and R. Resnick. "Cocaine Pharmacokinetics in Humans."
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 3 (1981) 353-366.
"Therefore, on the basis of this new information that has come as a result
of technological development we can conclude with a pratical observation.
The size of the quid of coca leaves that can be comfortably accomodated by
a person is such that it is unlikely that coca chewing, as practiced for
centuries in places like Macchu Piccu, presents the dangers that may result
from the modern forms of recreational use."
Particularly interesting about this article is that the report came out of
the Division of Research of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
-------
A. Weil. "The Therapeutic Value of Coca in Contemporary Medicine."
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 3 (1981) 367-376.
"I have lived among coca-using Indians of the Andes and the Amazon basin
in Columbia and Peru and have not seen any signs of physical deterioration
attributable to the leaf. I have never seen an instance of coca toxicity.
Nor have I observed physiological or psychological dependence on coca.
Even life-long chewers seem able to get the effect they want from the
same dose over time; there is no development of tolerance and certainly
no withdrawal syndrome upon sudden discontinuance of use."
-------
-Andrew Bell
bell@cs.unc.edu
=============================================================================
From: cam@castle.ed.ac.uk (Chris Malcolm)
Newsgroups: uk.misc,soc.culture.british
Subject: Re: Druggies - so they die, who cares (was: Must restaurants provide water?)
Message-ID: <37266@castle.ed.ac.uk>
Date: 14 Jun 93 21:38:49 GMT
In article <1993Jun14.134030.385@sco.com> charless@sco.COM (charless) writes:
>the interesting factoids about who the addicts were back in the
>1920's, when heroin use for recreational purposes was still
>legal.
My grandfather, like many medical doctors of his time (and like Freud)
was a cocaine addict. It caused him no problems at all as far as we
could see, or he reported, and he always claimed that without the
cocaine he would have been an alcoholic. He died at the age of 96,
shortly after his third wife had died on him, and it would seem
because he was fed up with living so long. In those days in Britain
addicts could register with the NHS, and thus there were no black
market profits to be made on illegal drugs, and no pushers. The drug
problems all started when we became sanctimonious about these addicts
on the NHS, kicked them off, and just like the US before us, created
the whole apalling modern drug scene of criminality, pushers, and drug
barons.
--
Chris Malcolm cam@uk.ac.ed.aifh +44 (0)31 650 3085
Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh University
5 Forrest Hill, Edinburgh, EH1 2QL, UK DoD #205
=============================================================================
From: dolphin@ziggys.cts.com (Rex Kahler) 619/262-6384
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Winston Churchill and Cocaine Gum....
Message-ID: <3VB6Lc7w165w@ziggys.cts.com>
Date: Tue, 10 May 94 22:32:01 PDT
(from the 8may94 san diego union-tribune)
(xscribed wholly w/o permission)
Experts push legalization of cocaine gum to wean addicts
By DAN FREEDMAN
Hearst News Service
WASHINGTON -- Quenn Victoria did it. Winston Churchill in his
youth did it, and millions of peasant farmers in South America
do it. So why not allow it in America?
Why not let people chew on low-potency cocaine lozenges or
gum?
"Millions have used these products, and we have no evidence
of harm associated with it," says Ethan Nadelmann, a professor
at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of International
and Public Affairs.
"It may be less addictive than coffee."
Nadelmann and others who advocate changing the government's
zero-tolerance approach to drugs want to create a weakened
version of cocaine that could be sold over the counter as a
substitute for the hard stuff.
Then potential consumers would have an alternative to crack
cocaine, which is smoked, and high-purity regular cocaine,
which is snorted, the way beer and wine are alternatives to
high-proof vodka.
The idea of marketing cocaine-lite is not making much head-
way at a time when the American public is fearful of crime and
when the crime bill moving through Congress is promising more
prisons and punishment for drug offenders.
But raising the possibility of such a product goes to the
core of the debate over the best way to undercut criminal drug
enterprises.
Nadelmann and others argue that low-potency cocaine might
draw potential customers away from drug-trafficking organiza-
tions smuggling tons of cocaine from South America and violent
street gangs peddling crack.
"If some people want to distill those products down to
something more potent, let them," Nadelmann wrote in an edi-
torial with _Rolling Stone_ Publisher Jann Wenner in the May 5
issue of the magazine. "But most people won't want to buy it."
However, Herbert Kleber, a psychiatrist and a White House
anti-drug official in the Bush administration, says low-potency
cocaine would not undercut criminal drug gangs because no one
would use it as an alternative.
Now a vice president of Columbia University's Center on
Addiction and Substance Abuse, Kleber calls the idea of a
cocaine substitute "scientifically naive," adding that it
"totally misunderstands the reason why people use and misuse
drugs."
Kleber compares the temptation of low-potency cocaine for
the uninitiated or the recovering addict with his experience
in quitting smoking.
"I smoked for 25 years and if i have just one, I'm back to
two packs a day," he said. "It's the same with low-dose co-
caine."
Dr. Andrew Weil of the University of Arizona medical school
disagrees.
He says the widespread chewing of coca leaves among Andean
peasants suggests that, in low dosages, cocaine is not addic-
tive.
Weil also says that the product is good for treating stomach
ailments and motion sickness.
"It's a shame that we've made disappear from our world a
form of a drug that has a whole bunch of benefits," Weil says.
Watered-down cocaine was common in turn-of-the-century Amer-
ica and Europe. Recently uncovered records in Scotland suggest
that Queen Victoria and her young house guest, Winston Churchill,
consumed cocaine-filled lozenges for sore throats and other
maladies contracted while staying at Balmoral Castle.
At the same time, cocaine was an ingredient of Coca-Cola and
several varieties of patent medicines sold in America. All that
changed in 1914 with the Harrison Act, which banned cocaine
without a prescription.
Drug-law defenders say cocaine was banned because it is
dangerously addictive.
"There are some genies you can't let out of teh bottle,"
Kleber says.
Low-potency cocaine differs from regular cocaine powder and
crack in terms of its purity level, and how fast and thoroughly
it alters brain chemistry.
According to Weil, the coca leaf chewed by peasant farmers
in Bolivia and Peru is half of 1 percent pure cocaine. By con-
trast, cocaine smuggled in by traffickers is 50 percent to 60
percent pure.
The effect of crack is even more intense because it is
smoked and its chemicals reach the brain in seconds. Cocaine
inhaled through the nose takes 30 minutes to be fully effec-
tive. Orally ingested cocaine in lozenges or gum takes an hour,
according to Kleber.
John Gregich of the White House Office of National Drug
Control Policy argues that "the notion you can create a safe
stimulant out of something as addictive as cocaine doesn't
match our experience."
Still, the University of Arizona's Weil notes that decades
of tough law enforcement measures against drug traffickers and
dealers have "made worse what we want to make better, destroying
the peasant society of South America and creating the crack
culture in American cities."
***** ***** ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
back beneath the waves
D o l p h i n R e x
/s\
=============================================================================
From: Anonymous <nobody@nowhere>
Subject: Intranasal Cocaine Administration
insofar as cocaine use is concerned, i have - after many years of
foolishly self-destructive behavior - discovered a very nice way
to do coke. take a nasal decongestant sprayer bottle, empty it.
take a small amount of powdered cocaine - 1/4 to 1/2 a gram - and
dissolve it in maybe a cubic inch of water. add a drop or two of
vodka or other ethanol. stir it. the cocaine dissolves into the
water, leaving the cut(s) on the bottom, a side benefit i didn't
originally anticipate. pour the solution - a 7% solution, if i may
offer a nickname - into yon vile vial, and apply to your nasal
cavities, judiciously.
if overfilled, you will get a jet of solution. otherwise, you get a
nice mix of solution and air in a mist that dissolves easily into
your nasal passages, with consequent bodily effects approximately
equivalent to a cup of coffee. this is advantageous for many, many
reasons ...
(a) no waste. you get exactly what your body can absorb, and
no crumbs clinging to your nasal passages and falling down
your front. you don't get so much that the effect borders
on toxicity, as you do when doing lines. and you can make
a 1/2 gram last up to a week, in this fashion.
(b) no paraphernalia. this fits nicely into a night bag with
toothbrush or toothpaste, and is bust-free, in the car, on
one's person, at one's desk, or crossing international
borders. no razors, no straws, no mirrors, no 'bullets' or
little brown vials waiting to fall out of your pocket.
(c) no addictive sequence. it's much easier to forego tooting
when using at this level, and put it aside for the night,
instead of staying up 'til the wee hours. and it combines
with being productive about the same way that coffee does.
( i have also applied small amounts of methamphetamine in
this fashion, with similar low-impact effects. )
It's really a shame that the Establishment doesn't apply itself to teaching
people how to use drugs intelligently and creatively, since, clearly, such
paths to competence and maturity exist. If I had known ten years ago what I
have learned through much reading and thinking, I would have saved myself a
lot of money, and, more importantly, a lot of grief and self-destructive
behavior which I have, fortunately, survived.
Please perpetuate this information as widely as possible, the better to teach
people how to avoid addictive behavioral sequences while continuing to explore
the realms of awareness in a mature and thoughtful manner.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cocainesyn.drg
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From: jmt0165@u.cc.utah.edu (Jon Taylor)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Cocaine Synthesis
Date: 18 Apr 1994 18:30:40 -0600
Message-ID: <2ov8ng$dg8@u.cc.utah.edu>
Enjoy!
-Jon
CUT HERE
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
Cocaine Synthesis
Scanned From _Recreational Drugs: A Complete Guide to Manufacturing_
COCAINE
Although this drug is categorized as a local anesthetic, I have chosen
to put it in with the hallucinogens because of the psycho- tomimetic
effects that it produces. Cocaine is not a phenylethyl- amine, but it
produces central nervous system arousal or stimulant effects which
closely resemble those of the amphetamines, the
methylenedioxyamphetamines in particular. This is due to the inhibition
by cocaine of re-uptake of the norepinepherine released by the
adrenergic nerve terminals, leading to an enhanced adrenergic
stimulation of norepinephrine receptors. The increased sense of well
being and intense, but short lived, euphoric state produced by cocaine
requires frequent administration.
Cocaine does not penetrate the intact skin, but is readily absorbed from
the mucus membranes, creating the need to snort it. This accounts for
the ulceration of the nasal septum after cocaine has been snorted for
long periods.
The basic formula for cocaine starts by purchasing or making tropinone,
converting the tropinone into 2-carbomethoxytropinone (also known as
methyl-tropan-3-one-2-carboxylate), reducing this to ecgonine, and
changing that to cocaine. Sounds easy? It really is not very simple, but
with Reagan's new drug policies, cracking down on all of the drug
smuggling at the borders, this synthetic cocaine may be the source of
the future. This synthesis is certainly worth performing with the high
prices that cocaine is now commanding. As usual, I will start with the
precursors and intermediates leading up to the product.
Succindialdehyde. This can be purchased, too. 23.2 g of
succinaldoxime powder in 410 ml of 1 N sulfuric acid and add dropwise
with stirring at 0¡ a solution of 27.6 g of sodium nitrite in 250 ml of
water over 3 hours. After the addition, stir and let the mixture rise to
room temp for about 2 hours, taking care not to let outside air into the
reaction. Stir in 5 g of Ba carbonate and filter. Extract the filtrate
with ether and dry, evaporate in vacuo to get the succindialdehyde. This
was taken from JOC, 22, 1390 (1957). To make succinaldoxime, see JOC,
21, 644 (1956).
Complete Synthesis of Succindialdehyde. JACS, 68, 1608 (1946). In a 2
liter 3 necked flask equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser, and an
addition funnel, is mixed 1 liter of ethanol, 67 g of freshly distilled
pyrrole, and 141 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Heat to reflux until
dissolved, add 106 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate in small portions as
fast as reaction will allow. Reflux for 24 hours and filter the mixture.
Evaporate the filtrate to dryness under vacuo. Take up the residue in
the minimum amount of boiling water, decolorize with carbon, filter and
allow to recrystallize in refrigerator. Filter to get product and
concentrate to get additional crop. Yield of succinaldoxime powder is a
little over 40 g, mp is 171-172¡.
5.8 g of the above powder is placed in a beaker of 250 ml capacity and
54 ml of 10% sulfuric acid is added. Cool to 0¡ and add in small
portions of 7 g of sodium nitrite (if you add the nitrite too fast,
nitrogen dioxide fumes will evolve). After the dioxime is completely
dissolved, allow the solution to warm to 20¡ and effervescence to go to
completion. Neutralize the yellow solution to litmus by adding small
portions of barium carbonate. Filter off the barium sulfate that
precipitates. The filtrate is 90% pure succindialdehyde and is not
purified further for the reaction to create tropinone. Do this procedure
3 more times to get the proper amount for the next step, or multiply the
amounts given by four and proceed as described above.
Take the total amount of succinaldehyde (obtained from 4 of the above
syntheses combined) and without further treatment or purification (this
had better be 15.5 g of succindialdehyde) put into an Erlenmeyer flask
of 4-5 liters capacity. Add 21.6 g of methylamine hydrochloride, 46.7 g
of acetonedicarboxylic acid, and enough water to make a total volume of
2 liters. Adjust the pH to 8-10 by slowly adding a saturated solution of
disodium phosphate. The condensate of this reaction (allow to set for
about 6 days) is extracted with ether, the ethereal solution is dried
over sodium sulphate and distilled, the product coming over at 113¡ at
25 mm of pressure is collected. Upon cooling, 14 g of tropinone
crystallizes in the pure state. Tropinone can also be obtained by
oxidation of tropine with potassium dichromate, but I could not find the
specifics for this operation.
2-Carbomethoxytropinone. A mixture of 1.35 g of sodium methoxide (this
is sodium in a minimum amount of methanol), 3.5 g of tropinone, 4 ml of
dimethylcarbonate and 10 ml of toluene is refluxed for 30 min. Coo] to
0¡ and add 15 ml of water that contains 2.5 g of ammonium chloride.
Extract the solution after shaking with four 50 ml portions of
chloroform, dry, evaporate the chloroform in vacuo. Dissolve the oil
residue in 100 ml of ether, wash twice with a mixture of 6 ml of
saturated potassium carbonate and three ml of 3 N KOH. Dry and evaporate
in vacuo to recover the unreacted tropinone. Take up the oil in a
solution of aqueous ammonium chloride and extract with chloroform, dry,
and evaporate in vacuo to get an oil. The oil is dissolved in hot
acetone, cool, and scratch inside of flask with glass rod to precipitate
2- carbomethoxytropinone. Recrystallize 16 g of this product in 30 ml of
hot methyl acetate and add 4 ml of cold water and 4 ml of acetone. Put
in freezer for 2l/2 to 3 hours. Filter and wash the precipitate with
cold methyl acetate to get pure product.
Methylecgonine. 0.4 mole of tropinone is suspended in 80 ml of ethanol
in a Parr hydrogenation flask (or something that can take 100 psi and
not react with the reaction, like stainless steel or glass). 10 g of
Raney Nickle is added with good agitation (stirring or shaking) followed
by 2- 3 ml of 20% NaOH solution. Seal vessel, introduce 50 psi of
hydrogen atmosphere (after flushing vessel with hydrogen) and heat to
40-50¡. After no more uptake of hydrogen (pressure gauge will hold
steady after dropping to its lowest point) bleed off pressure and filter
the nickle off, rinse out bottle with chloroform and use this rinse to
rinse off the nickle while still on the filter paper. Make the filtrate
basic with KOH after cooling to 10¡. Extract with chloroform dry, and
evaporate the chloroform in vacuo to get an oil. Mix the oil plus any
precipitate with an equal volume of dry ether and filter. Add more dry
ether to the filtrate until no more precipitate forms, filter and add to
the rest of the precipitate. Recrystallize from isopropanol to get pure
methylecgonine. Test for activity. If active, skip down to the step for
cocaine. If not active, proceed as follows. Stir with activated carbon
for 30 min, filter, evaporate in vacuo, dissolve the brown liquid in
methanol, and neutralize with 10% HCI acid in dry ether. Evaporate the
ether until the two layers disappear, and allow to stand for 2 hours at
0¡ to precipitate the title product. There are many ways to reduce
2-carbomethoxytropinone to methylecgonine. I chose to design a Raney
Nickle reduction because it is cheap and not as suspicious as LAH and it
is much easier than zinc or sodium amalgams.
Cocaine. 4.15 g of methylecgonine and 5.7 g of benzoic anhydride in 150
ml of dry benzene are gently refluxed for 4 hours taking precaution
against H20 in the air (drying tube). Cool in an ice bath, acidify
carefully with hydrochloric acid, dry, and evaporate in a vacuum to get
a red oil which is treated with a little portion of isopropanoi to
precipitate cocaine.
As you can see, this is quite a chore. The coca leaves give ecgonine,
which as you can see, is only a Jump away from cocaine. If you can get
egconine, then dissolve 8l/2 g of it in 100 ml of ethanol and pass
(bubble) dry HC1 gas through this solution for 30 min. Let cool to room
temp and let stand for another 11/2 hours. Gently reflux for 30 min and
evaporate in vacuo. Basify the residue oil with NaOH and filter to get
8.4 g of methylecgonine, which is converted to cocaine as in the cocaine
step above.
Below is given a somewhat easier method of producing tropinone by the
general methods of Willstatter, who was instrumental in the first
synthetic production of cocaine and several other alkaloids. After
reviewing this method, I found it to be simpler than the above in many
respects.
Tropinone. 10 g of pyrrolidinediethyl diacetate are heated with 10 g of
cymene and 2 g of sodium powder, the reaction taking place at about
160¡. During the reaction (which is complete in about 10 min) the temp
should not exceed 172¡. The resulting reaction product is dissolved in
water, then saturated with potassium carbonate, and the oil, which
separates, is boiled with dilute sulfuric acid. 2.9 g of tropinone
picrate forms and is filtered.
Here are two more formulas devised by Willstatter that produce tropinone
from tropine. Take note of the yield differences.
Tropinone. To a solution of 25 g tropine, dissolved in 10 times its
weight of 20% sulfuric acid are added 25 g of a 4% solution of potassium
permanganate in 2 or 3 g portions over 45 min while keeping the temp at
10-12¡. The addition of permanganate will cause heat (keep the temp
10-12¡) and precipitation of manganese dioxide. The reaction mixture is
complete in I hour. A large excess of NaOH is added and the reaction is
steam distilled until I liter of distillate has been collected. The
tropinone is isolated as the dibenzal compound by mixing the distillate
with 40 g of benzaldehyde in 500 cc of alcohol and 40 g of 10% sodium
hydroxide solution. Let stand several days to get dibenzaltropinone as
yellow needles. Yield: 15.5 g, 28%. Recrystallize from ethanol to
purify.
Tropinone. A solution of 12 g of chromic acid in the same amount of
water (12 g) and 60 g of glacial acetic acid is added dropwise with
stirring over a period of 4 hours to a solution of 25 g of tropine in
500 cc of glacial acetic acid that has been warmed to 60-70¡ and is
maintained at this temp during the addition. Heat the mixture for a
short time on a steam bath until all the chromic acid has disappeared,
cool and make strongly alkaline with NaOH. Extract with six 500 cc
portions of ether and evaporate the ether in vacuo to get an oil that
crystallizes readily. Purify by converting to the picrate or
fractionally distill, collecting the fraction at 224-225¡ at 714 mm
vacuo.
The tropinones can be used in the above formula (or in a formula that
you have found elsewhere) to be converted to cocaine. Remember to
recrystallize the 2-carbomethoxytropinone before converting to
methylecgonine.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/coleus.drg
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Date: Wed, 25 May 1994 17:41:35 CDT
From: <U17527@uicvm.uic.edu>
Message-ID: <94145.174135U17527@uicvm.uic.edu>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: common everyday coleus
didn't see my previous post, so if this is redundant please forgive me.
The following entry was included in a book called "recreationsal drugs."
"When psilocybin mushrooms are in short supply, and users are willing
to settle for a milder but similar mind excursion, they sometimes turn
to the coleus plant, particularly the species coleus blumei and coleus
pumila. the mazatec indians of southern mexico have been tripping on this
psychedelic mint for years.
It takes about fifty to severnty large, colorful leaves of the coleus
plant to get someone going. They can be chewed thoroughly and swallowed.
If one prefers, the leaves can also be smoked and steeped in lukewarm water for
for about an hour, after which the liquid is strained and drunk.
No one is exactly sure what gives coleus its psychoactive kick, but we do
know that only fresh leaves will work. Dried leaves have virtually no
effect.
While the drug has no really unpleasant or dangerous side effects, some
people do feel a degree of nausea about a half hour after getting it down
But the nausea goes away quickly and is soon replaced by a trippy,
psilocybin-like state, colorful visual hallucinations and patterns, and
telepathic and clairvoyant insights. The entire trip lasts for about
two hours.
Coleus plants can be purchased legally at most garden centers. Thos with
green thumbs, who aren't too stoned to exercise them, might purchase
some seeds to grow their own."
has anyone done any experimentation with the coleus plant?
glen
=============================================================================
From: masc0270@ucssun1.sdsu.edu (Christopher Hooten)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: coleus -- hallucinogenic?
Date: 25 May 1994 22:46:17 GMT
Message-ID: <2s0kfp$rve@pandora.sdsu.edu>
[quoted text deleted -cak]
I bet you read this in _Recreational Drugs_, didn't you? A FOAF
tried this by steeping the leaves in warm water, and drinking it.
There was little or no effect. However, the same book above lists
that the chemistry may be very similar between coleus and salvia
divinorum (diviner's sage). I have heard you should crush up the
leaves and put them in the side of your mouth for about 15 minutes
to let it soak through your lips and gums (with the salvia divinorum),
so possibly this method might work for the coleus as well. If
anyone tries this, please post the results.
-- Chris
=============================================================================
From: cddugan@ouray.Denver.Colorado.EDU (chris dugan)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: Salvia Divinoram
Date: 26 May 1994 06:40:03 GMT
Message-ID: <2s1g83$ojt@carbon.denver.colorado.edu>
Alan L. Bostick (abostick@netcom.com) wrote:
: Jody_Radzik@morph.com (Jody Radzik) writes:
: >I just read that this common houseplant has hallucinogenic properties?
: >Does anyone know about this and if so could you share it with us? Thanx.
: From GROWING THE HALLUCINOGENS - HOW TO CULTIVATE AND HARVEST LEGAL
: PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS by Hudson Grubber (20th Century Alchemist, dist. by
: And/Or Press; Copyright 1973 20th Century Alchemist):
: "PIPILTZINTZINTLI
: _Salvina_divinorum_ Epling & Jativa;
: Mint family (Labiatae)
: "A woody perennial herb 4 to 6 feet tall with square, hollow stems. The
: leaves are dark green, 6 to 8 inches long, with toothed edges. The flowers
: are blue of white on spikes. Only found cultivated by sorcerors in an
: isolated area in southern Mexico.
: "CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION: It is propagated in much the same manner as
: coleus. It needs a loose, rich soil. It is best grown as a tub plant
: and brought indoors when the weather begins to cool. It may be grown
: outdoors in frost-free areas. This salvia is generally grown from cuttings,
: but I know of one instance in which it was grown from seed. The seed should
: be germinated in the same way as coleus. Cuttings should be taken in
: spring, after the plant has had a lot of sun. Cut 1/2-inch below a node and
: root in no more than an inch of water. A pinch of rootone may be added to
: the water and shaken well to dissolve it. This will help prevent stem
: rot and will stimulate rooting. When the roots are 1/4-inch long, the
: cutting should be potted. Longer roots may be damaged. Plant in a 2-inch
: pot with good potting soil. Grows rapidly after the roots are established.
: I have found that this plant is susceptible to stem rot, if over-watered.
: It is often attacked by aphids, white flies, spider mites and mealy-bugs.
: "HARVESTING: Harvesting the leaves for use as a hallucinogen should not
: be attempted until one has at least four one-year-old plants. An equal
: number of leaves should be harvested from each plant so that the shock to
: one plant will not be great. Dosage may vary; begin with 10-20 fresh
: leaves. Fresh leaves are used, as the active principle is believed to
: be unstable. Considering the rarity of the plant, the leaves should be
: chewed, because when the juices are expressed much of the active
: principle is wasted."
: It does not sound from this as if this is a "common household plant."
: This is the complete entry on the plant from this source. Nothing about
: effects or chemistry, unfortunately.
: Alan Bostick
: abostick@netcom.com
Here is the entry under "Pipilzintzintli" in "Legal Highs: A
concise encyclopedia of legal herbs and chemicals with psychoactive
properties" by 20th Century Alchemist, High Times/Level Press, 1973.
MATERIAL: Leaves of plant found in southern Mexico. Also used for same
effect are leaves of Coleus blumei and Coleus pumila, common house plants.
USAGE: About 70 large fresh leaves are thoroughly chewed and swallowed
or crushed and soaked in 1 pt. water for 1 hr., strained and drunk. If
osterizer is available leaves may be liquefied in water.
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS: Uncertain, believed to be an unstable crystalline
polyhydric alcohol.
EFFECTS: Similar to psilocybin with colorful vsiual patterns, but milder
and lasting only 2 hours.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Some people experience nausea during first half hour;
otherwise no unpleasant or harmful side effects known.
=============================================================================
From: Keith <keith@marlin.ssnet.com>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: coleus -- hallucinogenic?
Date: 26 May 1994 00:28:58 GMT
Message-ID: <2s0qga$keh@marlin.ssnet.com>
[quoted text deleted -cak]
At the risk of sounding very foolish, I will admit to having tried Coleus
tea about twenty years ago. The line at the time was that there were
uncharacterized polyols in the leaves responsible for the high. It
*could* have been entirely placebo, but I swear I experienced something
very similar to a mild psilocin dose. Angular repeating geometric
patterns on walls (if I looked for them) and the like. The dose you
mention is about what I tried and I only tried it once.
For what it is worth...
--keith
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: dash@netcom.com (David Ashley)
Subject: Cocaine story in Colombia (long)
Message-ID: <dashCJrorx.3A9@netcom.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 1994 09:23:56 GMT
A few years back I went on a trip down south through Mexico, Central America,
and then to Colombia and Ecuador. It was great fun, and a very rewarding
experience.
In Guatamala I met an English guy named Nigel that had been in Colombia. He
said that he had traveled from England, going to Brazil, then through
various countries, and ending up in Colombia. Nigel told me that along the
route he met locals that became his friends, and often they used Cocaine.
Nigel said he had been afraid of Cocaine, having been brought up in the
typical "drugs are bad" environment. He was afraid that if he tried it he'd
become addicted. Eventually he saw that although his friends used it, they were
not addicted. He tried it, and he liked it. He told me that he used it
daily for a couple of months. I asked him if it was hard to stop. He said it
wasn't.
Now I left him and I kept heading south. He told me of a place called the
Hotel Miramar in Santa Marta, Colombia. It's east from Cartegena. He said
it's a place where gringos can go and use cocaine, and not really be hassled.
Somewhere along my trip I decided I wanted to try cocaine if I had the
opportunity.
I made it to Colombia and ended up in Santa Marta. The Hotel Miramar was a
fantastic place because it's a gringo hangout. My spanish was decent but
I could never get close to the natives because it was too cumbersome
talking in their language, and very few Latins speak English. Colombia has
a reputation of being unsafe so not many tourists go there, so if you're
travelling around the country you feel like you're the only gringo.
So it was nice to meet up with other travellers in the Hotel Miramer. There
were people that stayed there for months or years, and then the others
that would come for just a day or two. I ended up staying there for a month.
I was waiting for mail from home, and also I was enjoying the company of
other travellers.
During this time I tried cocaine, and decided I liked it. I would snort the
cocaine only. I'd typically use it with other travellers, then a bunch of
people would get together and just talk or hang out. I'd usually start
using it in the early evening, continue over about a 6 hour period, then
I'd stop and go to sleep. I never used it as a pick-me-up in the morning.
I got in the habit of only using it when I already felt pretty good.
There were other people that used it a lot more--they would keep going for
more than a day or two. I thought this was silly because even though you
don't feel sleepy, you know your body wants to sleep, and I didn't want to
push it. Also there's not much point in using it for longer periods, as
the effect seems to diminish. I would build up a tolerance so that as the
time wore on I'd have to take it more and more frequently (over the 4 or 6
hour period in the evening). As I say, I'd usually be with other people when
using it and we'd sometimes go out in the night for walks. While in the Hotel
you feel perfectly safe using it, it's not a good idea to carry it around
town with you--you never know.
I figure that over the month I used the cocaine maybe 15 or 20 times. I liked
the feeling it gave me. It completely eliminates any feelings of inhibition,
so you feel comfortable talking about anything. You also feel fascinated
by what other people are saying, although I would prefer to talk. You feel
really good, like the cocaine is tickling your pleasure center. You feel
energetic. You wouldn't get hungry.
After a month I decided that the surroundings were getting stale, so I left
to go to a neighboring beach called Park Tayrona. It's a really beautiful
place and a lot of gringos hang out there as well. I didn't do any cocaine
while here but I didn't miss it either. There was no feeling of dependency.
Cocaine was more of something you did when it seemed like a good idea--not
because you felt you needed it. It was something that you'd use when you're
already having a good time--it would kick you up into the next level of
enjoyment.
There was immeasurable pot available also in Colombia. I used to smoke a
little but didn't really smoke enough to get over the munchy/can't concentrate
stage. Other people constantly smoked the stuff. I never really understood
the allure. I figured that the best time to use it was when you were hungry
and wanted the local food to taste like a king's banquet :^).
The only problems I had with the cocaine was frequent pain in my nose.
I was told this was because it wasn't pure, or that it was amphetamine and
not cocaine. Over my trip I tried cocaine many more times and it seemed
always a variable experience, depending on where I got it. Also my opinion
of what "good" cocaine was never matched anyone else's. One guy gave me some
of what he said was the best he had ever used in his life, and it had no
effect at all on me. I later decided that what I had called cocaine before
was some kind of amphetamine, and what this guy called cocaine was really
cocaine (pure), and that for some reason it didn't work on me. This guy
used to smoke it also (freebasing) and I tried that several times but never
once had any significant effect, although he was flying. After several
times when someone would tell me "try this, this is the best" and it did
nothing for me, I decided that the substance I had liked before was no
longer available and I stopped testing.
At no time did I ever feel any withdrawal symptoms. Also I never used it
every single day--I would stop for a day or two after each day or two of
use. And I never used it for a period longer than 6 hours.
I feel my experience with the drug hasn't been harmful at all. Instead it
destroyed a lot of myths I had absorbed in the United States culture. I
learned that the substance had absolutely no addictive qualities at all.
Then I decided that the biggest problem was since it was illegal down there
as well (at least if you got caught you'd have to pay a bribe to make the
cop go away) you never knew "exactly" what you were getting. The danger of
the drug was never the pure part but what you ended up getting that was
called "cocaine". I believe my experience with the cocaine has improved
me, and I believe everyone (provided they're adults) should have the same
option to experiment. The only improvement I could suggest would be fixing
the situation so you know what you're getting every time, instead of it
being a crap shoot.
Since Colombia is the source of this stuff, it's certainly going to be
cheaper. I never paid more than $4 or $5 a gram, and typically paid $3.
Of course I believe it wasn't quite as pure because I'd use a gram over
an evening, and from what I've heard about stuff in US that's A LOT. Since
Colombia I've never used any of the stuff. My thinking is I've heard prices
in the US are $100 per gram. At the time I was taking it I felt that it was
barely worth the $4 a gram. There's no way I'll pay 25 or 33 times what I
could get it for down there.
Pot was also much cheaper. I saw a guy buy perhaps a half pound for something
like $7.00. It's truly a weed, and isn't really illegal. Pot is so cheap you
never have to buy it--it just gets passed around by people that keep their
own supply.
Wages in Colombia are so low compared to wages here, the locals have to
pay almost the same proportion of their income to buy cocaine as Americans
would have to in the US. I never really saw any evidence of massive
drug addiction in Colombia. Almost 100% of the drug use seemed to be by the
gringos that were visiting.
I've decided that I believe drugs should be legalized. I believe that
we've all been victims of a horrible propaganda campaign. I believe
it would be much better if drugs were legalized, regulated (for purity), and
also perhaps taxed a little to cover costs of chronic abusers. I believe it
is a good idea to travel, because you find out interesting things, like
perhaps the USA isn't really as free as you might have thought. In Colombia
the police don't really care if you use illegal substances--they just use it
as an excuse to sweat a bribe out of you. They're not interested in throwing
you in jail, they just want some of your yanqui $$$. Yes, the system is
very, very corrupt.
Colombians were probably my favorite people. The country is beautiful and
the people are very friendly. Although Colombia has gotten a bad rap in
the news, this is unjust. While a few drug kingpins control a lot of the
politics in the country and are ruthless murderers, the Colombian people
are almost entirely very warm, intelligent, friendly people. It is truly
a great country.
When I came back up through Mexico and went through the border crossing at
Tijuana, I told the officer that I had just flown up from Cartegena, Colombia.
He then checked me out a little more thoroughly than he would have if I'd
only been in Mexico--he checked my drivers licence and then looked at my
backpack in the xray machine. I don't think he had me unpack it. But the
guy said that Colombia wasn't a good place, and the people were screwing
us over. His statement simply is not at all true.
One other interesting point: As I understand it if I'm outside the
US I am no longer bound by US laws, but must obey the laws of the country
I'm in--but that country enforces them and the US doesn't care anymore.
I was told by Germans that their laws are binding on them no matter where
they are. For example if they get caught in Colombia using drugs and are
punished there, the Colombian government will inform the German government,
and send them home, and when they get to Germany the German government will
then pushish them again. I thought this was rediculous.
--
David Ashley
dash@netcom.com
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mushrooms
first time, i was sitting painting trying to just ease into the unknown.
i kept on testing my mind for what was "different", as i tend to do. of
course i thought i was feeling everything when i was feeling not much.. i
was very much trying to control the situation. anyway i didn't really
"let go" the whole time, i felt far away, out of time, struggling. it
sucked. i couldn't say a word, could NOT express my thoughts, and this
sorta confused me.
the whole thing ended up having to do with talking, realising how shallow
it is and how everybody knows everything without talking, or something
like that.
second time was something else. i tried to control it as well, but then
i noticed this triangle on the ceiling from light and it was the first
time i ever "let" myself hallucinate.
that triangle became the central comfort zone i kept going back to, it
was like a mountain or something and was totally beautiful. we sat in
this room the whole time. i went through so much stuff, i cried a bunch
of times and it felt fucking great. i realised communicating was stupid,
and you don't trip "with" somebody (the person kept trying to pull me
into his thing, i kept trying to get him into mine) you are on your OWN,
and that is what is important. that trip was about being validated in
your own mind instead of trying to get it from other people.
i really got deep into myself. it was like changing channels though.
the person i was with changed faces a million times. i mean from
sinister and evil to dying and sickness to godlike, it was crazy. the
weirdest thing was towards the end, i was looking up at the triangle and
the whole trip turned BAD on me, totally, like a bad 60's movie. it was
like it DIED. everything that was beautiful turned ugly, and i kept
seeing it even when i closed my eyes and opened them again. i freaked
out and turned on the light in the room and realised i was AWARE of time,
it freaked me out, i couldn't stand it, because i COULD NOT COMMUNICATE
it to my partner. i calmed myself down by staring at the ugly bad stuff
and facing it, but after that everything seemed freaky like when i would
look at my friend he had these toothbrush bristles growing out of his
face. i stared them down and became him, communicating face to face,
trying to see if we were reading each other's minds or something. after
a while we ate and stared at clouds....it was weird.
-- rec.drugs.psychedelic
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/courts_d.jud
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From: rbrennan@aol.com (RBrennan)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: The Courts, the DEA, and Drugs
Date: 30 Dec 1994 19:09:32 -0500
Message-ID: <3e27fs$qrq@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
With all of the furor about the DEA online recently, I decided to
compile a short but interesting group of Federal Circuit Court of
Appeals & US Supreme Court decisions addressing the topic of how
the DEA runs operations. The following material contains excerpts
from various court opinions. The actual final legal disposition of
most of these cases as well as the substantive and procedural legal
attacks brought have been edited out. I would also like to point
out that the law changes frequently and may be interpreted
differently by different Federal Circuits and different judges, and
the following material does not necessarily reflect the current law
or the majority concensus. However, for what it's worth, it is
interesting to see how the DEA operates.
-RBrennan
"And you thought we had rights in this country!"
(Cite as: 476 U.S. 321, 106 S.Ct. 1871, 90 L.Ed.2d 299)
Thomas J. HENDERSON, Scott O. Thornton and Ruth Freedman,
Petitioners
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 84-1744.
Argued April 1, 1986.
Decided May 19, 1986.
**1873 POWELL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in
which BURGER, C.J., and REHNQUIST, STEVENS, and O'CONNOR, JJ.,
joined. WHITE, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BRENNAN,
MARSHALL, and BLACKMUN, JJ., joined, post, p. ---.
I
A jury convicted petitioners of charges arising out of
manufacture, possession, and distribution of controlled
substances.S *323 [FN1] The evidence at trial showed that in
February and April 1980 petitioner Henderson, under the alias
"Richard Martin," placed orders with a scientific supply company in
Ohio for chemicals that could be used in the manufacture of illegal
drugs. The orders attracted the attention of the Drug Enforcement
Agency. Agents obtained a warrant from a United States Magistrate,
authorizing installation of an electronic transmitter in one of the
chemical containers. Henderson drove from California to Ohio,
picked up the second order of chemicals on June 24, and headed
west. Agents lost the tracking signal despite their following by
both car and plane, only to receive it later in July from
petitioner Freedman's house near Watsonville, California. A search
pursuant to warrant on July 17 revealed an illicit drug factory.
The last of the codefendants, Peter Bell, was arraigned on
September 3, 1980.
FN1. The jury convicted all three petitioners of conspiracy to
manufacture and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine
and phenyl-2- propanone, see 21 U.S.C. s 846; petitioners Thornton
and Freedman of manufacture and possession with intent to
distribute of methamphetamine, see s 842(a)(1); and petitioner
Henderson of traveling interstate with intent to promote the
manufacture and possession of methamphetamine, see 18 U.S.C. s
1952(a)(3).
(Cite as: 27 F.3d 1035)
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Melvin Glenn NEAL, Ricky Clyde Duncan, Leslie Raymond Jones,
Clifford P.Sutherland, James Glen Pace, Evelyn Austin Graham,
Timothy Wade Green, Jacky Ronald Pace, Gilbert D. Smith, Jimmy
Wayne Joyce, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 90-1957.
United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
July 21, 1994.
Rehearing Denied Sept. 22, 1994.
Before GOLDBERG, HIGGINBOTHAM, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit
Judges.
EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:
Defendants Jacky Ronald Pace, James Glen Pace, Melvin Glenn
Neal, Ricky Clyde Duncan, Leslie Raymond Jones, Clifford P.
Sutherland, Evelyn Austin Graham, Timothy Wade Green, Gilbert D.
Smith, and Jimmy Wayne Joyce ("the Defendants") were jointly tried
and convicted of various offenses stemming from a conspiracy to
manufacture, possess, and distribute amphetamine. All ten
defendants were convicted of conspiring to manufacture, distribute,
or possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. ss 841(a)(1) and 846 (1988). [FN1] All ten
defendants now appeal their *1041 convictions. We affirm in part,
vacate in part, and remand in part.
FN1. Additionally, the jury found Jacky Pace guilty of one
count of aiding and abetting the manufacture of amphetamine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. ss 841(a)(1) and (2); one count of engaging
in a continuing criminal enterprise, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s
848; multiple counts of investing income derived from a drug
conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s 854; one count of aiding
and abetting interstate travel in furtherance of a drug conspiracy,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. ss 1952 and 2; and one count of
conspiring to impede the Internal Revenue Service, in violation of
18 U.S.C. s 371. James Glen Pace was convicted of multiple counts
of investing income derived from a drug conspiracy, one count of
conspiring to impede the Internal Revenue Service, and one count of
using a communication facility to facilitate the conspiracy to
manufacture amphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s 843(b). Neal
was found guilty of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise,
multiple counts of investing income derived from a drug conspiracy,
and conspiring to impede the Internal Revenue Service. The jury
convicted Duncan of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise,
investing income derived from a drug conspiracy, aiding and
abetting interstate travel in furtherance of a drug conspiracy, and
conspiring to impede the Internal Revenue Service. Smith was found
guilty of five counts of investing income derived from a drug
conspiracy and one count of aiding and abetting interstate travel
in furtherance of a drug conspiracy.
I
In 1984 and 1985, Jacky Pace operated an extensive conspiracy
to distribute amphetamine. At varying points throughout the
conspiracy's existence, Pace recruited the other Defendants into
his organization. Pace also established a network of phony
corporations ("the JRP group") to purchase the chemicals and
equipment necessary to manufacture amphetamine and to launder the
money he received from his amphetamine operations. Agents of the
Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") and the Texas Department of
Public Safety ("TDPS") apparently learned of Pace's involvement in
the amphetamine trade through surveillance of Metroplex Chemicals,
a Dallas business that supplied chemicals and glassware to
amphetamine manufacturers.
In June 1987, the government brought a forty-three count
indictment charging thirty-one persons with various offenses
arising out of their participation in Pace's amphetamine
distribution ring. The case proceeded to trial in May 1989, but
the district court declared a mistrial because of excessive
publicity. In October 1989, the case again proceeded to trial, and
the jury returned with its guilty verdicts in September 1990.
Cite as: 16 F.3d 1223
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Bud RIGGINS and Donald McVean, Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 93-5075, 93-5076.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Before: GUY and SILER, Circuit Judges; and CHURCHILL, Senior
District Judge. [FN*]
PER CURIAM.
**1 After a jury trial, defendants were convicted of
conspiracy and attempt to manufacture a controlled substance, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. s 846, as well as possession of triple-neck
round-bottom flasks with intent to manufacture a controlled
substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s 843(a)(6). Defendants filed
a post-trial Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal, which the
district court granted. The government now challenges the court's
decision. Finding that a reasonable jury could have concluded that
defendants' conduct satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, the
elements of the charged offenses, we reverse and remand.
I.
In May 1991, Bud Riggins placed an order for ten kilograms of
isosafrole and twenty liters of methanol with Eastman Fine
Chemicals ("Eastman") of Rochester, New York. For numerous
reasons, Riggins's isosafrole order aroused the suspicion of
Richard Hapeman, Eastman's manager of quality assurance. For
instance, isosafrole was, at the time, a chemical found on the
DEA's " 'watch list,' an informal list of chemicals often used
illegally which is published to suppliers." [FN1] In addition, the
order was far larger than standard orders, which typically do not
exceed one kilogram. Hapeman also noted that Riggins did not
appear to be using a business address, and that the business
Riggins had listed, Logan Ag Lab & Supply, had never before placed
an order with Eastman. Furthermore, Riggins initially informed
Hapeman that he wanted the chemicals shipped COD, a request that
Hapeman could not honor given company policy. That Riggins would
decide to initiate dealings with Eastman at that point seemed
particularly strange to Hapeman, especially since, as Hapeman
surmised, Riggins could have sought out other suppliers that were
not only geographically closer to him, but also could offer a
better price.
Dubious as to Riggins's intentions, Hapeman sought and
obtained Riggins's written assurance that the chemicals would not
be used in any food or drug or in a residential setting. Hapeman
also contacted the DEA, notifying the agency as to his suspicions.
The case was then referred to the DEA office in Louisville,
Kentucky. Louisville DEA agents contacted the DEA laboratory in
Chicago and were informed that isosafrole is a precursor to the
manufacture of 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ("MDA"), a schedule
I hallucinogen under 21 U.S.C. s 812.
After getting confirmation from Eastman that Riggins had
indeed placed the order in question, Louisville DEA Agent Gary
Tennant decided to make a controlled delivery of the chemicals.
Although a perusal of the local phone book did not reveal a phone
number for either Riggins or the Logan Ag Lab & Supply Company,
Tennant did manage to find a number to call by consulting various
shipping documents. The individual who answered the call, "Don,"
instructed that the delivery be made to an airplane hanger on
Riggins's farm in Logan County, Kentucky.
After the isosafrole package had been equipped with a beeper
transmitting device, a delivery for the full amount under Riggins's
order took place on June 10, 1991. A person identifying himself as
Clarence Gamble [FN2] accepted the delivery. As the delivery was
being made, Tennant noticed a "distinctive chemical smell," which
he associated with acetic anhydride, a substance used in the
production of amphetamines. The DEA continued their surveillance
of the area for nearly 40 hours.
**2 On June 11, 1991, the DEA, accompanied by state and local
police, executed a search of the hanger and the surrounding area.
As the investigators arrived on the scene, Riggins remarked:
"[Y]ou are here about them chemicals ain't you." (App. 234.) He
then informed the agents that he had removed the isosafrole and
methanol from the hanger to a residence on the property. At the
time, the residence, though owned by Riggins, was occupied by
Donald McVean, a friend and business associate of Riggins. During
the search of the hanger, DEA Agent Arnold Fitzgerald, much as
Tennant had done the day before, noticed the smell of acetic
anhydride. [FN3] The search did, in fact, uncover acetic anhydride
as well as hydrobromic acid and 11 marijuana plants. Perhaps as
revealing as what the agents did find was what they did not find:
"There was no evidence found indicating the existence of a
legitimate chemical business. "There was no evidence of the
presence of fire safety equipment or use of safety storage
principles."
The agents also searched Riggins's pick-up truck, which was
parked outside the hanger. In the back seat, they found a book
entitled "Drug Manufacturing for Fun and Profit." While the book
did not include a recipe for MDA, it did devote a chapter to the
manufacture of dimethyltryptomine, or "DMT," a controlled substance
manufactured in much the same way as MDA.
The most plentiful source of evidence turned out to be
Riggins's residence, located in a large clearing at a "considerable
distance from any other building" on the farm. While the agents
left the premises to secure a search warrant for the residence,
McVean was permitted to remain inside unattended for approximately
30 to 40 minutes. When the agents returned, [FN4] and immediately
upon entering the residence, Tennant and Fitzgerald detected "a
very pungent and strong smell of ether." [FN5]
A thorough search ensued after the agents ventilated the
residence. In the living room, the agents noted the following
"scattered about" items: Isosafrole--(10) 1 kilogram bottles--full;
(2) 500 milliliter bottles--full and 1/2 full Methanol--(1) 20
liter metal can--full Ethyl Alcohol--(2) 4 liter bottles--full and
1/2 full Sulfuric Acid--(1) 6 1/2 liter bottle--full and (1) 2 1/2
liter bottle-- 1/2 full Hydrogen Peroxide 30%--(5) 500 milliliter
bottles--full; (1) 4 liter glass bottle-- 1/2 full Ethyl Ether
(EM)--(10) 1 liter bottles--(9) full; (1) 1/2 full Ethyl Ether
(Fischer)--(1) 4 liter bottle-- 1/2 full Alumina Activated--(1) 2
1/2 liter bottle--full Toluene--(1) 4 liter bottle--full Formic
Acid 88%--(4) 4 liter plastic bottles--3 1/4 full Formic Acid--(2)
2/5 liter plastic bottles--full Aluminum Metal--(2) 500 milligram
plastic bottles--full Isopropyl 70%--(12) 1 pint bottles--full
(Wal-Mart brand) Isatoic Anhydride--(1) 500 gram bottles--full
Muriatic Acid--(1) 1 gallon plastic bottle--full **3 Chromium
Trioxide--(1) 1 liter bottle--full Sodium Acetate--(1) 25 pound
plastic bottle The agents also discovered (3) 3,000 milliliter
single neck flasks; (1) 1,000 milliliter single neck flask; and
(1) hot plate.
In addition to a Lyman 500 scale, an Ohaus GT 8000 scale and
(2) lab thermometers, a search of the kitchen yielded: Acetone
[FN6] Phosphoric Acid--(1) 2 1/2 liter bottle-- 3/4 full
Raney-Nickel [FN7]--(5) 100 gram metal containers--full (stored in
refrigerator) Chromium Trioxide--(1) 500 gram bottle-- 1/2 full
Inositol [FN8] Empty Gelatine Capsules [FN9]--(2) plastic zip lock
bags containing approximately 420
In a first floor bedroom, the agents found a computer that was
in the process of printing out documents. These documents, Riggins
and McVean contend, were catalogs that they had intended to send to
companies in the chemical supply industry. A search of another
bedroom netted the agents a loaded .38 caliber Smith & Wesson
revolver. The revolver was found on a night stand beside a bed.
McVean apparently had been using the room as his sleeping area.
The agents also searched the attic. The items found there
were particularly noteworthy because they had been concealed behind
a sheet of plywood. Once McVean found out that the hiding place
had been discovered, he said: "[O]h, shit." [FN10] The attic is
where the agents located Riggins's and McVean's most sizable cache:
Hydrochloric Acid--(1) 2 1/2 liter bottle-- 3/4 full Potassium
Dichromate Merk--(1) 1 pound container--full Ethyl Alcohol--(1) 4
liter bottle-- 1/10 full Acetic Acid, Glacial--(1) 2 1/2 liter
bottle--full Ethyl Acetate--(1) 4 liter bottle-- 3/4 full
Formamide--(1) 1 quart bottle--full Diethyl Malonate--(1) 2
kilogram bottle-- 1/2 full Phenylacetaldehyde--(2) 250 gram
bottles-- 3/4 full each 1-Bromoethyl Benzene--(1) 100 gram bottle--
1/2 full N-Butyl Chloride--(1) 4 liter bottle--full Nitric
Acid--(2) 2 1/2 liter bottles--full Titrant Standard Potassium
Hydroxide Alcoholic--(2) 500 ML bottle--full Isosafrole--(3) 250
gram bottles--full Isonitrosoproprophenone--(4) 1/2 quart
bottles--full Magnesium metal--(6) 500 gram bottles--full Unknown
liquid--(1) 4 liter bottle-- 1/4 full Potassium Permanganate--(2)
500 gram bottles--full Pyridine--(1) 1 one liter bottle-- 1/4 full
Phenylacetyl--(4) 100 gram bottles-- 3/4 full Toluidine--(1) 500
gram bottle--full Acetyl Acetone--(2) 500 milliliter bottles--full
Carbon Tetrachloride--(1) 500 milliliter bottle--full
Phenylacetonitrile--(1) 1 kilogram bottle--full Methyl Iodide--(1)
100 milliliter bottle--full Chromium Trioxide--(1) 500 gram
bottle--full The attic also produced the following paraphernalia:
[FN11] (3) 5,000 milliliter triple neck flasks, (3) 3,000
milliliter triple neck flasks, (4) 4,000 milliliter Pyrex beakers,
(1) heating mantel (100 ml.), [FN12] separatory funnels, graduated
cylinders, and condensers.
**4 In March 1992, on the strength of the evidence obtained as
a result of the searches detailed above, a federal grand jury
returned a seven-count indictment naming Riggins and McVean as
defendants. Specifically, the indictment listed several counts
relating directly to the defendants' alleged MDA operation,
including: conspiracy [FN13] (Count 1) and attempt [FN14] (Count
2) to manufacture MDA, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s 846; and
possession of triple-neck round-bottom flasks with intent to
manufacture MDA, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s 843(a)(6) [FN15]
(Count 5). The indictment also contained two firearm charges: the
use and carrying of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. s 924(c)
(Count 3); and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon,
[FN16] in violation of 18 U.S.C. s 922(g)(1) & (2) (Count 4).
Finally, the indictment charged Riggins with two other drug-related
offenses: manufacturing marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. s 841
(Count 6); and possession with intent to distribute marijuana, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. s 841(a)(1) (Count 7).
At trial, defendants attempted to portray their operation as
a legitimate chemical supply and produce business, not an illicit
drug manufacturing center. Testimony given during the trial
established that the government tested samples of 10 out of the 41
substances found as a result of the search. The government's
chemist, Odest Washington, opined that Riggins's farm provided an
ideal setting for a clandestine laboratory because it was well
hidden by trees. As to the chemicals found on the farm, Washington
testified that eight of them could have been used to manufacture
MDA: isosafrole, formamide, formic acid, sulfuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, toluidine, acetone, and
methanol.
Although virtually all of the ingredients to make MDA were
thus present, Washington noted that several pieces of laboratory
equipment vital to the manufacturing process were not. For
instance, the government's search of Riggins's farm did not turn up
a rheostat, a device for regulating temperature. In addition, the
agents could not locate ring stands, clamps, or other apparatus
designed to hold the equipment during synthesis. Finally,
Washington observed that the heating mantle found in the attic of
Riggins's residence would not have fit the 3,000 or 5,000
millimeter flasks that were also found in the attic.
At the close of the government's case and again, at the close
of all the proof, defendants moved for a judgment of acquittal
pursuant Fed.R.Crim.P. 29. On both occasions, the district court
denied defendants' motions. Subsequently, the jury returned a not
guilty verdict against Riggins on Counts 4, 6, and 7. The jury
did, however, convict both defendants on Counts 1, 2, and 5, and
McVean on Count 4. [FN17]
(Cite as 8 F.3d 316)
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Karl HOFSTATTER (92-1836) and Michael Griffor (92-1805),
Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 92-1805/1836.
United States Court of Appeals,
Sixth Circuit.
Argued June 17, 1993.
Decided Sept. 28, 1993 [FN1].
I
In May of 1989 the Drug Enforcement Administration received
information from a chemical company in Connecticut that a
suspicious order had been received from "JAH Company," of Ann
Arbor, Michigan, for the chemical phenylpropanolamine.
The DEA subsequently monitored numerous purchases of precursor
chemicals by defendants Hofstatter and Griffor, ostensibly acting
on behalf of JAH or "Robert Kaye and Company." On one occasion
defendant Griffor was found to have used the name "Michael Edwards"
in picking up a shipment of ephedrine.
On June 20, 1991, agents of the DEA executed a warrant to search
the premises at 712 and 715 East Kingsley, in Ann Arbor, *320 where
the defendants had gone after one of their pickups of chemicals.
At 712 East Kingsley the agents found laboratory equipment and
supplies, including vacuum flasks and a turkey baster, along with
written records of experiments involving the manufacture of
methylcathinone, an analogue of the controlled substance
methamphetamine. In a box with chemicals and equipment was a
notebook detailing the experiments. One entry in the notebook read
as follows: "let some sit for 3 days (less smell) closer to
amphed." Another read "took first sample at 8:00 pm--quality:
(all est. from - 1--+ 10) euphoria (7), speed (6), conversation
(8), smell (2) [FN*] taste (1), jones (4) (one being no jones)."
Taped to the inside covers of the notebook were photographs of Mr.
Griffor and his dogs. Also seized were personal papers of Mr.
Hofstatter and address books containing names of chemical supply
companies and various chemical formulae. In a kitchen freezer
agents found more than a kilogram of phenylpropanolamine solution.
Elsewhere in the house they found chemicals needed for the
manufacture of methylcathinone, cathinone, 4-methylaminorex, and
n-methyl-4-methylaminorex.
There was no toluene (a solvent widely used in making such
substances), but, as noted above, there was evidence that toluene
had been used.
FN* A note connected to the rating for "smell" read as
follows: "smells as if we did not get all of toluene out but K
insists that we did. I am going to reclean some and find out."
Mr. Griffor's automobile, which had been used the day before to
pick up ephedrine, was parked in the driveway of 715 East Kingsley.
The automobile was also searched. Inside the car were found two
bags containing personal papers, notebooks, and envelopes in the
name of Mr. Hofstatter. The documents described "khat" (an East
African plant containing cathinone) and methylaminorex (a drug also
known as "rex" or "U4euh," a homophone of euphoria). Formulae for
the manufacture of methylcathinone were found in the car, as was a
Federal Register notice indicating that methylaminorex was to be
scheduled as a controlled substance by the DEA.
The defendants were indicted on charges of conspiracy to possess
listed chemicals with intent to manufacture controlled substances
and controlled substance analogues (count one); possession of
listed chemicals with intent to manufacture controlled substance
analogues and controlled substances (counts two as to Griffor,
three as to Hofstatter, and four, five, and six); conspiracy to
open or maintain a place for the purpose of manufacturing
controlled substance analogues and controlled substances (count
seven), and endangering human life while attempting to manufacture
a controlled substance illegally (count eight as to Hofstatter).
DEA chemist Terry Dal Cason determined that the seized documents
contained 23 iterations of the formula for manufacturing
methylcathinone. Cason testified at trial that the defendants had
the chemicals and the know-how necessary to manufacture
methylcathinone, cathinone, 4-methylaminorex, and
n-methyl-4-methylaminorex. Cason also testified that
methylcathinone has a chemical structure substantially similar to
that of the controlled substance methamphetamine; that cathinone
has a chemical structure substantially similar to that of
amphetamine, which is likewise a controlled substance; that 4-
methylaminorex is a controlled substance; and that
-methyl-4-methylaminorex has a chemical structure substantially
similar to that of 4-methylaminorex.
DEA Agent Mary Sandy testified that while posing as a chemical
supply store employee she had twice sold listed precursor chemicals
to Mr. Hofstatter. She went on to tell the jury that after the
ephedrine purchase on June 19, 1991, agents followed Messrs.
Hofstatter and Griffor to 715 Kingsley in Ann Arbor, where Mr.
Hofstatter removed items from Mr. Griffor's car while it was parked
in the driveway. Through the car window Agent Sandy was able to
see a computer and other items.
The government also introduced evidence that in May of 1987 local
authorities had discovered chemicals, laboratory equipment,
formulae, and small quantities of 4-methylaminorex in a trailer
rented by Mr. Hofstatter in Pasco County, Florida. It would be
fair to infer from this evidence that the trailer had been used as
a site for illicit manufacture of a controlled substance.
The jury found Mr. Hofstatter guilty on all counts in which he
was charged except counts seven and eight. Mr. Griffor was
convicted on all of the counts in which he was charged except
counts two and seven. Mr. Hofstatter was sentenced to concurrent
terms of imprisonment for 96 months. The sentence reflected a
two-level enhancement in Mr. Hofstatter's guideline offense level
because of his having played a leadership role. Mr. Griffor was
sentenced to concurrent sentences of 36 months. Both defendants
perfected timely appeals.
(Cite as: 955 F.2d 630)
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Wayne Richard ALLEN, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.
No. 90-50666.
United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.
Submitted Jan. 8, 1992 [FN*].
Before FARRIS, NOONAN and TROTT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Wayne Richard Allen appeals the district court's denial of his
motion to dismiss the indictment against him on the ground of
outrageous government misconduct. We affirm.
In 1985, one Charles Hill organized Triple Neck Scientific, a
chemical supply house patronized by Allen and the source of
information that Allen was involved in the manufacture of
methamphetamine. At about the same time, Hill contacted the *631
local Drug Enforcement Agency office and agreed to supply them with
information regarding customers purchasing chemicals and equipment
used to manufacture methamphetamine. This arrangement enabled the
DEA to initiate an operation spanning some four years to identify
methamphetamine manufacturers in southern California. During that
time, the DEA undertook a variety of actions, including (1) the
purchase of advertising to assist Hill in generating business, (2)
camera surveillance of Triple Neck premises and (3) the use of a
law enforcement officer as an undercover employee of Triple Neck.
The DEA was aware that substantial amounts of precursor chemicals
were being sold during the operation, and it permitted Hill to
retain all funds he received through Triple Neck.
[1] Allen contends that government involvement in the
oversight and manning of Triple Neck Scientific amounted to
outrageous misconduct. We will dismiss an indictment if government
misconduct has been so outrageous that it results in a violation of
due process. United States v. Luttrell, 889 F.2d 806, 811 (9th
Cir.1989), modified, 923 F.2d 764 (9th Cir.1991) (en banc). We
have pointed out that the channel for relief opened by this defense
is a most narrow one. United States v. Simpson, 813 F.2d 1462,
1465 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 898, 108 S.Ct. 233, 98
L.Ed.2d 192 (1987).
In reviewing Allen's motion to dismiss, we must determine
initially whether the government's conduct was " 'so grossly
shocking and so outrageous as to violate the universal sense of
justice.' " Id. at 1464 (quoting United States v. Ramirez, 710
F.2d 535, 539 (9th Cir.1983)). It was not.
Unsavory conduct alone will not cause the dismissal of an
indictment. United States v. Smith, 924 F.2d 889, 897 (9th
Cir.1991); Simpson, 813 F.2d at 1464.
[2] The government's consent to and participation in the
operation of a facility for the supply of chemicals used in the
manufacture of methamphetamine does not offend the universal sense
of justice. We must view the question "in light of the limited
range of law enforcement techniques available for investigating
drug manufacturing enterprises." United States v. Smith, 538 F.2d
1359, 1361 (9th Cir.1976); see also United States v. Russell, 411
U.S. 423, 432, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1643, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973)
(considering "practicable means of detection" of illicit drug
manufacture and concluding that infiltration and supply of drug
manufacturing rings are "recognized and permissible means of
investigation" that do not offend a universal sense of justice).
Manufacturers of methamphetamine might resort to hundreds of supply
houses in the area to obtain the required materials. Closing any
one of them would have little effect on a manufacturer's access to
others like them.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/crack.info
+442
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
I want first to express my personal opinion that freebasing is
a very bad thing to do for your body and mind. I have seen a few
people hooked on it, and it is not a nice thing to see. I strongly
disrecommend doing it. It is easy to overdose and die of cardiac
arrest. Some people doing freebase will exhibit the same kind of
behavior as those rats whose pleasure centers are electrically
stimulated: they will do it until either the supply runs out, or until
they die.
The recipes are readily available. In fact, a few years ago,
police officers would go to great lengths explaining how crack was
made when given interviews (at least in Montreal)! There was also an
article in Time a few years ago explaining the procedures.
I have never tried any of those procedures or smoked freebase,
and will never do it. The information I post comes from a used booklet
I bought a long time ago ("Cocaine Handbook", by Davis).
Crack is actually a impure form of freebase. Procedures for
both substances are based on the fact that while cocaine hydrochloride
is very soluble in water, base cocaine is almost insoluble.
freebase:
mix about 1 g of coke in 10 ml of water in a small vial.
Slowly add drops of ammonia to the solution. A white milky precipitate
will form. Stop adding ammonia when additional drops no longer result
in precipitation. Add 5 ml of ethyl ether, close vial, and shake. The
precipitate (freebase) will dissolve in the ether. Siphon off the
ether with a pipette (ether and water don't mix), and slowly drip it
on a plate. As the ether evaporates, white crystals will form. This is
the evil freebase. Crush the crystals and put under a heat lamp for at
least 24 hrs to let the solvent evaporate.
ETHYL ETHER IS EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR IT
CAN FORM PEROXIDES WHICH WILL SPONTANEOUSLY EXPLODE! ALSO, ETHER CAN
"CRAWL" FROM AN OPEN BOTTLE AND TRIGGER AN EXPLOSION MANY FEET AWAY.
This is how Richard Pryor almost died. A lot of untrained
people killed themselves doing that procedure, and this is why crack
is now more popular.
crack:
mix 2 parts ok coke HCL for 1 part baking soda in 20 ml of
water. Heat solution gently until white precipitates form, and stop
heating when precipitation stops. Filter and keep precipitate. wash
precipitate once with water (this procedure usually omitted in street
product). Dry 24 hours under heat lamp. Voila. The product is much
less pure (there is lots of baking soda left) but the procedure is
safer.
=============================================================================
Date: Fri, 13 Nov 92 09:21:26 -0500
From: (anonymous)
Subject: Crack / Rock Cocaine
Let me first say that this is also freebase. Its not as pure
as the other recipe and has a *much smaller return* than using
ammonia (no one really does the ether part, just ammonia and heat it).
[previous crack "recipe" deleted -cak]
After gentle heating, it will float to the top, any excess soda
will precipitate to the bottom. Given that, you'd never filter
it, and the 24 hour heat lamp thing is unrealistic, too. Note that
what you're trying to do is start and sustain a chemical reaction
(bonding the hcl with the base-soda) so as long as the reaction
is happening you don't have to continue heating.
=============================================================================
In article <1993Mar4.215558.9171@midway.uchicago.edu> bagg@midway.uchicago.edu writes:
>I suspect that freebase cocaine is probably not too bad for your lungs.
After writing this, I bopped onto Medline and yanked the following abstracts
for the sake of thoroughness:
1. Khalsa ME; Tashkin DP; Perrochet B.
Smoked cocaine: patterns of use and pulmonary consequences.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1992 Jul-Sep, 24(3):265-72.
(UI: 93058148)
Abstract: This article offers a perspective on the use of volatilized
alkaloidal cocaine in its freebase and crack forms and on the pulmonary
consequences of such use. The inhalational route of administration of
freebase and crack cocaine exposes the lung to their combustion products,
raising concern about possible adverse pulmonary effects. A brief
historical review of cocaine and its methods of use precedes the
presentation of data concerning current modes and patterns of use and some
pulmonary complications of crack and freebase use. Results from a
systematic study of a large sample of cocaine users document a high
frequency of occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms in temporal
association with cocaine smoking. No relationship was detected between the
prevalence of acute pulmonary symptoms and identifiable aspects of
techniques of cocaine administration. These results suggest that the
respiratory consequences of alkaloidal cocaine are most likely attributable
to the inhaled cocaine itself, rather than to variable characteristics of
usage.
2. Oh PI; Balter MS.
Cocaine induced eosinophilic lung disease.
Thorax, 1992 Jun, 47(6):478-9.
(UI: 92358464)
Abstract: A patient developed fever, bronchoconstriction, hypoxaemia, pulmonary
infiltrates, and serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia on two
occasions after inhaling crack cocaine. Transbronchial biopsy specimens
showed normal lung parenchyma but a dense eosinophilic infiltrate within
the bronchial wall. Both episodes resolved promptly after treatment with
corticosteroids. Eosinophilic lung disease may be a steroid responsive
complication of crack cocaine abuse.
3. Perper JA; Van Thiel DH.
Respiratory complications of cocaine abuse.
Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 1992, 10:363-77.
(UI: 92270885)
Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
Abstract: Upper respiratory and pulmonary complications of cocaine addiction
have been increasingly reported in recent years, with most of the patients
being intravenous addicts, users of freebase, or smokers of "crack." The
toxicity of cocaine is complex and is exerted via multiple central and
peripheral pathways. Recurrent snorting of cocaine may result in ischemia,
necrosis, and infections of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, and adjacent
structures. Pulmonary complications of cocaine toxicity include pulmonary
edema, pulmonary hemorrhages, pulmonary barotrauma, foreign body
granulomas, cocaine related pulmonary infection, obliterative
bronchiolitis, asthma, and persistent gas-exchange abnormalities.
Respiratory manifestations are nonspecific and include shortness of breath,
cough, wheezing, hemoptysis, and chest pains. Severe respiratory
difficulties have been reported in neonates of abusing mothers. In the
absence of a cocaine-abuse history, it may be difficult to recognize the
etiological role of cocaine, especially in the absence of needle tracks
pointing to previous intravenous drug abuse and/or negative toxicology.
4. Ferre C; Sirvent JM; Vidaller A.
[Hemoptysis and pulmonary infiltrates following crack poisoning (letter)].
Medicina Clinica, 1992 Mar 7, 98(9):358.
Language: Spanish.
(UI: 92261122)
Pub type: Letter.
5. Tashkin DP; Khalsa ME; Gorelick D; Chang P; Simmons MS; Coulson AH; Gong H
Jr.
Pulmonary status of habitual cocaine smokers.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1992 Jan, 145(1):92-100.
(UI: 92117426)
Abstract: We determined the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung
dysfunction in a large sample of habitual smokers of freebase cocaine
("crack") alone and in combination with tobacco and/or marijuana. In
addition, we compared these findings with those in an age- and race-matched
sample of nonusers of crack who did or did not smoke tobacco and/or
marijuana. A detailed respiratory and drug use questionnaire and a battery
of lung function tests were administered to (1) a convenience sample of 202
habitual smokers of cocaine (cases) who denied intravenous drug abuse and
(2) a reference sample of 99 nonusers of cocaine (control subjects). The
cocaine smokers (85% black) included the following: 68 never-smokers of
marijuana, of whom 43 currently smoked tobacco and 25 did not, and 134
ever-smokers of marijuana (42 current and 92 former), of whom 92 currently
smoked tobacco and 42 did not. The control subjects (96% black) included
the following: 69 never-smokers of marijuana, of whom 26 currently smoked
tobacco and 43 did not, and 30 ever-smokers of marijuana (18 current and 12
former), of whom 21 currently smoked tobacco and 9 did not. Cases smoked an
average of 6.5 g cocaine per week for a mean of 53 months. The median time
of the most recent use of crack prior to study was 19 days (range less than
1 to 180 days). After controlling for the use of other smoked substances,
frequent crack use was associated with: (1) a high prevalence of at least
occasional occurrences of acute cardiorespiratory symptoms within 1 to 12 h
after smoking cocaine (cough productive of black sputum [43.7%], hemoptysis
[5.7%], chest pain [38.5%], usually worse with deep breathing, and cardiac
palpitations [52.6%]) and (2) a mild but significant impairment in the
diffusing capacity of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
6. O'Donnell AE; Mappin FG; Sebo TJ; Tazelaar H.
Interstitial pneumonitis associated with "crack" cocaine abuse.
Chest, 1991 Oct, 100(4):1155-7.
(UI: 92006753)
Abstract: A 33-year-old woman developed acute bilateral pulmonary infiltrates
after the intense use of rock cocaine (crack). She subsequently had
progressive deterioration of pulmonary function to the point of being
ventilator-dependent. Open lung biopsy showed a chronic interstitial
pneumonia with extensive accumulation of free silica within histiocytes
associated with mild pulmonary fibrosis. This pattern of interstitial
pneumonia has not been previously reported in crack users.
7. Susskind H; Weber DA; Volkow ND; Hitzemann R.
Increased lung permeability following long-term use of free-base cocaine
(crack).
Chest, 1991 Oct, 100(4):903-9.
(UI: 92006781)
Abstract: The clearance of inhaled 99mTc DTPA aerosol from the lungs is used as
an index of lung epithelial permeability. Using the radioaerosol method, we
investigated the effects of long-term "crack" (free-base cocaine)
inhalation on lung permeability in 23 subjects. Eighteen control subjects
(12 nonsmokers and 6 cigarette smokers) with no history of drug use were
also studied. Subjects inhaled approximately 150 muCi (approximately 5.6
MBq) of 99mTc DTPA aerosol and quantitative gamma camera images of the
lungs were acquired at 1-min increments for 25 minutes. Regions of interest
(ROIs) were selected to include the following: (1) both lungs; (2) each
individual lung; and (3) the upper, middle, and lower thirds of each lung.
99mTc DTPA lung clearance was determined from the slopes of the respective
time-activity plots for the different RIOs. Radioaerosol clearance
half-times (T1/2) for the seven nonsmoking crack users (61.5 +/- 18.3
minutes) were longer than for the seven cigarette-smoking crack users (27.9
+/- 16.9 minutes) and nine cigarette-smoking crack plus marijuana users
(33.5 +/- 21.6 minutes). T1/2 for the nonsmoking crack users was
significantly shorter (p less than 0.001) than for the nonsmoking control
group (123.8 +/- 28.7 minutes). T1/2 for the cigarette-smoking drug users
was similar to that of the cigarette-smoking control group (33.1 +/- 17.8
minutes), suggesting a similar mechanism of damage from the smoke of crack
and tobacco. From these groups, one nonsmoker and 11 cigarette smokers
displayed biexponential 99mTc DTPA clearances, indicative of greater lung
injury than found in the usual cases of monoexponential clearance. The
upper lungs of all crack users groups cleared faster than the lower lungs.
The faster and biexponential clearance properties of inhaled 99mTc DTPA
aerosol were the principal functional abnormalities found in all the drug
users. In contrast, 19 of 23 crack users had normal spirometry and gas
exchange. These results indicate that 99mTc DTPA may provide a sensitive
and useful assay to evaluate the physiologic effects of cocaine inhalation
in the lung.
8. McCarroll KA; Roszler MH.
Lung disorders due to drug abuse.
Journal of Thoracic Imaging, 1991 Jan, 6(1):30-5.
(UI: 91116637)
Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Academic.
Abstract: Drug-related diseases of the lungs have been noted with increasing
frequency in urban patients. These entities are also being seen in smaller
urban and suburban settings, however. The spectrum of pathology is also
changing coincident with the marked increase in crack cocaine use. The
incidence of abnormal chest radiographs in cocaine users admitted with
pulmonary complaints has ranged from 12% to 55%. Findings have included
focal air space disease, atelectasis, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and
pulmonary edema. Pulmonary complications related to injections of illicit
drugs have included pulmonary infection, pulmonary edema, particulate
embolism, and talcosis. The "pocket shot" places the patient at risk for a
unique set of complications. Radiologists should be aware of this wide
spectrum of pulmonary disease that may be related to this increasingly
frequent social problem.
9. Smart RG.
Crack cocaine use: a review of prevalence and adverse effects.
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1991, 17(1):13-26.
(UI: 91247446)
Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
Abstract: Crack is a potent form of cocaine which results in rapid and striking
stimulant effects when smoked. This paper reviews epidemiological research
on the extent of use as well as reports of adverse effects. Crack is used
by a small minority of adult and student populations but by a large
proportion of cocaine users and heavy drug-using groups. Use does not
appear to be increasing in general populations, but there are no trend
studies for high-risk groups. Crack users tend to be young, heavy polydrug
users, many of whom have serious drug abuse problems. The adverse reactions
to crack are similar to those of cocaine and include effects on offspring,
neurological and psychiatric problems, as well as pulmonary and cardiac
abnormalities. However, two adverse reactions unique to crack have been
reported. One relates to lung infiltrates and bronchospasm. The other
involves neurological symptoms among children living in crack smoke-filled
rooms. There is a need for improved treatment and preventive programs for
crack use.
10. Forrester JM; Steele AW; Waldron JA; Parsons PE.
Crack lung: an acute pulmonary syndrome with a spectrum of clinical and
histopathologic findings.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1990 Aug, 142(2):462-7.
(UI: 90343162)
Abstract: In this report, we review the hospital course of four patients who
presented with an acute pulmonary syndrome after inhaling freebase cocaine
and compare them with previously described case reports. Two patients had
prolonged inflammatory pulmonary injury associated with fever, hypoxemia,
hemoptysis, respiratory failure, and diffuse alveolar infiltrates. Lung
tissue specimens from both patients revealed diffuse alveolar damage,
alveolar hemorrhage, and interstitial and intraalveolar inflammatory cell
infiltration notable for the prominence of eosinophils. Immunofluorescent
staining performed on one of the biopsy specimens showed a striking
deposition of IgE in both lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages. Both
patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids and rapidly improved.
In contrast, two patients presented acutely with diffuse pulmonary alveolar
infiltrates associated with dyspnea and hypoxemia, but without fever, and
within 36 h of discontinuing cocaine their pulmonary infiltrates and
symptoms had spontaneously resolved. Our report further supports the
finding that an acute pulmonary syndrome can occur after inhalation of
freebase cocaine. Furthermore, the lung injury may respond to systemic
corticosteroid therapy when it is associated with a prominent inflammatory
cell infiltration.
11. Hannan DJ; Adler AG.
Crack abuse. Do you known enough about it?
Postgraduate Medicine, 1990 Jul, 88(1):141-3, 146-7.
(UI: 90310821)
Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
Abstract: Crack use has increased dramatically because the drug is cheap,
highly addictive, and easy to use. As a result, an increased frequency of
cocaine-related medical problems has been noted. The effects of crack abuse
on fetal outcome and neurobehavioral development are becoming more
apparent. In addition, the role of crack use in furthering transmission of
sexually transmitted diseases has been documented, and the implications for
AIDS transmission have been speculated on. Crack use enhances social
disorganization, particularly in poor urban areas, where increased child
abuse, neglect, and prostitution are common. Ever present are the financial
incentives to increase the number of crack users. Cocaine was once
considered a drug for the elite, rich, and famous. Crack clearly has
changed that notion.
12. Tashkin DP.
Pulmonary complications of smoked substance abuse.
Western Journal of Medicine, 1990 May, 152(5):525-30.
(UI: 90273700)
Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
Abstract: After tobacco, marijuana is the most widely smoked substance in our
society. Studies conducted within the past 15 years in animals, isolated
tissues, and humans indicate that marijuana smoke can injure the lungs.
Habitual smoking of marijuana has been shown to be associated with chronic
respiratory tract symptoms, an increased frequency of acute bronchitic
episodes, extensive tracheobronchial epithelial disease, and abnormalities
in the structure and function of alveolar macrophages, key cells in the
lungs' immune defense system. In addition, the available evidence strongly
suggests that regularly smoking marijuana may predispose to the development
of cancer of the respiratory tract. "Crack" smoking has become increasingly
prevalent in our society, especially among habitual smokers of marijuana.
New evidence is emerging implicating smoked cocaine as a cause of acute
respiratory tract symptoms, lung dysfunction, and, in some cases, serious,
life-threatening acute lung injury. A strong physician message to users of
marijuana, cocaine, or both concerning the harmful effects of these smoked
substances on the lungs and other organs may persuade some of them,
especially those with drug-related respiratory complications, to quit
smoking.
13. Brody SL; Slovis CM; Wrenn KD.
Cocaine-related medical problems: consecutive series of 233 patients [see
comments].
American Journal of Medicine, 1990 Apr, 88(4):325-31.
(UI: 90224989)
Abstract: PURPOSE: Little information describing common cocaine-related medical
problems is available. This study examined the nature, frequency,
treatment, incidence of complications, and emergency department deaths of
patients seeking medical care for acute and chronic cocaine-associated
medical problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 233
hospital visits by 216 cocaine-using patients over a 6-month period during
1986 and 1987 was studied. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to
determine patient characteristics, nature of complications, treatment, and
outcome. RESULTS: Patients most commonly used cocaine intravenously (49%),
but freebase or crack use was also common (23.3%). Concomitant abuse of
other intoxicants, especially alcohol, was frequently seen (48.5%). The
vast majority of complaints were cardiopulmonary (56.2%), neurologic
(39.1%), and psychiatric (35.8%); multiple symptoms were often present
(57.5%). The most common complaint was chest pain though rarely was it
believed to represent ischemia. Altered mental status was common (27.4%)
and ranged from psychosis to coma. Short-term pharmacologic intervention
was necessary in only 24% of patients, and only 9.9% of patients were
admitted. Acute mortality was less than 1%. CONCLUSION: Most medical
complications of cocaine are short-lived and appear to be related to
cocaine's hyperadrenergic effects. Patients usually do not require
short-term therapy or hospital admission. Acute morbidity and mortality
rates from cocaine use in patients presenting to the hospital are very low,
suggesting that a major focus in the treatment of cocaine-related
emergencies should be referral for drug abuse detoxification and treatment.
14. Wallach SJ.
Medical complications of the use of cocaine.
Hawaii Medical Journal, 1989 Nov, 48(11):461-2.
(UI: 90077816)
Abstract: There are many serious medical problems that are associated with the
use of cocaine and "crack" cocaine.
15. Eurman DW; Potash HI; Eyler WR; Paganussi PJ; Beute GH.
Chest pain and dyspnea related to "crack" cocaine smoking: value of chest
radiography.
Radiology, 1989 Aug, 172(2):459-62.
(UI: 89316319)
Abstract: The chest radiographs of 71 patients who had chest pain or shortness
of breath following the smoking of highly potent "crack" cocaine were
retrospectively evaluated. Nine patients had abnormal findings on
radiographs as follows: atelectasis or localized parenchymal opacification
in four, pneumomediastinum in two, pneumothorax in one, hemopneumothorax in
one, and pulmonary edema in one. Radiographic detection of these
abnormalities was important in the clinical management of these patients.
This spectrum of findings is presented with a discussion of the
pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible.
16. Cherukuri R; Minkoff H; Feldman J; Parekh A; Glass L.
A cohort study of alkaloidal cocaine ("crack") in pregnancy.
Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988 Aug, 72(2):147-51.
(UI: 88276400)
Abstract: The recent dramatic increase in the use of alkaloidal cocaine
("crack") has led to concern about possible deleterious fetal effects
associated with its use during pregnancy. Crack, which is not destroyed by
heating, can be smoked, and delivers a large quantity of cocaine to the
vascular bed of the lung, producing an effect similar to that from
intravenous injection. To describe the association of crack use with
pregnancy outcome, we conducted a retrospective matched cohort study of 55
women who admitted to the use of crack during pregnancy and 55
non-drug-using women who delivered during the same period. The groups were
matched for age, parity, socioeconomic status, alcohol use, and presence or
absence of prenatal care. A significantly larger number of women using
crack delivered at 37 weeks or earlier (50.9 versus 16.4%; P = .001).
Crack-exposed infants were 3.6 times more likely to have intrauterine
growth retardation (P less than .006) and 2.8 times more likely to have a
head circumference less than the tenth percentile for gestational age (P
less than .007). Premature rupture of the membranes was 1.8 times more
common in the crack group (P less than .03). Sixty percent of crack-using
mothers received no prenatal care. Abnormal neurobehavioral symptoms were
present in a minority of infants and were usually mild.
17. Snyder CA; Wood RW; Graefe JF; Bowers A; Magar K.
"Crack smoke" is a respirable aerosol of cocaine base [published erratum
appears in Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988 Apr;29(4):835].
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1988 Jan, 29(1):93-5.
(UI: 88177036)
Abstract: The smoking of cocaine base [corrected] ("crack") has emerged as a
significant substance abuse problem. A detailed characterization of cocaine
smoke is a prerequisite for studies of its pharmacokinetics, abuse
potential and toxicity. Model pipes were used to generate cocaine smoke
analogous to that inhaled by human "crack" abusers. Using procedures to
minimize pyrolysis, cocaine base smoke was determined to be 93.5% cocaine
particles with the remainder being cocaine vapor. The average particle size
generated from all model pipes was 2.3 mu which is small enough to ensure
deposition into the alveolar region of the human lung. Although this
particle size is eminently respirable [corrected] by primates, a much
smaller fraction will reach the alveolar region of rodents. Special
generating procedures would therefore be required to expose rodents to
meaningful doses of airborne cocaine that mimic the rapid absorption
achieved by "crack" smokers.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cracker.plans
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From: mangar@softtail.ksu.ksu.edu (Zar the Mad)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Whippet cracker
Date: 22 Oct 1993 02:22:04 -0500
Message-ID: <2a81msINNat0@softtail.ksu.ksu.edu>
ceh1@acpub.duke.edu (Charles Eric Horowitz) writes:
>Anyone know what kind of store would sell a whippet cracker.
>and also, what are these "cold burns" someone told me about.
>THANX
I don't know about other states, but dispensers are not available in
Kansas. A friend has one, but he is from Missouri and I don't know where he
got his. However, for about $2 you can make your own with PVC pipe
parts from any hardware store.
All you need is a "T" or "L" pipe with threads in one end, a nail, a pipe
fitting for the cartridge, and some silicon sealant (make sure it says
"food contact surface safe"--you don't want to inhale noxious sealant stuff).
I put mine together like this:
-------------------------------
balloon here --> | | nail | cap this end
| | |
------------ ------------
| |
| |
| | <---threads in this end
|
|
|
cartridge holder screws in here
| | <--threaded end
| |
/ \
| |
| |
| |
------- plug fits in bottom
(you'll have to play with
it a little to get the
correct length for the nail
to pierce the cartridge)
I don't remember which size nail I used, as it was an a variety pack with
all sorts of tacks and stuff. Glue the nail in first with shitloads of the
silicon sealant, and then you can fiddle arount with the cartridge holder part
to get the correct length. The pipe parts are 3/4 inch. If you bring
a cartridge with you to the store you can find the parts easier. A friend
made one with an "L" shaped top part instead, and it works fine too.
When the whippit comes out, it is VERY VERY cold. Don't get your hands anywherenear the stuff, and don't use METAL pipe for a dispenser or you will burn
yourself and this sucks.
Hail and kill,
Zar the Mad
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: tmcdonal@ringer.cs.utsa.edu (Tom McDonald)
Subject: Re: Whippet cracker
Message-ID: <1993Oct22.164724.13918@ringer.cs.utsa.edu>
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1993 16:47:24 GMT
I too, have a homemade version I made out of PVC pipe. It never occurred
to me that they'd *sell* the crackers as well as the cartridges. My design
is very similar to the one posted, except I used an angle piece instead of
a T. It looks very similar to an asthma inhaler, but won't work like one.
With this design you don't need and sealant either.
As far as the extreme cold produced - I load the cartridge, screw it in to
the point just before it gets punctured, and fill the area left in the PVC
with water. Hot water works slightly better, but just slightly since the
water turns quickly cold. Attach the balloon, and puncture. Then it's
just a matter of keeping everything facing up so the water covers where the
nitrous comes out. It's a bit of a pain when filling a balloon with more
than one cartridge, but before using this, I had a couple freeze closed
before they were completely empty. It hasn't happened since I started using
the water method.
-Tom
--
Okay, one more time. This is your brain. (egg)
This is your brain on drugs. (egg in frying pan)
Any Questions?
"Yeah, can I have mine scrambled?"
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/cracker.txt
+72
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@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
I don't know about other states, but dispensers are not available in
Kansas. A friend has one, but he is from Missouri and I don't know where he
got his. However, for about $2 you can make your own with PVC pipe
parts from any hardware store.
All you need is a "T" or "L" pipe with threads in one end, a nail, a pipe
fitting for the cartridge, and some silicon sealant (make sure it says
"food contact surface safe"--you don't want to inhale noxious sealant stuff).
I put mine together like this:
-------------------------------
balloon here --> | | nail | cap this end
| | |
------------ ------------
| |
| |
| | <---threads in this end
|
|
|
cartridge holder screws in here
| | <--threaded end
| |
/ \
| |
| |
| |
------- plug fits in bottom
(you'll have to play with
it a little to get the
correct length for the nail
to pierce the cartridge)
I don't remember which size nail I used, as it was an a variety pack with
all sorts of tacks and stuff. Glue the nail in first with shitloads of the
silicon sealant, and then you can fiddle arount with the cartridge holder part
to get the correct length. The pipe parts are 3/4 inch. If you bring
a cartridge with you to the store you can find the parts easier. A friend
made one with an "L" shaped top part instead, and it works fine too.
When the whippit comes out, it is VERY VERY cold. Don't get your hands anywhere
near the stuff, and don't use METAL pipe for a dispenser or you will burn
yourself and this sucks.
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
I too, have a homemade version I made out of PVC pipe. It never occurred
to me that they'd *sell* the crackers as well as the cartridges. My design
is very similar to the one posted, except I used an angle piece instead of
a T. It looks very similar to an asthma inhaler, but won't work like one.
With this design you don't need and sealant either.
As far as the extreme cold produced - I load the cartridge, screw it in to
the point just before it gets punctured, and fill the area left in the PVC
with water. Hot water works slightly better, but just slightly since the
water turns quickly cold. Attach the balloon, and puncture. Then it's
just a matter of keeping everything facing up so the water covers where the
nitrous comes out. It's a bit of a pain when filling a balloon with more
than one cartridge, but before using this, I had a couple freeze closed
before they were completely empty. It hasn't happened since I started using
the water method.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/crackerpln.drg
+95
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@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
From: mangar@softtail.ksu.ksu.edu (Zar the Mad)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Whippet cracker
Date: 22 Oct 1993 02:22:04 -0500
Message-ID: <2a81msINNat0@softtail.ksu.ksu.edu>
ceh1@acpub.duke.edu (Charles Eric Horowitz) writes:
>Anyone know what kind of store would sell a whippet cracker.
>and also, what are these "cold burns" someone told me about.
>THANX
I don't know about other states, but dispensers are not available in
Kansas. A friend has one, but he is from Missouri and I don't know where he
got his. However, for about $2 you can make your own with PVC pipe
parts from any hardware store.
All you need is a "T" or "L" pipe with threads in one end, a nail, a pipe
fitting for the cartridge, and some silicon sealant (make sure it says
"food contact surface safe"--you don't want to inhale noxious sealant stuff).
I put mine together like this:
-------------------------------
balloon here --> | | nail | cap this end
| | |
------------ ------------
| |
| |
| | <---threads in this end
|
|
|
cartridge holder screws in here
| | <--threaded end
| |
/ \
| |
| |
| |
------- plug fits in bottom
(you'll have to play with
it a little to get the
correct length for the nail
to pierce the cartridge)
I don't remember which size nail I used, as it was an a variety pack with
all sorts of tacks and stuff. Glue the nail in first with shitloads of the
silicon sealant, and then you can fiddle arount with the cartridge holder part
to get the correct length. The pipe parts are 3/4 inch. If you bring
a cartridge with you to the store you can find the parts easier. A friend
made one with an "L" shaped top part instead, and it works fine too.
When the whippit comes out, it is VERY VERY cold. Don't get your hands anywherenear the stuff, and don't use METAL pipe for a dispenser or you will burn
yourself and this sucks.
Hail and kill,
Zar the Mad
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: tmcdonal@ringer.cs.utsa.edu (Tom McDonald)
Subject: Re: Whippet cracker
Message-ID: <1993Oct22.164724.13918@ringer.cs.utsa.edu>
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1993 16:47:24 GMT
I too, have a homemade version I made out of PVC pipe. It never occurred
to me that they'd *sell* the crackers as well as the cartridges. My design
is very similar to the one posted, except I used an angle piece instead of
a T. It looks very similar to an asthma inhaler, but won't work like one.
With this design you don't need and sealant either.
As far as the extreme cold produced - I load the cartridge, screw it in to
the point just before it gets punctured, and fill the area left in the PVC
with water. Hot water works slightly better, but just slightly since the
water turns quickly cold. Attach the balloon, and puncture. Then it's
just a matter of keeping everything facing up so the water covers where the
nitrous comes out. It's a bit of a pain when filling a balloon with more
than one cartridge, but before using this, I had a couple freeze closed
before they were completely empty. It hasn't happened since I started using
the water method.
-Tom
--
Okay, one more time. This is your brain. (egg)
This is your brain on drugs. (egg in frying pan)
Any Questions?
"Yeah, can I have mine scrambled?"
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dangers.drg
+180
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
From: dr303@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Jim I. Walker)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: The Dangers Of Psychedelics
Message-ID: <2uqe3r$7mt@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu>
Date: 29 Jun 94 00:09:31 GMT
just got done typing this out..
The following is a transcript from _Drugs_And_Behavior_ (Fred Leavit, 1982)
(I apoligize for the screwed up numbers of the references, this is because the
same section of the book looks into other drugs and puts all of the references
to them in the same list, in alphabetical order)
LSD AND RELATED HALLUCINOGENS
** Tolerance and Withdrawl
Tolerance develops rapidly to LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin, and there
is cross tolerance between them. Cross tolerance is not exhibited between
these agents and dimethyltryptamine (DMT); and little is known about the
development of tolerance to DOM (STP). There are no serious withdrawl
symptoms.
** Adverse Effects
CHROMOSOME DAMAGE. One of the major concerns about LSD stems from a 1967
paper by Cohen et al. (29) that suggested that LSD damages chromosomes. Cells
with damaged chromosomes are potentially dangerous to their bearer, because
they may establish cancerous cell lines, and are dangerous to unborn children,
because chromosomes carry the genetic message across generations.
Dishotsky et al. (36) reviewed the results of 68 studies published between
1967 and 1970, that were concerned with the possibility of LSD-induced
chromosome damage. The highlights of their paper are summarized and discussed
below, but without the original references.
The study by Cohen et al., and several studies which followed it, involved
the addition of LSD to cell cultures. There are problems with this approach.
First, the process of culturing cells stimulates them to enter a reproductive
phase which is abnormal for them. Second, cells in tests tubes are extremely
susceptible to chromosome breakage; aspirin, caffeine, water, and changes in
temperature or oxygen pressure are some of the many agents which induce
breakage of the same order of magnitude as LSD. Third, the type of breakage
produced by LSD is different from that caused by known mutagenic or
carcinogenic agents. Fourth, intact organisms have evolved metabolic and
excretory systems to eliminate harmful substances, but these detoxification
mechanisms are not available to cells in test tubes. Thus, cells have
typically been exposed to very high doses for prolonged periods of time.
Only four studies investigated chromosome breakage rates in humans before
and after exposure to LSD. Only one of the studies was positive. Several
studies reported higher breakage rates in users than in nonusers but, as has
already been discussed ad nauseum, such studies do not allow for causal
interpretation. Some unknown factor(s), such as serious childhood illness,
may predispose people to chromosome damage ant to take LSD (see p. 176). One
obvious factor is that LSD users are likely to use many other drugs as well.
An additional problem is that breakage rates have been measured in white
blood cells rather than in reproductive cells.
Dishotsky et al. pointed out that chromosome damage was much more likely
to occur in users of illicit LSD than in volunteers administered known
quantities of pure LSD in laboratories. The probable explanation is that
illicit LSD contains substantial quantities of adulterants (85 and below), and
these may cause breakage. In several cases, breakage rates returned to the
normal range withing months of the last dose.
As is so disturbingly often the case, the research may tell more about
bias in science than about LSD and chromosome damage. Investigators who
reported more than one study tended to report the same findings in each.
Negative findings may have resulted from small sample size or insensitive
testing procedures; for even if LSD affects chromosomes, the effects will not
show up unless tested with proper experimental procedures. There is evidence
that the negative studies used too few subjects; thus, although only five of
fifteen studies yielded statistically significant results,* LSD users had
nonsignificant but elevated breakage rates in 10 of the studies.
* Statistical significance refers to the probability that observed differences
between two or more groups are due to chance factors. Scientists
conventionally accept research as being statistically significant if the
likelihood that differences are due to chance is less than 1 in 20. If too
few subjects are used, the results will not be statistically significant,
no matter how strong the drug effect (just as , if a two-headed coin is
flipped only four times, the flipper would not be able to conclude on
statistical grounds that the coin is biased). Conversely, if huge numbers
of subjects are used, even trivial differences will attain statistical
significance (which, remember, means only "not due to chance"), but such
results may have little scientific significance.
There have been studies since the Dishotsky et al. paper. In general,
these show no effect of LSD on chromosomes (42, 81, 111, 122).
ACUTE PANIC REACTIONS. Not all drug experiences turn out as anticipated.
Acute panic reactions, depression, paranoia, and psychotic episodes occur
with sufficient frequency to make the phrase "bad trip" and important part of
the lexicon of the drug culture. Any potentially enjoyable event may prove to
be a disappointment, as when rainy weather spoils a picnic. But the special
quality of drug-induced bad trips is that they cannot easily be terminated.
Cohen (31) reported that one of 2500 patients taking LSD during psychotherapy
committed suicide; and 0.02% of normal subjects who took LSD experimentally
experienced psychotic reactions of greater than 24 hours in duration. Louria
(82) used the suicide as reason for condemning the therapeutic use of LSD, a
position that ignores the possibility that the suicide rate of patients in
therapy and not given LSD may be higher than one in 2500.
FLASHBACKS. Flashbacks are sudden and unexpected recurrences of aspects of an
earlier drug experience. In a study of 2256 Army enlisted men, 23% reported
flashbacks from LSD (5% from amphetamine, 1% from marijuana) (132).
Flashbacks have not been shown to be dangerous and, in fact, are often self-
induced. Matefy et al. (87) quoted one user: "I just call it talking yourself
into a flashback.....It's like getting high all over again."
PROLONGED PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS. Pradhan and Hollister (103) stated that fewer
than 1 per 1000 experimental LSD subjects, and fewer than 2 per 1000 patients
who ingest LSD, suffer psychotic reactions lasting longer than 48 hours.
Approximately two-thirds of those who do suffer such reactions present a
history of psychopathology prior to drug use (11). LSD is often taken in a
last-ditch effort to solve and impending crisis which has proven refractory
to other attempts at solution (46). If the drug does not help, symptoms may
worsen, but not because of the LSD. The data do not justify arguments that
LSD is extremely dangerous "because of its capability to induce attempted or
completed homicide, attempted suicides, or even prolonged psychosis" (82, p.
254).
CEREBRAL DEFICIT. Some authors have reported permanent cerebral deficit in
LSD users. Others, however, have disputed the findings (1, 144). In any
event, there are no relevant experimental studies, but only comparisons of
users with nonusers.
** Benefitial Effects
Many users of LSD wax lyrical about its ability to promote insights into
everyday problems, to enhance creativity, and to provide mystical and
religious experiences. These claims are evaluated in appropriate chapters.
REFERENCES
1. Acord, L. & Barker, D. Hallucinogenic drugs and cerebral deficit. J.
Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1973, 156: 281-283.
11. Blumenfield, M. & Glickman, L. Ten months experience with LSD users
admitted to county psychiatric receiving hospital. NY State J. Med.,
1967, 67: 1849 - 1853.
29. Cohen, M., Marinello, M., & Back, N. Chromosomal damage in human leuko-
cytes induced by lysergic acid diethylamide, Science, 1967, 155: 1417 -
1419.
31. Cohen, S. Lysergic acid diethylamide: side effects and complications.
J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1960, 130: 30 - 40.
36. Dishotsky, N. et al. LSD and genetic damage. Science, 1971, 172: 431 -
440.
42. Fernandez, J. et al. LSD. . . an in vivo retrospective chromosome study.
Ann. Hum. Genet., 1973, 37: 81 - 91.
46. Glickman, L. & Blumenfield, M. Psychological determinants of "LSD reac-
tions." J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1967, 145: 79 - 83.
81. Long, S. Does LSD induce chromosomal damage and malformation? A review
of the literature. Teratology, 1972, 6: 75 - 90.
82. Louria, D. Abuse of lysergic acid diethylamide--an increasing problem. In
Wilson, C. (Ed.) Adolescent Drug Dependence. New York: Pergamon, 1968
85. Marshman, J. & Gibbins, R. The credibility gap in the illicit drug
market. Addictionsm 1969, 16: 22 - 25.
87. Matefy, R., Hayes, C., & Hirsch, J. Psychedelic drug flashbacks:
Attentional deficits? J. Abnorm. Psych., 1979, 88: 212 - 215.
95. Naditch, M. Acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs, drug usage,
and psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psych., 1974, 83: 394 - 403.
103. Pradhan, S. & Hollister, L. Abuse of LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs.
In Drug Abuse: Clinical Aspects and Basic Aspects. St. Louis: Mosby,
1977.
111. Robinson, J. et al. Chromosome aberrations and LSD: A controlled study in
50 psychiatric patients. Br. J. Psychiatr., 1974, 125: 238 - 244
122. Simmons, J., Sparkes, R., & Blake, P. Lack of chromosomal damaging
effects by moderate doses of LSD in vivo. Clin. Genet., 1974, 5: 59 -
61.
125. Smith, D. & Mehl, C. An analysis of marijuana toxicity. In Smith, E.
(Ed.) The New Social Drug. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
132. Stanton, M. & Bardoni, A. Drug flashbacks: Reported frequency in a
military population. Am. J. Psychiatr., 1972, 129: 751 - 755.
144. Wright, M. & Hogan, T. Repeated LSD ingestion and performance on neuro-
psychological tests. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1972: 432 - 438.
--
__ , , "The suppression of the natural human fascination with
/ \ ' / / altered states of consciousness and the present peril-
|__/_/_/\/\__ _(_(_/ ous situation of all life on earth are intimately and
(_/ causally connected." -Terence McKenna, *Food Of The Gods*
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/datura.drg
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In article <1993Jan27.010801.14907@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu> mcarney@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Michael Carney) writes:
>I'm looking for anyone who has any information concerning the use
> of Jimson weed for it's halucinagenic properties. I have been able
> to find references to it's use by Native Americans in history as
> well as this century, as recently as the 60s. From what I've been
> able to find, this is a powerful drug, so I would like to recieve
> some information from someone who has actually used this drug before
Jimson weed is Datura Stramonium, a member of the nightshade family.
The active chemicals in Jimson include atropine, scopolamine, and
hyoscamine. The buzz from this family of psychotropic plants is more
like a dilerium with very strong hallucinations than anything else.
Jimson is very poisonous, the buzz couldn't really be described as
recreational, and I wouldn't try it, myself. If you decide to
experiment with it, be *extremely* careful, because just a little too
much could kill you. I have tried smoking a small amount of Datura
Inoxia, and the buzz is interesting, but not overly pleasant. It has
been reported that Datura Inoxia has been added to marijuana for extra
effects, but I don't have any firsthand knowledge of this combination,
since I personally wouldn't even *think* of doing any *illegal* drugs. ;-)
It's possible that Datura Stramonium could be used in the same way,
but I haven't heard or read of anyone trying this.
-Alan Harder
ash@math.ams.org
The opinions expressed above are not the opinions of the American
Mathematical Society. They aren't even my opinions, really, I'm just
borrowing them.
==========================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
From: harris@scorch.apana.org.au (Michael Brown)
Subject: Re: Datura Stramonium
Date: Tue, 6 Apr 1993 15:17:09 GMT
Message-ID: <1993Apr6.151709.466@scorch.apana.org.au>
ez026264@hamlet.ucdavis.edu (The God of Apathy) writes:
|Does anybody know where to get Datura Stramonium seeds or live plants?
|DS is commonly called jimsonweed or thorn apple and it is a native weed to CA, but I don't know where to find it.
Actually Datura is one psychoactive that you may be wiser to have
nothing to do with. I shall quote a passage from
Psychedelic_Drugs_Reconsidered , a generally pro-psychedelic
text.
Anticholinergenic Deleriants.
These drugs are not usually regarded as psychedelic , although
they have a great deal in common historically, culturally, and
pharmacologically with other drugs taken for their mind-altering
powers. They are called anticholinergic because they block the
action f acetylcholine , a nerve transmitter substance that
controlls the contraction of skeletal muscles and also plays an
important role in the chemistry of the brain. They are called
deleriants because their effects at high doses include incoherent
speach, disorientation, delusions, an halucinations , often
followed by depression and amnesia for the period of intoxication.
The classical anticholinergic delirients are the belladonna
alkaloids:
These tropane derivatives, the most powerfull and important of
which is scopolamine, are found in differing concentrations in
various plants of the Nightshade Family or Solanaceae, among them
deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona), mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum), black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), jimsonweed (Datura
stramonium, and over twenty other species of henbane and datura.
Of all psychoactive drugs , only alcohol has been in use for so
long over such a large part of the world. For thousands of years
on all inhabited continents the belladonna alkaloids have been a
tool of shamans and sorcerers, who take advantage of the
sensations they evok to leave their bodies, soar through the air,
or change into an animal in their imagination. They also produce
toxic organic symptoms like headache, dry throat, loss of motor
control, blurred vision , and greatly increased heart rate and and
body temperature; death from paralysis and respiratory may occur.
The belladonna alkaloids are so terrifying and incapacitating -
the physical effects often so unpleasant, and the loss of contact
with ordinary reality so complete - that they are used only with
great caution and rarely for pleasure. For the same reasons,
ironically, they are not regarded as a drug abuse problem and can
be bought in small doses on perscription or in over-the-counter
sedatives and pills for asthma, colds, and motion sickness.
END QUOTE
And Yes Folks , it seems that if you know the the right car
sickness tablets to buy , you can take a fair few and you'll trip
out quite severly . I know of several people that used to swear by
it , untill one got caught by police doing bizzare things and
totaly out of controll in Newcastle. He was arested and when he
went to court he could not convice the judge that car sickness
tablets could do that , so he was done for a more serious drug
offence.
--
.-------------------------------------------------------------------------.
| Michael Brown at Craggenmoore Public Access Unix |
| Data: (049) 611695 harris@scorch.apana.org.au |
|"Though the names may change each face retains the mask it wore." |
`--------------------------------------------- Peter Gabriel -------------'
===========================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
From: dacc@cmp-rt.music.uiuc.edu (Andrew C. Crowell)
Subject: Re: Datura Stramonium
Date: Wed, 14 Apr 1993 00:26:45 GMT
Message-ID: <C5G6KL.28B@news.cso.uiuc.edu>
In article <1993Apr13.193317.1@summer.chem.su.oz.au> morgan_j@summer.chem.su.oz.au writes:
>The following was clipped from 'The Sydney Morning Herald', 13/4/93
>
>EXPERTS TRUMPET DANGERS OF SHRUB
>
>Brisbane: Chewing the leaves of the ornamental shrub known as Angel's Trumpet
>to get a cheap "high" was a dangerous pastime that could kill, authorities
>warned yesterday.
>
[large section of article deleted]
>
>Angel's Trumpet is a tall shrub with coarse foliage which owes its ornamental
>value to its white 20 cm long trumpet shaped flowers. In garden books it is
>listed as datura arborea but has recently been reclassified as species
>brugmansia.
>
>One authoritative volume stresses that revision of the name be noted so the
>plant is not bought by mistake.
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>
>While the advice concerning the dangerous properties of datura is probably
>worth heeding, there are some amusing hysterical overstatements.
Mmmmmaybe. _Brugmansia_ spp. are related to _Datura_, true...but the
"tree Daturas" are not quite the same as far as chemical makeup as what we
all know as Datura. Brugmansias, as a whole group, are _significantly_
more potent (having a higher and somewhat different alkaloid makeup) than
Daturas of any species. Even Schultes and Hoffman, in _Plants_of_the_Gods_,
treat these as two very different plants, with their own separate sections
in the book.
Incidentially, Schultes and Hoffman also note that neither
_Brugmansia_arborea_ nor _Datura_arborea_ is the correct classification
of this plant. Its proper taxonomic identification is _Brugmansia_aurea_,
which is the most widespread of the Brugmansias in the Andes, where they
are native.
Yes, I'd say this would be some hysterical overstatements if this
were an article on Datura, also. But this is Brugmansia we're dealing
with here...a very different plant. There's also been deaths from it in
the USA in the tropical regions (Florida, and such) because of people
treating it lightly like they might _Datura_stramonium_. It's not a plant
for casual play, in my experience and opinion.
D.A.C. Crowell
Computer Music Project/School of Music
University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign
(dacc@cmp-rt.music.uiuc.edu)
=============================================================================
From: chris@hacktic.nl (chris)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Datura, MG seeds, etc...
Date: 18 Jan 1994 18:31:40 +0100
Message-ID: <2hh6eaINNs0@xs4all.hacktic.nl>
sm1968@u.cc.utah.edu (stephen miller) writes:
>: What is the possibility of ending up in a psych hospital from using either of
>: these?
>I have a friend that took a handful at the NV testsite this summer. He
>experienced thre days of intense delirium. On his third day he showed up
>at my doorstep in Salt Lake City and proceded to tell me the story with
>full hyper-metaphoric-spiritual insight detours over the course of about
>three or four hours (it might have been more--the memory, y'know).
>Anyway, this winter he still insists that he has not fully recovered.
> Apparently this is the deal: the seeds are *HEAVY*DUTY* If you
>are seriously into fucking with (remapping) your head in seriously chaotic
>ways--this is your "vehicle" if you think you can survive it (my friend
>probably almost didn't). A much milder version of this trip (one that is,
>so I have heard, relatively safe) can be had by making a tea with the
>leaves. I have not tried this and do not specifically recall anyone else
>who had first-hand experience. My friend threw the remainder of his seeds
>out the window, so perhaps in the spring....
> Stephen Miller
I can confirm the validity of the description above from my own experience.
This was from a TEA made out of the leaves of Datura Stramonium.
If you want hallucinations this is your drug. However "you" are not there
to experience them. This stuff takes over completely and irreversibly for
at least 24 hours. Stupidly, I went out while the effects had not yet
fully started. After having been thrown out of a bar, where I was
desperately searching for my briefcase that was suposed to be there someplace
(but which i hadn't even with me ) I found myself in a city that i did not
recognize. I did not remember where I came from , where to go , what do do,
who I was, let alone what I was doing there at this time of night, nor did
I have any clue how to get "home" as far as there was still a conception
of what home might be. There was complete retrograde amnesia: no acces to
any knowledge at all. In the mean time I had encounters with people I knew
, that were able to do a disapearing act. Just by standing behind a light
pole they could make themselves invisible. (This must be the "witches sabbath"
hallucination , which seems recurrent in this type of delirium: the very
very real hallucination of speaking with people). Also I was constantly
hallucinating that I was smoking a cigarette, which whould suddenly disappear
leaving me searching te street , thinking that i dropped it. Witches are
actually shrubs growing in front yards (they live underground, the
branches are the hairs) Lots and lots of little bugs hand each other berries
along branches. I must have walked the same street 50 times back and forth
Wanting to get somewhere , forgetting were i was going to or were i was
in the first place. A small statue of a child alongside the road started
laughing and laughing harder and harder every time i passed, it was a
ridiculous sight to see this idiot come by for the 40th time, even for a
statue. And so on . For 24 hours. It was a really interesting experience,
not a nice one, I could not see straight for a week (due to
anticholinergic parasympatholytic effect of atropine/scopolamine.)
Only for those who want to be able to say that they tried EVERYTHING.
chris
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/datura.txt
+171
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
Jimson weed is Datura Stramonium, a member of the nightshade family.
The active chemicals in Jimson include atropine, scopolamine, and
hyoscamine. The buzz from this family of psychotropic plants is more
like a dilerium with very strong hallucinations than anything else.
Jimson is very poisonous, the buzz couldn't really be described as
recreational, and I wouldn't try it, myself. If you decide to
experiment with it, be *extremely* careful, because just a little too
much could kill you. I have tried smoking a small amount of Datura
Inoxia, and the buzz is interesting, but not overly pleasant. It has
been reported that Datura Inoxia has been added to marijuana for extra
effects, but I don't have any firsthand knowledge of this combination,
since I personally wouldn't even *think* of doing any *illegal* drugs. ;-)
It's possible that Datura Stramonium could be used in the same way,
but I haven't heard or read of anyone trying this.
==========================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Does anybody know where to get Datura Stramonium seeds or live plants?
DS is commonly called jimsonweed or thorn apple and it is a native weed to CA,
but I don't know where to find it.
Actually Datura is one psychoactive that you may be wiser to have
nothing to do with. I shall quote a passage from
Psychedelic_Drugs_Reconsidered , a generally pro-psychedelic
text.
Anticholinergenic Deleriants.
These drugs are not usually regarded as psychedelic , although
they have a great deal in common historically, culturally, and
pharmacologically with other drugs taken for their mind-altering
powers. They are called anticholinergic because they block the
action f acetylcholine , a nerve transmitter substance that
controlls the contraction of skeletal muscles and also plays an
important role in the chemistry of the brain. They are called
deleriants because their effects at high doses include incoherent
speach, disorientation, delusions, an halucinations , often
followed by depression and amnesia for the period of intoxication.
The classical anticholinergic delirients are the belladonna
alkaloids:
These tropane derivatives, the most powerfull and important of
which is scopolamine, are found in differing concentrations in
various plants of the Nightshade Family or Solanaceae, among them
deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona), mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum), black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), jimsonweed (Datura
stramonium, and over twenty other species of henbane and datura.
Of all psychoactive drugs , only alcohol has been in use for so
long over such a large part of the world. For thousands of years
on all inhabited continents the belladonna alkaloids have been a
tool of shamans and sorcerers, who take advantage of the
sensations they evok to leave their bodies, soar through the air,
or change into an animal in their imagination. They also produce
toxic organic symptoms like headache, dry throat, loss of motor
control, blurred vision , and greatly increased heart rate and and
body temperature; death from paralysis and respiratory may occur.
The belladonna alkaloids are so terrifying and incapacitating -
the physical effects often so unpleasant, and the loss of contact
with ordinary reality so complete - that they are used only with
great caution and rarely for pleasure. For the same reasons,
ironically, they are not regarded as a drug abuse problem and can
be bought in small doses on perscription or in over-the-counter
sedatives and pills for asthma, colds, and motion sickness.
END QUOTE
And Yes Folks , it seems that if you know the the right car
sickness tablets to buy , you can take a fair few and you'll trip
out quite severly . I know of several people that used to swear by
it , untill one got caught by police doing bizzare things and
totaly out of controll in Newcastle. He was arested and when he
went to court he could not convice the judge that car sickness
tablets could do that , so he was done for a more serious drug
offence.
===========================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
>EXPERTS TRUMPET DANGERS OF SHRUB
>
>Brisbane: Chewing the leaves of the ornamental shrub known as Angel's Trumpet
>to get a cheap "high" was a dangerous pastime that could kill, authorities
>warned yesterday.
>
>Angel's Trumpet is a tall shrub with coarse foliage which owes its ornamental
>value to its white 20 cm long trumpet shaped flowers. In garden books it is
>listed as datura arborea but has recently been reclassified as species
>brugmansia.
>
>One authoritative volume stresses that revision of the name be noted so the
>plant is not bought by mistake.
>
>While the advice concerning the dangerous properties of datura is probably
>worth heeding, there are some amusing hysterical overstatements.
Mmmmmaybe. _Brugmansia_ spp. are related to _Datura_, true...but the
"tree Daturas" are not quite the same as far as chemical makeup as what we
all know as Datura. Brugmansias, as a whole group, are _significantly_
more potent (having a higher and somewhat different alkaloid makeup) than
Daturas of any species. Even Schultes and Hoffman, in _Plants_of_the_Gods_,
treat these as two very different plants, with their own separate sections
in the book.
Incidentially, Schultes and Hoffman also note that neither
_Brugmansia_arborea_ nor _Datura_arborea_ is the correct classification
of this plant. Its proper taxonomic identification is _Brugmansia_aurea_,
which is the most widespread of the Brugmansias in the Andes, where they
are native.
Yes, I'd say this would be some hysterical overstatements if this
were an article on Datura, also. But this is Brugmansia we're dealing
with here...a very different plant. There's also been deaths from it in
the USA in the tropical regions (Florida, and such) because of people
treating it lightly like they might _Datura_stramonium_. It's not a plant
for casual play, in my experience and opinion.
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
> What is the possibility of ending up in a psych hospital from using either of
> these?
>I have a friend that took a handful at the NV testsite this summer. He
>experienced thre days of intense delirium. On his third day he showed up
>at my doorstep in Salt Lake City and proceded to tell me the story with
>full hyper-metaphoric-spiritual insight detours over the course of about
>three or four hours (it might have been more--the memory, y'know).
>Anyway, this winter he still insists that he has not fully recovered.
> Apparently this is the deal: the seeds are *HEAVY*DUTY* If you
>are seriously into fucking with (remapping) your head in seriously chaotic
>ways--this is your "vehicle" if you think you can survive it (my friend
>probably almost didn't). A much milder version of this trip (one that is,
>so I have heard, relatively safe) can be had by making a tea with the
>leaves. I have not tried this and do not specifically recall anyone else
>who had first-hand experience. My friend threw the remainder of his seeds
>out the window, so perhaps in the spring....
I can confirm the validity of the description above from my own experience.
This was from a TEA made out of the leaves of Datura Stramonium.
If you want hallucinations this is your drug. However "you" are not there
to experience them. This stuff takes over completely and irreversibly for
at least 24 hours. Stupidly, I went out while the effects had not yet
fully started. After having been thrown out of a bar, where I was
desperately searching for my briefcase that was suposed to be there someplace
(but which i hadn't even with me ) I found myself in a city that i did not
recognize. I did not remember where I came from , where to go , what do do,
who I was, let alone what I was doing there at this time of night, nor did
I have any clue how to get "home" as far as there was still a conception
of what home might be. There was complete retrograde amnesia: no acces to
any knowledge at all. In the mean time I had encounters with people I knew
, that were able to do a disapearing act. Just by standing behind a light
pole they could make themselves invisible. (This must be the "witches sabbath"
hallucination , which seems recurrent in this type of delirium: the very
very real hallucination of speaking with people). Also I was constantly
hallucinating that I was smoking a cigarette, which whould suddenly disappear
leaving me searching te street , thinking that i dropped it. Witches are
actually shrubs growing in front yards (they live underground, the
branches are the hairs) Lots and lots of little bugs hand each other berries
along branches. I must have walked the same street 50 times back and forth
Wanting to get somewhere , forgetting were i was going to or were i was
in the first place. A small statue of a child alongside the road started
laughing and laughing harder and harder every time i passed, it was a
ridiculous sight to see this idiot come by for the 40th time, even for a
statue. And so on . For 24 hours. It was a really interesting experience,
not a nice one, I could not see straight for a week (due to
anticholinergic parasympatholytic effect of atropine/scopolamine.)
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/deadshow
+40
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@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
My tale of police brutality happened at a Grateful Dead show in
Foxboro, Mass in July of 1989. Sure, lots of people get busted at Dead
shows, and most of them deserve it. I deserved it too.
We'll begin outside of Sullivan Stadium about an hour before the
show. I was with my friend, her father, and a big guy named Dan who
still is a good friend, and is what you would call a "gentle giant"
We're walking in, sipping beers, when all of a sudden Danny pulls out
a bottle of Jagermeister. We looked at each other, and proceeded to
basically chug the bottle down in about 20 minutes.
It's just about showtime when the buzz kicks in. Danny starts
stumbling, and before I know what's going on, I'm the one holding him
up. He's about 6'5", 250, and it was no easy task, in my state.
Anyway, we get him sobered up just as we hear the show beginning
inside, with an accompanying roar from the sold-out crowd. We gave
our tickets, put the stubs in our pockets, and started running for the
gate.
Next thing I knew, I was face down on the concrete. I lashed back
instinctively, and was rewarded with a rude slam to the pavement.
Danny's no where to be seen.
The guy says, "police, motherfucker!!" as he puts on some plastic
handcuffs, and then he searches my pockets. He finds the ticket stub,
holds it up to me, and says "oh, gee, this guy actually had a ticket" to
his cop partner. He then tossed it away, and hauled me to thealready-
crowded police van.
Turns out just as I started running in, some people outside the gate
broke down a fence, and people were pouring in. Wrong place, wrong
time i guess.
At the station, they strung the 165 or so Deadheads they had arrested
for various offences along a pole in the station garage, and made us wait
for about three hours to get processed. As we we standing there, cops
were coming in with confiscated barrels full of beers and sodas, with
shit-eating grins on their faces. one guy actually picked up a cold soda,
opened it, and then turned to us and said "boy, you guys must be pretty
thirsty by now", and then took a long indulgent gulp right in front of us.
Like I said before, loads of people get arrested at Dead shows, and it's
one of a cop's favorite places to do their duty. My experience just struck
me as so incredibly sadistic the way the cops did it all. They were so
proud of themselves, high-fiving each other and exchanging
congratulations for a job well done.
Definitely a learning experience though.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/detectmj.drg
+21
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@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
From: scook@mailer.fsu.edu (Stephen E Cook)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: MJ test info
Date: 10 Mar 1994 16:22:17 -0500
Message-ID: <2lo329$l16@mailer.fsu.edu>
In response to questions referring to the time it takes the body to
cleanse itself from detectable urine traces, according to a national
report titled, "Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System", (published from the
Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice):
Single Use : 3 Days
Moderate Use (4 times a week): 5 Days
Heavy Use (Daily smoking): 10 Days
Chronic Heavy Use: 21-30 Days
Although do keep in mind that there are many factors that effect the
outcome of the tests (potency of drug taken, testing methods,
metabolism, etc.) so this is just a estimate figure-so be careful out there.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dmtinf.drg
+715
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
DMT is Dimethyl Tryptamine = N,N Dimethyl 3-amino-ethyl indole.
It is a powerful hallucinogen, the prototype of this class, and
chemically related to psiloc(yb)in and more distantly to LSD.
Dose: around 60 mg.
Method of ingestion: usually smoked (inactive orally at reasonable doses.)
Can be combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) to make it
orally active and increase the duration.
Could be snuffed or or injected.
Duration of action: 2-5 minutes of peak, around half an hour of cruise.
Side effects: Stimulation and tactile hallucination during trip. No
perceivable after-effects. No known long term side effects. May be
some link with schizophrenia, since it has been detected in vivo.
Status: illegal in USA, Australia, most places.
History: is a component of some snuffs used by South American natives.
also used in combination with MAOIs (harmaline etc.).
Availability: Very rarely available from dealers; rarely synthesised.
Available from a range of natural sources.
Psychological effects: A very intense but brief trip, not really
euphoric. Can be frightening because of the sudden onset.
Not really a party drug, rather an interesting experience.
More intense than LSD, but hallucinations and perceptual
changes are of a somewhat different nature.
(these are only my opinions and recollections)
Jeremy
=============================================================================
There are three issues here which are a little confused:
1) strength in the sense of effective dose,
2) strength in terms of subjective intensity,
3) being a superior hallucinogen in some subjective sense.
Comparing DMT and LSD, the first is easy.
The effective dose of LSD is around 100 ug, of DMT is around 60 mg,
so in this sense, LSD is a much stronger hallucinogen.
In terms of intensity, they are difficult to compare. Part of the intensity
of DMT stems from the fact that the onset is virtually instantaneous;
one is taken from feeling normal to the peak of the trip in the space
of a few seconds, and this can be totally disorienting and frightening.
DMT does not have the euphoria of LSD, in fact it can be quite
uncomfortable. Also, the smoking of DMT is quite unpleasant compared
with eating some small object. The types of hallucinations experienced
within the peak of the DMT trip differ markedly from those in the peak
of the LSD trip. This difference is very hard to describe, although
one might contrast the dripping flowing colourful experience of LSD
with the DMT visuals in which everything becomes super sharp to the
point of being ripped into fragments, like placing a photo in a blender.
There is some colour enhancement, but it is more like lightning-bolts
of colour rather than flowing ripples of colour, and colours may
be actually entirely changed and several multiple images seen at once.
The 20-30 minute come-down of DMT is similar in experience and intensity
to a small dose of LSD, however one is likely to be too shattered by
the initial peak to worry about this much. The account Bob posted is
highly subjective and metaphorical (as is this one, I suppose) and I
doubt that many people would experience DMT in the way described there.
However, extending the duration of DMT by the use of monoamineoxidase
inhibitors (Ayahuasca,Yage,etc.) is supposed to be a very intense
experience and could give one time to become more involved in it.
It is possible to lose all contact with the senses and the world
briefly while on DMT, as it is, e.g. from a combination of nitrous
oxide and LSD. Also, psiloc(yb)in seems to have some similarity to
DMT whilst retaining similarity to LSD, in that during the psilocin
experience one can be transported into a different reality, although
one which is still definitely based sensually on this one, and
not be able to remember or understand everday reality.
Other hallucinogenic experiences, e.g. the delerium caused by
anti-cholinergics, might be still more intense than DMT in terms
of being completely removed from traditional reality, but I don't
think anyone would recommend experimenting with these dangerous
substances.
In terms of which is the superior hallucinogen, it depends on your
taste. DMT is very interesting and extremely intense, but not
necessarily pleasant. LSD has more potential for pure recreation.
Most people would probably prefer LSD as a recreational hallucinogen,
and it would be ill-advised for someone who was not very familiar
with coping with the intensity of LSD to be thrust into the
intensity of DMT. On the other hand, if you don't like DMT, you only
have to hang on for a few minutes, whereas if you don't like LSD
you have to hang on for several hours.
This is, of course, apart from the dosage, all subjective.
Jeremy
=========================================================================
152.94.1.10 (L`HOMBRE INVISIBLE) writes:
>INDOLE ETHYLAMINES
>------------------
>Many plants contains psychedelic tryptamines :
> Piptadenia Peregrina
> Phalaris Grundinacea
> Mimosa hostillis
> Desmanthes illioiensis
> Arundo Donax
> etc.
>The DMT/5-methoxy-DMT ... is often located in the roots of the plant
Depends on the species - some contain it in the leaves or the bark.
>My question is :
>Is it possible to smoke the plant-material directly or do you have to
>exctract
>it first ?.
I don't know as much about 5-Me-O DMT as DMT. THere is an important
difference, which is the dose. The former is effective at about
5mg-10mg from memory, the latter at 30-60mg. Thus, it is possible
to obtain sufficient 5-Me-O DMT from smoking some impure unrefined
sources (such as the poison of Bufo alvarius)..
Considering DMT as opposed to 5-Me-O DMT (which is IMHO by far
the more desirable material), and recalling that most people
find the peak of a DMT trip only to last a very few minutes
after smoking (i.e. you have to smoke it all at once, within
a few tokes, to obtain the peak) you can easily calculate the
necessary purity. Let us say, that one is capable of smoking
100mg of material in a few seconds. THis means that a DMT
containing mixture should be at least 30% pure to get sufficient
effect, and a 5-Me-O DMT mixture should be at least 5% pure.
In actual fact, it is not quite as bad as this, because if
you are using a free-base pipe, you can get away with lower
purities because the DMT is quite volatile, so initially, the
smoking process will concentrate the DMT.
Comparing this to plant matter, which might be e.g. 0.3% DMT,
and you see at once, that you would need to smoke about 10 g
in a few seconds which is unrealistic. Hence, chemical
purification is necessary.
The alternative is to take the plant source orally in
combination with the hallucinogenic monoamineoxidase
inhibitor harmaline (and related alkaloids). These
are most readily obtained from Peganum harmala
(or Banisteriopsis caapi) and serve to activate and
potentiate tryptamines, increasing intensity and
duration and giving oral activity to DMT.
> What are the effects (Like the pure stuff (DMT)) ?
A small amount gives a wierd feeling in the body and some
perceptual change. A larger amount gives strong body feelings
and heavy visual effects , somewhat similar to LSD, but
much more based around geometry, and changes of shape
perception. A very large dose is totally awesome, and
people's responses differ, from catatonia, to screaming,
to total ecstasy. Some people describe it as a religious
experience. Many people find they completely leave our
universe for the duration, which is generally up to 5
minutes, with residual effects up to half an hour.
B
>Which plant(s) are best suited ? (Highest in DMT)
There are various possibilities. Since chemical purification
is generally necessary, the plant content is not vitally
important. Most important is supply - the best species
is one which grows locally, and in the US, the best
source is probably Desmanthus illinoensis.
If you wish to receive instructions on how to chemically
purify DMT from a plant source, and more information about
the effects of DMT, mail me at:
but do not hassle the owner of this account by replying to
this address.
Jeremy
===========================================================================
{In article <1992Dec22.212054.16140@shearson.com>, curious@somewhere (Curious Furious) writes:
>
> Hi knowledgeable folks,
> I have a few questions from a FOAF:
>
> 1) When smoking DMT what is the LD50 ? Can it cause a heart attack?
>
Certainly much higher than the amount beyond which one would have
no concept of what a pipe, DMT, oneself, etc. is. Also much higher
than the amount one could get into ones body by smoking before
it was metabolised. I imagine that even if one hooked oneself
to a machine which continously fed oxygen, nitrogen, and DMT
vapour it would still be hard to _physically_ overdose.
As for heart attack, I have no idea. I can imagine being
scared to death (literally).
> 2) Has anyone tried doing DMT while on MDMA ? Any complications ?
No idea. However, one of the most striking things about DMT is its
brutalness - the rush from completely baseline to another
universe in about five seconds. Starting off baseline does
little to alter the peak (which tends to override anything)
but alters the severity of the onset.
>
> 3) Has anyone tried doing DMT while on 'rooms? Any complications ?
Yup - similar to above, except moreso. It takes a large dose
for the effects of the DMT to become visible over the effects of
the trip (likewise for LSD). Also, it is harder to trip on DMT post
psilocybin or LSD, since there is some cross tolerence.
Some combinations with DMT are worthwhile. A couple of beers
beforehand bluntens and deadens a little which can be very
helpful. A good amount of heads will add to the visual
impact, and a good amount of hash will ad to the wierdness
and otherness. N2O & DMT is interesting, but the combination
is generally intense enough to cause amnesia, and lack of
any kind of regular consciousness for the period of intoxication.
>
> 4) In the book _Archaic Revival_, Terence McKenna mentions some studies
> that found that DMT is produced heavily while in the deepest stages
> of sleep. Anybody have a reference for that?
Interesting concept. Like much of McKenna's work, I expect that
the science to back him up is scanty, non-existant, or
occasionally wrong. Makes for a good story, though.
>
> 5) Since DMT is a naturally occurring substance in the human body,
> if a machine was created which could extract DMT from your own
> blood, would that machine be considered illegal?
My limited understanding of US law suggests that if humans
contain DMT then their entire weight can be counted as DMT
(since the carrier weight can be included)
Such a theoretical machine as you suggest would be covered by
paraphernalia laws?
>
> 6) Can any MAOI be used to render DMT active orally?
>
Lamont is the expert on this, and he says yes. I am not convinced,
and I don't think there is any proper research published on
the subject. Even in the case of the traditional harmaline/DMT
interaction, the scientific data is minimal, and it is surmise
only that the DMT is orally activated by the MAOI effect
of the harmaline and not by some other effect.
I hope someone else will fill in the missing details.
>
> thank you for your time.
>
my pleasure.
Jeremy
=============================================================================
With respect to orally activating DMT with an MAOI,
Dennis McKenna has this to say in his '84 review article in J. Psych.
Drugs 16(4):
"The potentiation of the behavioral and pharmacological effects of
tryptamine derivatives by MAOIs has been investigated, although
the specific question of the oral potentiation of DMT and other parenterally-
active derivates has apparently not been investigated. The effects
of DMT in human volunteers was assessed before and 3 days after treatment
with the MAOI iproniazid (Sai-Halasz 1963). Patients receiving DMT
at a reduced dose following the iproniazid treatment experienced
none of the visual illusions or disturbances of time and space perception
that typify the symptoms of the drug. They reported only a feeling of
"strangeness." Patients receiving a dose equivalent to that prior
to iproniazid had a two-phase response. The first stage was similar
to the usual DMT effects, but less pronounced: illusions and hallucinations
were present but less colorful and only manifested themselves with the
eyes closed. The second phase was characterized by a persistent feeling
of "strangeness" to which the patients often reacted negatively or
indifferently. Based on these trials, Sai-Halasz (1963) speculated
that the reduced effects may have been due to the higher 5-HT
concentration in the brain due to MAO inhibition, thus mitigating the
5-HT blocking effects of DMT. This speculation was also supported
by the observation that prior administration of 1-methyl-d-lysergic acid
butanolamide, a powerful serotonin antagonist, greatly exacerbated
the psychotomimetic effects of DMT (Sai-Halasz 1962)."
So, it would appear that the answer to question 6 hasn't been established.
However, some studies (mentioned above) seem to have been done demonstrating
an interaction between MAOIs and DMT.
Jeremy handled most of those questions better than I could, so I
don't have much else to add. I doubt there have been any deaths
attributable to DMT use. Also, I don't recall endogenous DMT in humans
and Dennis doesn't mention it in his review article so it is either
recent (post 1984) knowledge or it is a misprint by the poster or
publisher and should refer to a related tryptamine. Or maybe it's
another revalation from the self-constructing machine elves.
--M@
===========================================================================
This is from _The Psychedelic Guide to the Preparation of the
Eucharist, in a few of its many guises_, as edited by Robert
E. Brown and associates of the Neo_American Church League for
Spiritual Development & the Ultimate Authority of the Clear
Light (1968), 2nd edition (1971)
DMT Synthesis
STEP I
Using an area of good ventilation or a fume hood, place a
1000 ml two hole roundbottom flask in an ice bath using the
setup in Figure II (you want a wobble stirrer in the top hole
of the flask, and a separatory dropping funnel into the side
entry). Add 400 ml cold anhydrous ether to the flask, in which
60 g indole is then dissolved, using the stirrer. To 100 ml
anhydrous ether in a separatory funnel add 50 g oxalyl
chloride. Slowly drip this solution into the vigorously
stirred indole solution over a period of 10 to 15 minutes.
Continue stirring 10 minutes longer. Allow the precipitate to
settle a few minutes and decant the liquid. Add anhydrous
ether and mix well. When satisfied as to the purity of the
precipitate, leave the golden precipitate in the flask for the
next step, which must follow immediately. Yield is
approximately 100 g.
STEP II
Dimethylamine reacts readily with indole oxalyl chloride.
Use about 400 ml ice cold anhydrous ether in the same 2 neck
1000 ml RB flask used in Step I, with the precipitate in it
from Step I. Cool the ice bath further by using salt and ice.
Estimate the weight of the precipitate and use 100 g indole
oxalyl chloride. For this weight of IOC use two entire 50 g
containers of diethylamine since it will not keep if the
container seal is broken. Cool the amine in container much
below 0 C and dissolve 1 part amine in 3 parts anhydrous cold
ether. Amine may be stored in this solution. For use, warm
stock solution to room temperature and use the appropriate
aliquot. Set up the entire apparatus the same as when adding
the oxalyl chloride. Add the amine solution slowly to the IOC
with vigorous stirring. Stir for 1/2 hour after the addition
is complete. Vacuum filter the precipitate, using ether as a
wash. It is better to slurry the ether water with the
precipitate before filtering [method used]. Recrystallise from
hot ethanol or from a 50-50 methanol-benzene mixture.
STEP III
Prepare apparatus as in Figure II (1-hole 1000 ml RB
flask set in heating mantle on magnetic stirrer with stir bar
in flask, and condenser inserted into top of flask). Prepare
the indole glyoxyl amide by melting and casting into sticks if
ether is to be used as a solvent. Aluminium foil makes a good
mould for casting pieces that will fit through the condenser.
Also a Soxhlet extractor may be used to add the crystals by
slow solution into the ether. Tetrahydrofluran, if available,
dissolves IGA and the compound is added slowly in the solution
form [method used].
To a stirred mixture of 15 g LiAlH4 in 100 ml anhydrous
ether (or THF [used]) slowly add the sticks (or solution
[used]) of IGA until 20 g have been added. Keep the rate of
reaction at a reasonable rate or boil-over may occur [do
say!]. Stir and reflux for 90 minutes after the addition is
complete. Cool in an ice bath and begin to cautiously [do
say!] hydrolyse with chips of ice or a cold solution of
methanol, added through the condenser. When there is no
further reaction, add a few ml extra water and allow to settle
finally and decant the clear liquid into an evaporating
vessel. Filter the residue and wash several times with
ether-methanol or THF-methanol [used]. Evaporate the combined
extracts and if necessary, seed the heavy syrup with crystals
of DMT. With no seed crystals the product may take days or
even weeks to crystallise [weeks]. This crude product is
adequate for smoking [do say!]. In order to purify DMT, begin
after the LiAlH4 has been hydrolysed with methanol. Add 500 ml
satd. Na2SO4 solution, mix and filter. Wash with ether or THF
and neutralise the filtrate with 0.1 N HCl. Extract with ether
in a separatory funnel and neutralise the lower layer with 0.1
N NaOh, extracting this solution in turn with chloroform. The
chloroform layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated,
and from it DMT crystallises on addition of petroleum ether.
The mother liquor can be chromatographed on an alumina column
using benzene-methanol in a 99.8 to 0.2 ratio. [This last
purification is quite difficult.]
--
John Collier Email: jcollier@ariel.ucs.unimelb.edu.au
HPS -- U. of Melbourne Fax: 61+3 344 7959
Parkville, Victoria, AUSTRALIA 3052
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: Jeremy
Subject: Re: DMT Ingestion Methods
Date: Thu, 1 Jul 1993 14:53:35 GMT
DMT is a powerful hallucinogen. No one should take it for granted
or use it lightly. It is also illegal, although natural sources
are uncontrolled.
In article <1993Jul1.020634.2524@mixcom.mixcom.com> Nathan.Bowen <Nathan.Bowen@mixcom.mixcom.com> writes:
> Lately, there has been an increasing interest among alt.drugs
>posters concerning DMT in its many forms. I'm finding the many accounts
>of experiences quite intriguing, but I am still pretty thoroughly in the
>dark concerning methods of usage. I believe I understand to a
>reasonable extent the various methods themselves, but I cannot find
>sufficient information on the benefits or drawbacks of them. I seek
>both scientific evidence and subjective reports of the desirability of
>given methods from people who are in a position to know.
>
> In my understanding, eating/drinking is probably the least desirable
>method, in that it requires a monoamine oxidase inhibitor to be active
>orally.
Each method of ingestion has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Oral DMT/harmaline is potentially the best method of ingestion
in terms of having a truely profound experience of useful duration.
Coming on to the experience a little more slowly gives the user
some time to adjust and to cope with and explore the altered state.
Oral DMT is probably the only viable route for most alt.drugs
readers, who can obtain the plants but who don't have the necessary
experience and equipment to sufficiently purify DMT for smoking,
and who do not have access to synthetic DMT.
Unfortunately, the liquors produced by boiling up plant DMT
sources may well make the user puke.
Although an account of a very successful ayahuasca experience
>was recently posted that confirmed the possibility of desirable effects
>resulting from oral consumption, the prolonging effect of the
>preparation involved seems to undermine the highly-acclaimed temporariness
>of the DMT experience (hence the Businessman's Trip).
>
Well, the temporariness makes the intensity bareable when the
material is smoked. The oral experience is gentler, but just
as profound, if not moreso. Smoked DMT is so brutal, and the
effect can be so profound, that after much experience, all I
could say was that I couldn't say anything adequate about it,
and so I gave up on it.
> The most common form of ingestion, at least among the accounts on
>the 'net, is smoking. There are inherent disadvantages to inhaling the
>gases given off by burning matter, but I don't see any way around it,
>and it seems that smoking is also the most accepted method for a
>pleasurable experience.
Don't make the mistake of calling DMT pleasurable - that may
or may not be one of its side-effects :). In fact,
apart from the physical, smoked DMT is more likely to be
dysphoric than oral DMT. A single user may have one DMT
trip which is totally orgasmic, and then another which is
totally horrific, and then another that is neither.
Smoking the chemical is particularly unpleasant to the
mouth, throat, and lungs, and some people find it an
impossible task.
I don't see how, logically, a water bong or
>some such device could be implemented here, but I'm definitely willing
>(and eager) to be proven wrong.
>
Hot DMT vapours are somewhat soluble in water; if you are smoking
the chemical, then mostly what you are getting is its vapour, and
there is little you can do to improve the quality.
> The other methods that have been mentioned are snuffs (a la the
>native South American rituals)
The South American snuffs contained various tryptamines. It is
well nigh impossible to get a sufficient dose of DMT from a
snuffed plant source - the concentrations just aren't high
enough. Likewise smoking a plant. The major active in the
snuffs was probably 5-MeO-DMT.
and injection (for which I can find no
>references).
Lots of experiments in the 60's. If you have something pure
enough to inject, you might as well smoke it and save yourself
the hassle. Likewise, there is probably little advantage to
snorting the pure chemical over smoking it.
Jeremy
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: pierre@media.mit.edu (Pierre St. Hilaire)
Subject: Re: DMT Ingestion Methods
Message-ID: <1993Jul1.145039.5758@news.media.mit.edu>
Date: Thu, 1 Jul 1993 14:50:39 GMT
> The other methods that have been mentioned are snuffs (a la the
>native South American rituals) and injection (for which I can find no
>references). The snuffs have been reputed as bringing on rapid and
>powerful effects, and that seems to correspond with my knowledge of
>snuffed/injected drugs. I do not, unfortunately, have a sufficient
>amount of information on the safety of these methods. I do understand
>the inherent dangers of sending the material directly to your
>bloodstream, in that any impurities will follow just as easily. Other
>than that, I am fairly in the dark. This is where the bulk of my
>request lies. Are these methods as efficient and desirable as they seem
>at the outset? And, even if they aren't, how do they rank with oral use
>or smoking? Opinions are as welcome as facts, and any reply will be
>greatly appreciated. If I get a large enough response, I'll try to
>compile a FAQ or short informational file of some sort.
>
My experiences and those of others point to the fact that the
subjective effects of tryptamines vary markedly with the route of
absorbtion. While smoking often results in overwhelming experiences it
is possible to have more psylocibin like effects by snorting or eating
small amounts in conjunction with P harmala seeds. It seems also that
5-MeO-DMT and DMT, whose effects differ considerably when smoked, seem
to "converge" in subjective effects when taken orally. I wonder if
other knowledgeable people on the net could substanciate that last
claim.
Of all the psychedelics, short acting tryptamines seem to have
the most non linear dose-responses curve. Taking twice a barely active
dose will often result in an intense experience! That is the reason
why you should be very careful when taking them orally.
I recently found a very interesting and potentially safer way
to use 5-MeO-DMT. The key is to dissolve it in distilled water and put
the solution in one of those nose spray bottles in such a way that
each inhalation will dispense about 3-4 mg (Don't screw up there!).
When taken as a nose spray the effects come on more slowly than smoked
(about 1 min. instead of a few sec.) and the effect is more spread out
in time. The nice thing is that it is possible to very accurately
control the dose, which makes the trip a lot more manageable. Taken in
that manner, the effect can be fairly similar to psilocybin, with the
advantage that it is possible to come down within half an hour. I
guess this method could be used with DMT, but you would probably have
to convert the base into a salt (for higher solubility) since you need a
10x higher concentration of DMT in the solution.
Pierre St Hilaire
MIT Media Lab
=============================================================================
From: hatter@cs.utexas.edu (John Eichenseer)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: DMT extraction
Date: 11 May 1994 13:19:35 -0500
Message-ID: <2qr7jn$29f@saltillo.cs.utexas.edu>
>I am trying to extract DMT from Desmanthus illinoensis.
Ah, good luck, and do post your results...
> So, what do you think? Will this method work? Is there any
>better way that is easier (this is pretty easy) or more efficient?
In his book Pharmacotheon, Jonathan Ott mentions experiments in which
he extracted the alkaloids via boiling water. In fact, I think he may
have just strained hot water through the finely ground material, like
making coffee. He did this in order to mix it with an MAOI (harmala
seeds) for oral ingestion. I believe he goes into much more detail in
his latest book, Ayahuasca Analogs.
Can anybody comment on the viability of this technique? It does seem
even easier than the acid-base extracion, although of course it would
not yield the smokable freebase.
Just curious,
jhno
=============================================================================
rpascazi@engws3.ic.sunysb.edu (Robert R Pascazio) writes:
> Has anybody heard stories about Arundo donax (aka "Giant Reed") ? It
> is rummored to contain DMT and other exciting Alkaloids.
Yes. It contains some DMT, but not very much. Someone told me the other
day that a friend of theirs that is investigating this (solicited samples
from interested parties, and used thin layer chromatography to assay the
root stocks, from what I was told) says there's "little or no DMT" in
Arundo donax rhizomes.
The paper that first found DMT and a few other indole alkaloids in Arundo
donax (Ghosal) working in India (River Reed is used in Ayurvedic
medicine) also found only trace amounts. You'd have to extract several
kilograms to get a psychoactive dose of DMT. There are also several
cardioactive glycosides and other substances that would produce annoying
side effects if a crude extract were consumed - the effect of Arundo
donax extract on heart muscle (another paper by Ghosal et. al.) gave me
the impression that crude Arundo extracts are potentially dangerous.
You'd have to resort to solvent extraction followed by column
chromatography to extract pure DMT from the roots - a process probably
requiring several liters of solvent just to produce one dose of DMT.
I'll shell to DOS here and see if I can find my notes about Arundo
donax...
ok... here's a good starting point if you want to look into this:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
DMT in Arundo Donax / Giant River Reed
-------------------------------------------------------------------
SMITH TA
"Tryptamines and Related Compounds in Plants"
Phytochemistry, 1977, Vol.16 pp 171-175
ABSTRACT: The occurrence of the tryptamines and related compounds in
fungi
and higher plants is listed on a taxonomic basis. Several of
these
amines have considerable physiological activity in higher
animals.
Gramineae:
Arundo donax L. (Leaf,Flower,Rhizome) [27-30]
Methoxy-N-methyl-Tryptamine
DMT
DMT-Methohydroxide
Bufotenine
DMT-N-oxide
Bufotenidine
Dehydrobufotenine
Gramine
Gramine-N-oxide
Gramine methohydroxide
[27] OREKHOV AP, NORKINA SS (1937) Zhur.Obsch.Chem. 7,673
[28] GHOSAL S, BANERJEE PK, BANERJEE SK (1970) Phytochemistry 9,429
[29] GHOSAL S, CHAUDHURI RK, DUTTA SK (1971) Phytochemistry 10,2857
[30] GHOSAL S, CHAUDHURI RK, DUTTA SK, BATTACHARYA SK (1972) Planta Med.
21,22
--------------------------------------
Tryptamines in the Graminacea:
Arundo donax - Giant River Reed
Phalaris arundinacea
_A Handbook of Alkaloids and Alkaloid Containing Plants_
Wiley Interscience, Raffauf QK898.A4 R34 (1970)
N,N-DMT GRAM-028A refs:1946, 573
N,N-DMT-5-MeO GRAM-030A
Bufotenine GRAM-030A refs:1945
Gramine GRAM-016A
573 Aus J. Chem 17:1301 (1964) [Phalaris]
416 Aus J. Chem 19:893 (1966) [Phalaris]
1946 Dutta,SK;Ghosal,S _Chem.Ind._ (1967) p2046
1945 Moore,RM; Williams,JD; Chia,J _Chem.Abst._ 68:75704v (1968)
574 Ghosal,S; Mukhergee,BB _Chem.Ind._ (1965), 793
575 Morinato,H; Matsumoto,N _Am.Chem._ 692 p194 (1966)
464 Legler,G; Tschesche,R _Naturwiss_ 94 (1963)
===============================================================
REFERENCES:
_Tryptamine and related compounds in plants._ SMITH, TA.
"Phytochemistry." vol.16 pp.171-175. (1977) QK861.P45
_The Occurrence of Indolealkylamine Alkaloids in Phalaris tuberosa L. and
P. arundinacea L._ , Culvenor,Dal Bon & Smith
"Australian Journal of Chemistry" 1964, Vol.17 pp.1301-4
_Heterocyclic Compounds, Indoles, Part 2_ Houlihan, Wiley Interscience,
pg264
_Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens_ Schultes, Richard Evans
"Journal of Psychedelic Drugs" Jan-Mar 1976 p17
_Plants of the Gods_ Schultes & Hofmann
_Narcotic Plants_ William Emboden
_Tryptamine and Related Compounds in Plants_
Terence A. Smith. "Phytochemistry" Vol. 16 pp. 171-175
_Alkaloid Bearing Plants and Their Alkaloids_
US Dept. Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1234 (1961) Willaman &
Schubert
Erspamer _???? Drug Res._ 1961,3,151
=============================================================================
From: rocky.frisco@bgbbs.com (Rocky Frisco)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Ayahuasca....more info ne
Message-ID: <67.15287.706.0N3ED642@bgbbs.com>
Date: 29 Jan 94 02:37:00 GMT
AA> Thank you everyone who e-mailed me information on Yaje. If anyone
AA> else has more info, I still need it. Please post or e-mail me. I
AA> would especially like to hear from people who have experimented with
AA> Yaje. Did you smoke it or did you drink it? Thanks, Ayleen
AA> a-crotty@uiuc.edu
I think it's usually spelled "Yage" pronounced Yah-hey.
See the books "Wizard of the Amazon" and "Rio Tigre" by the late Doctor
Bruce Lamb of Santa Fe NM. (Bruce died during the Christmas Holiday
season of 1992). These are the best resources on the subject and are
written by a fine scientist who tried Ayahuasca and found it to be of
great value.
-Rock rocky.frisco@bgbbs.com
* RM 1.2 * Eval Day 7 * RoboMail -- The nag nag nag
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dmtrpt.drg
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Message-ID: <230311Z26111993@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an40496@anon.penet.fi (Holden Caulfield)
Date: Fri, 26 Nov 1993 22:55:37 UTC
Subject: Re: Desirable Blotter Adulterants
From: Nathan.Bowen <Nathan.Bowen@mixcom.mixcom.com>
Subject: Desirable Blotter Adulterants
Message-ID: <1993Nov26.142751.3778@mixcom.mixcom.com>
Nathan.Bowen <Nathan.Bowen@mixcom.mixcom.com> writes:
> A few acquaintances of mine have been known to say things
>about how their last hit of acid had "too much strychnine," or to
>say that one shouldn't let acid sit around too long because "it
>decomposes into rat poison." It wasn't too difficult to dispell
>those rumors, at least among the reasonable folk. However, a few
>other myths about adulterants haven't died out.
>
>Another says he can get it laced with heroin. A few people believe
>they have taken blotter laced with PCP. In general, this all
>sounds _very_ unlikely to me, but my stand is based on intuition
>and a sense that there's just not enough capacity on a square of
>blotter for significant "lacing" with anything other than LSD.
>
> Does anyone have any references to respectable studies done
>on this subject? I don't need strychnine information, it's the
>"desirable" adulterants that I'm discussing. Some people _want_
>their acid "laced with speed", or heroin, or PCP. I don't doubt
>that there are several different strengths of blotter going around
>this area. I would even believe that there are batches in
>circulation that are composed, in some amount, of other LSD-related
>compounds. But I find it hard to be genuinely worried about
>finding blotter that's been dusted with PCP.
>
> Any and all information you can provide would be appreciated.
A reference: "The Physician's Guide to Psychoactive Drugs" by David E. Smith
and Richard Seymour. I had it out from the library here recently and can
provide ISBN or publisher if necessary. David Smith is the editor (and
founder) of The Journal of Psychoactive [previously Psychedelic] Drugs, and is
also the founder of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic, and pioneer of the talk-
down method of treatment for LSD panic attacks, and is not likely to be
propagating scare stories and urban legends (However, there are a number of
minor mistakes in the book that really shouldn't be made by someone who knows
what they are talking about, for example, "ketamine" is listed among the other
names for PCP, without the fairly important clarification that this is a
different chemical, albeit with similar effects.)
Anyway, they say DOB, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, is potent enought to
be used in blotter form, and has been found in blotter form. The blotters
are described as "golden tiles"- a yellow and white checkerboard design, and
"golden eagles"- a yellow bird on green background, something like that.
I don't recall the area where these were found (or if that was in the book),
the book was published sometime in the early eighties. By the way, I
can remember all this off the top of my head because I had read on this
group that only LSD is active enough to be put on a blotter, so by buying
blotter LSD you didn't have to worry much about substitutes or adulterants,
and so I was very interested when I read about blotter DOB.
However, the effective, typical dose that Seymour and Smith quote is 1-5 mg.
5 mg sounds high for a blotter, would 1 mg be plausible? I think 1-5 mg also
agrees with what I've read elsewhere.
It seems to me that someone selling blotter DOB might pass it off as LSD,
simply because LSD is known and accepted. I believe the duration, and
probably other aspects of the trip too are different from LSD, but the effect
is LSD-like in a general sense, or so I read. I would imagine that an
inexperienced LSD user could take DOB and not know the difference. Maybe
DOB is fairly desirable on its own anyway. However, there is a very
undesirable side effect, vascular spasms, I forget the details, but it's
very bad. I can't remember if this is the result of normal doses or
very high doses. Something about one case involving a death ( I think,
but I'll look the book up and get the details as they give them) , another
involving amputation of legs. I have read elsewhere that if the problem
had been correctly treated at first the amputations would have unecessary.
One of them was aware it was DOB, the other thought it was LSD.
I would imagine that people aware of the potential for vascular spasms would
probably not knowingly take DOB.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dowam_meskh.drg
+32
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: gardner@convex.com (Steve Gardner)
Subject: Re: What is "Dowam Meskh" ?
Message-ID: <1993Jun13.175755.10120@news.eng.convex.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Jun 1993 17:57:55 GMT
In article <1vflgm$6t@sun.Panix.Com> newsome@panix.com (Richard Newsome) writes:
>In a 19th Century book I found a reference to an Egyptian drug called
>"Dowam Meskh", which the author says he tried in Paris in the 1850's.
>Can anyone identify this?
An arab confection containing mostly Hashish. Theophile Gautier
mentions it in "Le Club des Hachichins". By the way, a number
of Gautier's works are available in english, I recommend them
highly. The folks who regularly read this group would like
his works, Gauthier was rather fond of recreational pharmaceuticals
it seems. ;-)
>The author says that the compound is prepared in Cairo, and that he took
>18 grains. In describing his experience he says it "perfectly illuminated me"
>and to write him for more information if desired.
Can't get it in Cairo without risk anymore. . . try Amsterdam
the coffee houses should be able to set you up for illumination. ;-)
But remember as ol' Theo would have said: "Ceci vous sera defalque
sur votre portion de paradis".
smg
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dramam.txt
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: dyer@spdcc.com (Steve Dyer)
Subject: Re: Drammamine Tablets..
Message-ID: <CFJ4LI.5z@spdcc.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Oct 1993 00:12:54 GMT
In article <00974979.61C1BA04@pomona.claremont.edu> agaluhn@pomona.claremont.edu writes:
>>It is diphenhydramine, an antihistamine. Sold as an allergy medication,
>>and a sleep aid.
>
>(Description of diphenhydramine experience deleted.)
>
>Actuall, motion sickness pills (garden variety
>Dramamine) are dimenhydrinate. Sorta kinda different from diphenhydramine...
Dimenhydrinate is the 8-chlorotheophyllinate salt of diphenhydramine.
The only important difference is potency: 50mg of dimenhydrinate is
equivalent to 25mg of diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Same drug.
It's still stupid to try to get high from overdosing on antihistamines.
It's unpleasant and potentially dangerous.
--
Steve Dyer
dyer@ursa-major.spdcc.com
=============================================================================
From: tiscione@trident.usacs.rutgers.edu (Jason Tiscione)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Drammamine Tablets..
Message-ID: <Oct.25.20.57.40.1993.18059@trident.usacs.rutgers.edu>
Date: 26 Oct 93 00:57:41 GMT
edith@unm.edu (peter menning) writes:
>Was talking late one night at a Dennys.. When i overherd someone at the
>table next to us start talking about how he started triping from taking 9 or
>10 motion sickness tabs.. <Diphenhydromene <I know i am killing the spelling>
>I am curious, Is it really true or is it a new U/L? And what would the side >effects be?
It is diphenhydramine, an antihistamine. Sold as an allergy medication,
and a sleep aid. It's more expensive as a sleep aid, even though it's the
same formulation- I guess they figure people will pay more to be sleepy than
they will to ease up their asthma attacks. Or maybe it's a "sin tax" thing?
Took 250 mg once (a reckless experiment- but 60mg and 125mg on previous
nights didn't seem to do anything- and I was curious) and I didn't like it
at all.
(That's equivalent to ten 25 mg tablets.) There's a feeling like, uh, you're
slipping away from yourself, you can't control what happens to you, etc.
All I wanted to do, for some reason, was read, read, read, but the next
day I didn't remember anything that happened on 20 pages. (Useless.)
Hallucination has been reported but if I recall correctly, they aren't the
kind you'd want to have! (e.g. Thinking someone has been in the room who
hasn't, believing that you have to do chores that you've already done,
thinking that it's Tuesday when it's Saturday, etc.) Not beautiful
spiral patterns on the wall or audio reverbations or anything LSD-ish, so
if you're looking for an "LSD replacement", speaking from personal
experience, I don't recommend diphenhydramine at all.
Jason
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: HARPETH1@ctrvx1.Vanderbilt.Edu (_VTA9390:)
Subject: Methedrine
Message-ID: <1994Jan18.101339.11371@news.vanderbilt.edu>
Date: Tue, 18 Jan 1994 10:13:39 GMT
I've posted this before with no response: Does anyone know what
methedrine is? I guess not. I am assuming that it's some type of meth-
amphetamine analog. A friend says he has access to this drug and intends to
try it soon. I just thought I'd ask one last time for his benefit.
On a different note, I've seen several postings regarding Jimson Weed
(Datura Stramonium I believe). I was always curious about this plant, but
the effects described sound similar to Gravol (Dramamine), which I HAVE
tried. I for one would class it more as a deleriant than a hallucinogen.
The trip started with a nice stoned feeling, but quickly changed. When
staring at any white object (ceilings, and even cups or cupped hands) I
noticed a strange clear gellatin-like substance that seemed to jiggle and
spread towards me (looked a lot like the alien in the Predator movies).
While doing LSD or psilocybin, I have always been able to tell reality from
hallucinations. This is not the case with Dramamine. Several times I car-
ried on conversations with individuals before discovering they were non-
existant. I saw people and objects that were not there as well. Perhaps the
worst aspect of the trip was the auditory part. I constantly heard my name
being called, and sound is magnified to a very uncomfortable level. Speech
(even from myself) was not only loud and difficult, but VERY slurred. Com-
munication was difficult due to the fact that I would forget what I was talk-
ing about in mid-sentence, and would finish most sentences off by saying "Uh,
nevermind...I forgot." The amount of paranoia that prevailed throughout the
trip was unbearable: especially after I saw my brother rise out of a pile of
clothes in the floor to tell me that my father (who happens to be the head
of a drug task force) was calling me. Maybe all of this was due to the fact
that I was alone for the majority of this experience (nightmare). Definate-
ly a one time experience for me. Not recomended for the weak of heart or
mind. Especially at that dosage: 24 tablets!
Jamey
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <162302Z02051994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an55866@anon.penet.fi
Date: Mon, 2 May 1994 16:16:18 UTC
Subject: dimenhydrinate
Hi,
After seeing the posts on Marezine, I checked out anti-emetics in
general and anti-histamines, and came across the anti-histamine
hallucinogenic tendency. So I got some dimenhydrinate, the local
Rite-Aid variety (cheaper than Dramamine--sp?), and paid four bucks for
two boxes of twelve at 50 mg each. I was going to take them with a
friend, but another friend wanted to split them three ways, so we had
eight apiece (400 mg). We were pretty tired before we took them (about
one in the morning), and especially with the anti-histamine property of
putting one to sleep, we decided to have some coffee. We, being
stoopid, put a hefty amount of Bailey's in our coffee, which I think was
one of the reasons we didn't react much. About forty minutes passed,
and we finally started feeling it. When inquired about my head, I said,
"I think my brain shrunk." It felt very odd--not light, not heavy, just
empty. :) When spoken to, we would have a delay (five to ten seconds)
before we could reply, which started amusing me, but I couldn't seem to
help it. I went to bed about two hours later (had a fun time walking
there, too), and tried to sleep. I thought it was wearing off. The dry
mouth thing was buggin, so I kept some water by my bed. I had a hard
time going to sleep, especially when a couple times I was choking and
found it difficult to bring in air through my throat (as opposed to
through my lungs). I am a MILD asthmatic, and I was just starting to
get sick, so that probably had something to do with it, but my friend
said he started having to _think_ about breathing. I woke up about
seven hours later alive, but with a pretty good headache. I only talked
to one of the other friends, and he said he was still messed up that
afternoon with the delay and stuff.
I guess I'd try it again, but with no alcohol (I doubt what we had
was a very big factor, though) and more dimenhydrinate (to try to get
the hallucinations). If anyone has tried it under better conditions,
please post (especially whether or not you had hallucinations), and
thanks in advance.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Due to the double-blind, any mail replies to this message will be anonymized,
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=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: dmaycrg@netcom.com (David May)
Subject: Marazine
Message-ID: <dmaycrgCpF9C1.r2@netcom.com>
Date: Sat, 7 May 1994 07:40:48 GMT
We used to do this stuff in junior high when we couldnt get anything else,
and yes if you take 4 or more you poisen your system and hallucinate badly.
One of my friends thought his dad was his girl friend and tried to do her,
needless to say he ended up in the hospital getting his stomach pumped. And
my other friend thought a gas pump was alive and attacking his car so he ran
over it. It was all captured on video camera, he had some explaining to
do in court. And when I did it I felt like i had aton of bricks dropped onto
my head the next day. Mushrooms or mescaline is much better!!!
--
dmaycrg@netcom.com
=============================================================================
Date: Sat, 30 Apr 1994 14:26:11 EDT
From: Gordo <DSG119@psuvm.psu.edu>
Message-ID: <94120.142611DSG119@psuvm.psu.edu>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Marezine trip - Evaluation
OK, I saw the posts on marezine on the net, and decided to see if they
sold it at the local drug store. Sure enough - they did - $6.09 for
a box of 12. I took 7 of them at 10:45 PM (I wanted to be conservative
since I don't know anyone firsthand who has done this). I went out -
after two hours, the only effect I got was feeling REALLY tired.
(Note - I'm 6 foot, 160lbs, male, with no tolerance to any drug)I
went back home around 1AM, and took 3 more for a total of 10. I
stayed in my room for about 30 min. then went out for a walk. I
wasn't really feeling that tired anymore, and felt dazed.
As I walked down a dark, quiet, back road listening to the Dead on my
headphones - I saw a glowing white ball. At first I thought it was
a person, then I thought it was an animal. It was about the size of
a basketball, about 70 yards away. It was bouncing up and down and
back and forth. As I got closer - I realized that the halucinations
had begun. I was actually surprised - because after almost 3 hours of
nothing - I was hallucinating. I looked up at the stars - and saw some
really amazing psychedelic patterns twisting and gyrating among the
clounds. It wasn't anything like acid/shrooms - everything was just a
dull white (no colors at all with eyes open) but it was still very
cool. Also it was different because occasionally I would just see big
flashes like a strobe light. The best thing was the way the patterns
worked their way into the clouds - I'd never seen anything quite like it -
I would see the wild geometric patters flying around - then all of a sudden
the would go INTO a cloud - and the cloud would start glowing! And then
the cloud would burst and all the zig zags would come flying out of it
again.
After a while, I went back and layed in my bed. I could see colorful
paterns with my eyes closed - but not when open. The colors were only
simple red, yellow, green, and blue's, and the line patterns were
not too complex. One cool thing that I could do was concentrate on
some object, for example a soda can - and I could see that object perfectly
clearly - and I would see my hands (this is all with eyes closed) and could
move the object around - I thought that was cool. Then I actually heard
a woman's voice - I knew it was just in my head - but I she seemed to
have a mind of her own. I talked to her - and she came up with these
funny respones out of no where - it made me laugh. Eventually all of
the effects went away - but I could not fall asleep. I did not fall
asleep till around 5 AM.
Overall, I would say its worth trying once, definitely different. It doesn't
have that "deep thought" thing thats going on with acid/shrooms which is
kind of refreshing in a way, makes it more recreational and less spiritual.
=============================================================================
From: an65848@anon.penet.fi (Anonymous)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: marezine : cylizine hydrochloride
Date: 14 May 1994 15:29:58 GMT
Message-ID: <2r2qpm$mv7@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>
In article <33V5Lc1w165w@qedbbs.com>, aga@qedbbs.com (Peter Dilley) says:
>
>marezine for a one time or possibly short term recreational use has come
>to my attention.
>
>is the active ingredient, cylizine hydrochloride, which i presume is the
>psychoactive substance, listed in any depth in nonprescription drug
>encyclopedias? How is it classified? Does it show up in recreational
>books such as PIHKAL? Is it a tryptamine?
>
>the inactive ingredients in the 50mg tablets are corn and potato starch,
>dextrin, lactose, and magnesium stearate. I am assuming the later is for
>anti spoilage and the rest for building the bulk of the tablet.
>
>the adult prescribed rate of injestion is 1 tablet every 4 to 6 hours,
>not to exceed 4 tablets every 24 hours. what does the recreational
>community use it [amount] : 4 tablets on empty stomach? at what level for
>180-200 pound individuals, or 200-220 pound individuals or 160-180 pound
>individuals. Is the only side effect a supposedly psychedelic effect?
>
>please e-mail me any information that you might have to share on this.
>
>oh, what would this be classified as. Mild psychedelic as in THC
>[cannabis] or Major psychedelic [LSD-25, 'Shrooms (Psilocybin/Psilocin)]
>Or a little over mild, a little under major, or middle?
Well, I'm a 160 pound individual and I took 9 of the tablets (the box
contains 12, If I remember correctly). It had some hallucinogenic
properties (lights seemed brighter, shadows moved around) but
nowhere near as good as LSD. My thoughts were a little abnormal,
but again, it wasn't as interesting as LSD. However, the side-effects
were quite disquieting. My eyes became very dry it seemed, and I
had to blink often, so even when I saw something cool, I couldn't
concentrate on it. The drug also made me very lethargic at first, and
I wasn't sure whether I was going to pass out or not. This tired feeling
lasted for most of the "trip", and I would wonder into semi-sleep states
where I had something resembling dreams until I understood that I
was falling asleep and snapped out of it. This scared me as I didn't
know whether I had overdosed and this was serious, or whether it
was just a normal side-effect. Anyway, I didn't like almost losing
consciousness. Finally, after about 3 or 4 hours, I tried to go to sleep.
I felt tired, but could not fall asleep. After a while, I started to have
slight muscle spasms in my right arm which occurred whenever I
didn't move for a few moments (definately not conducive to sleeping).
By now I definately wanted the effects to go away. What I'm saying
is that Marezine provided some interesting visuals, greater than
Marijuana, but not as beautiful or interesting as LSD/shrooms, but
the side-effects were definately not worth it. If you think you might be
into this type of thing, you might as well bang your head against a
brick wall until you start seeing spots or somehting; that's about the
level of enjoyment I received from it. Stick to LSD if you can, if not,
get a Robo buzz, but I for one do not recommend Marezine unless
you actually do take it for motion sickness.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dreamfis
+107
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@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
From: Robert Scott <Robert.Scott@ncl.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Hallucinogenic fish
Date: 8 Nov 1994 13:28:19 GMT
Message-ID: <39nudj$s9j@whitbeck.ncl.ac.uk>
kkalnins@malibu.sfu.ca (Karlis Kalnins) wrote:
>I heard on the radio last night about a trend with some students
>at some university (What a unique way to set up a 'strange new
>drug' story in the media) were swalowing live tropical fish of some
>variety, and the fish would release a drug when in the stomach that
>was a hallucinogen. Anyone heard about this? More info?
>On the radio, they said (the guy was reading a newspaper article) the
>'kids were turning their brains to cobwebs' and how horrible that this
>was because the fish were not illegal. Please help us, oh mighty
>State! We can't tell what to put in out own bodies unless you outlaw
>what you think is bad!
>Anyways, anyone got any more info? Post.
O.K. from a book "The Hallucinogens" - Hoffer & Osmond
'Even a variety of fish produces hallucinations. Roughly (1960)
described the dream fish present near Norfolk island. The inhabitants
stated consuming this fish would produce nightmares. In order to test
this claim, Joe Roberts, National Geographic photographer, consumed
some of the fish, broiled. The next morning he reported "It was pure
science fiction." He saw a new kind of car, pictures of monuments to
mark man's first trip into space. The fish is Kyphosus fuscus,
closely related to the silver drummer caught off New South Wales.
The author, Roughly, also tried the fish and had weird dreams.'
Rob.
=============================================================================
From: jdkirkla@prairienet.org (Justin D. Kirkland)
Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives
Subject: Psychoactive Fish etc..
Date: 2 Dec 1994 02:02:38 GMT
Message-ID: <3blv7u$lnj@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>
JLF is currently looking for Dreamfish of HI or the Norfolk
Islands. The latin name is Kyphosus fuscus. It was discussed
in Natl Geograhphic in 1960 pg 556. Any information and
specimens would be greatly appreciated and rewarded. Also of
current interest is the Pufferfish aka- Blowfish, Boxfish
Porcipinefish, Globefish, Trunkfish, and Fugu. Also specimens
and information on certain Hawaiin centipedes, AZ scorpians,
various spiders, stingrays and middle eastern ants.
JLF can be reached at JLF, P.O. Box 184-jk, Elizabethtown, IN
47232 USA or the above email address or 1-812-379-2508.
As always, anyone with any new information or specimens of
any form of psychoactive life, JLF may be interested in buying
or trading or may already carry them.
--
=============================================================================
From: sknight@tartarus.uwa.edu.au (Sam Knight)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: fish hallucinogens
Date: 9 Nov 1994 10:13:18 GMT
Message-ID: <39q7bu$fb7@styx.uwa.edu.au>
Guru Gnosis Sahib (gnosis@brahman.nullnet.fi) wrote:
: Karlis Kalnins (kkalnins@malibu.sfu.ca) wrote:
: : I heard on the radio last night about a trend with some students
: : at some university (What a unique way to set up a 'strange new
: : drug' story in the media) were swalowing live tropical fish of some
: : variety, and the fish would release a drug when in the stomach that
: : was a hallucinogen. Anyone heard about this? More info?
: Yup, a file I happen to have (in Finnish, I'm afraid) has the following
: list of psychotropic fish:
: Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Sergeant major) Pacific Ocean, Africa
: Epinephelus corallicola (Grouper) Pacific Ocean
: Kyphosus cinerascens (Bluefish) Indonesia
: Kyphosus vaigiensis (Brass bream) Indonesia
: Mugil cephalus (Flathead mullet) The tropics
: Mulloidichtys samoensis (Golden goatfish) Indonesia
: Neomyxus chaptali (Mullet) Indonesia
: Saganus oramin (Rabbitfish) Indonesia, West Africa
: Upeneus arge (Goatfish) Indonesia
: (Halstead, Courville: Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World,
: Vol 2, U.S.Government Printing Office 1967)
: Other than that, it just states that "nobody is known to have died from
: consumption". No mention of what the active ingredient is or anything.
: I'd venture a guess at either a DMT relative or bufotenin relative,
: which crop up in the venoms of other animals.
: -- _ __
: Jani "Guru Gnosis Sahib" Poij{rvi On the neverending quest /(o\ BRAHMAN
: gnosis@brahman.nullnet.fi for knowledge by identity. \o)/ +3580498797
Someone should do an analysis :)
There is also an hallucinogenic catipiller, or so says "chemistry in the
market place" (cant remember the author just now). Unfortunately he doesnt
provide a reference.
Sam
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/drug_pri.drg
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Price Project Report U.S., June '94
This information has been collected through e-mail from a number of helpful
people who contributed data. If your environment isn't listed below or if
you have more information about it, please send your information (as brief
as possible, please) to me (rich@weeds.hacktic.nl). You can send information
anonymous to me in several ways:
- Charcoal.com: Put an "X-Anon-To: rich@weeds.hacktic.nl" headerline in mail to
<anonymus+clear@charcoal.com> (note misspelling!). You can request information
about this remailer with an empty message to <anonymus+info@charcoal.com>.
- Anon.penet.fi: Put the same headerline in mail to <anon@anon.penet.fi>, or
mail to <rich%weeds.hacktic.nl@anon.penet.fi> if you can't add headerslines.
Information can be requested with an empty message to <help@anon.penet.fi>.
- The Cypherpunk anonymous mailers; for instructions please read the file
[soda.berkeley.edu:/pub/cypherpunks/remailer/hal's.remailer.gz].
All mail received will be sanitized. You may wish to encrypt mail before
letting it leave your machine; see my .sig if you have PGP.
This list is posted every month on alt.drugs. The latest list can also be
obtained on ftp.hmc.edu as /pub/drugs/misc/price.report.non-us and -.us.
[note: not dated entries are from before spring '93]
Total contributions to the report: 119
-Contents-
Alabama:
Birmingham
Fairhope
Arizona:
Buckeye
Phoenix
Tucson
California:
Berkeley
Incline Village area (North Lake Tahoe)
Los Angeles
San Diego
San Francisco
Santa Cruz
South Bay Area
Colorado:
Boulder
Denver
Delaware:
Newark
Florida:
Daytona Beach
Gainesville
Miami
Palm Beach county
Hawaii
Illinois:
Chicago
Indiana;
Portage
Iowa:
Des Moines
Kansas:
Manhattan
Kentucky:
Bowling Green
Maine:
Brunswick
Orono
Maryland
Massachusetts:
Amherst
Boston
Michigan;
Lansing (East)
Minnesota:
Duluth
Missouri
Nevada:
(Incline Village area)
New Mexico
New York:
Brooklyn
Buffalo
New York
Ohio:
Columbus
Oberlin
Oregon:
Portland
Pennsylvania:
Pittsburgh
Rhode Island
Texas:
Austin
Dallas/Fort Worth
Houston
Utah;
Salt Lake City
Virginia;
Washington DC
Washington;
Seattle
Wisconsin:
Madison
Milwaukee
State: Alabama
Date: June '94
Location: Birmingham
Pot: $450 to $500/Quarter-pound; $40-45/Quarter-ounces. Quality: Most of this
pot is the standard stuff....not light, but not dark green, and usually
takes about 3 good bong hits to be stoned for a while...
* Light green fluffy stuff: $170 an ounce, or $50 a quarter ounce.
Acid: When available, $5 a hit, $7 to $10 to the younger people.
Date: June '94
Location: Fairhope
Pot: $400/quarter-pound, sometimes a pound for $1200 or so...
Acid: $5/hit. Easier to get than in Birmingham
Shrooms: "So plentiful that there is no market...everyone goes and gets them
themselves...you can pick 2 or 3 pounds of them by yourself in an hour or
so, if you go to one of the better fields..."
State: Arizona
Location: Dead Concert, Buckeye Lake
Date: June 11, 1993
Marijuana: $25/eighth, $45/quarter. Good quality.
Color: Light to middle green
Location: Phoenix
Date: June '94
Weed: $250-300/ 1/4 lb, $750/lb. Dark green with very small buds, none bigger then about
1 inch in length. The smoke is mild, with a quick reponse. High ranges
from intense with visions to mild and depressed. Appears to be a strain of
indica and stavia mixed, or perhaps its the fruits of a stavia and indica
harvest mixed together. Supposedly a import from South America.
* Mexican Weed: $5.00/gram, $15.00 1/8th oz, $25.00 1/4 oz, $40.00 1/2 oz,
$75.00 1 oz, $160.00 1/4 LB, $300.00 1/2 LB, $500.00 1 LB, $8000/20 kilo.
Location: Tucson
Marijuana: Mexican: $65-$70/oz [June '93]
Low quality: $100/quarter pound [July '93]
State: California
Location: Berkeley
Date: March '94
Lsd: $750/1000 doses- Orange suns on a yellow background.
[2nd source, June '94]
Lsd: 5 hits $10. "Disappointing quality"
Location: Incline Village area (North Lake Tahoe, California/Nevada border)
Date: February '94
Marijuana:
* Mex (shitweed): $25/eight. It's actually better than what the name says.
I got really worked on this stuff.
* Green: $50/eigth. This had some really KIND bud in it- juicy and thick.
The smell was wonderful, and you can get pretty high after three bong
hits. Unfortunetly kind of expensive for me.
LSD: $5 a hit, or about $3 if you buy a lot of it. Quality is unknown.
Mushrooms: $20 for an eight, about enough for 2 people. Quality also unknown.
-Everything else is pretty hard to find. Actually, shrooms and not pot are the
most common and easy-to-get drug around here.
Location: Los Angeles area
marijuana: $25 a quarter -- mediocre stuff, but it gets the job done.
hashish: $10 a gram. No point of comparison, but it's pretty potent.
[other source August '93]
Marijuana: $60 per oz for decent sens. - dark green, not too seedy.
LSD: $3-5 hit of blotter (Celtic Shields, Suns, Purple Shields, UFOås, Robots)
$ 80-120/sheet (100), $ 600-750/book (1000), $ 5-10/microdot
MDMA: $20 per - Pink, purple, brown, white pressed tabs - usually speedy.
Small white capsules occasionally - very good. $ 7-12 for >100
2C-B: $10-15 per $5-7 for >100
Crystal Meth: $20-25 1/4 gram
Shrooms: (rare) $125-150oz.
[2nd source, December '93]
Marijuana: $25-35/Quarter
[3rd source, December '93]
LSD: Strawberries (kind of old) and Celtic shields: $50/sheet wholesale,
$60/sheet if 2nd in line, $100/sheet if not. Shields are uneven in
quality--tends to be either high or weak in quality. A few dud hits per
sheet as a rule.
[4th source, March '94]
Weed: Mex: $20/eigth on the street, $60/ounce from most Mexicans
'Ganje' Killer dope $60/eighth for *fat* eights. Might be $50-55 for
slightly lesser grade. $320/oz if you can find the right person. "Best
Weed Santa Barbara has ever seen!" High Times quote)
Hash: not too bad quality, ~30/quarter.
Hits/Shrooms: Very hard to find, but average prices ($3-5 'cid, $20/eight
shrooms).
Opium: Be real careful here. There is some shit going around that smells like
Jasmine. I think it's that Black Opium insence found in the back of HT.
It's $20/eighth, but don't waste your money.
*Everything above except for the Kind prices are from around the Venice beach
area. The 'ganje' I've only been able to find up in Santa Barbara, but it's
well worth the trip.
Location: San Diego
Date: April '94
Speed: $20 per 1/4 gm, $80 per 1/16 oz
[2nd source, May '94]
Mexican 'dirt' weed: $100/ounce, $15/eighth, $25/quarter
Bud: up to $65/eigth "one or two hits cause you to trip"
Location: San Francisco
Date: June 93
Marijuana:
Killer Green from emerald triangle (northern california) ~$60/ 1/8 ounce.
Mexican brown ~$40/ 1/4 ounce, maybe $350-400/ 1/4 pound.
Acid: ~$75/ sheet of 100.
Mushrooms: psylocybe cubensis ~$75/ ounce.
Methamphetamine: $100/gram
MDMA: $150/gram (10 hits) "gone up a lot lately due to rave scene...used to be
$75/gram last year."
U4Euh: (Verbosamine, Intellex, Ice) $125/ gram
2CB: $100/ gram
heroin: $200 gram
cocaine: $75 gram
mescaline: $50 gram
[2nd source, Bay Area, December '93]
LSD: Purple shields $4/blotter, very weak (Suns are stronger, medium)
Location: Santa Cruz
Date: April '94
Shrooms: $15/eighth, $25/quarter, $500/half pound. High quality.
Location: South Bay Area (Mountain View, Cupertino, West San Jose, Sunnyvale)
Date: May '93
marijuana:
- Green Bud #1: Light green in color. Totally covered in red hairs. Full,
big, mature buds (Some weigh in at 15+ grams each) good smell, great high.
Good availibility.
$60 3.5 grams
$425 1 oz.
- Green Bud #2: Dark green nuggets. Very dense and squishy. Intoxicating
aroma. Burns well due to moisture content (not too dry, not too wet). This
is the one hit shit. It comes around twice a year from Humboldt County.
Very hard to find, rarely available in quantities.
$55 3.0 grams
$400 1 oz. (If you can find someone who can keep this much around)
- Brown Mexican Bud #1: Shitty, shitty, shitty. It looks shitty, smells
shitty, and tastes like burnt dirt. A friend found a rusty screw in a 1/4
lb. sack.
$20 3.5 grams
$150 1 oz.
$500 1/4 lb.
$1700 lb.
State: Colorado
Location: Boulder
Marijuana:
- "Kind Bud": medium to very light, bright green. Orange "hairs" and
white/translucent "crystals". Very sticky and heavy when wet, but
very light and fluffy when dry. Buds are large and shapely (meaning:
recognizable, not crushed, compared to "shwag" Mexican). Usually no
seeds, but if you're lucky :-) you'll get a couple. Not widely
available. "stoned with one hit", "high quality"
[Summer '93]: $50/eighth ounce
[Winter '92/93]: $40/eighth ounce
- "Shwag Bags": dark to medium green and brownish. If brown, it smells
like dirt and will taste even worse. Plant is crushed and a large
portion (sometimes up to 50%, if you really get screwed) of the mass
is comprised of seeds and stems. Color is uniform (no orange hairs)
and there are no crystals. Readily available.
"smoke a whole bowl to get really high" "smoke more harsh" "not fresh"
[Summer '93]: $40-50/quarter ounce
[Winter '92/93]: $30-40/quarter ounce
Location: Denver
Date: November '93
Pot mexican commercial: $30-40/quarter, $100-120/oz, $875-1000/pound
Kind buds, super killer: $80-100 a quarter, $3200-3600+ a pound
Hash: $10-20 a gram, $250-325 an oz, $900-950 quarter pound
XTC: $15-25 a hit, $1700-2400/oz. Availability is irregular, quality unknown.
LSD: $2-5 a hit, $70-150 a sheet (100 hits), $700-1000 ten sheets.
Availabilty irregular
Mushrooms: $30-45 a quarter, $900-1100 a pound, $700-800 ten pounds+.
Availability somewhat better than lsd
Heroine (black tar only, no china white powder): $15-20 for a small piece
1/20 to 1/30 of a gram, $120-180 for a half gram. Availability is good
but must be bought on the street.
[2nd source, December '93]
Marijuana: Good red hair commercial mexican- $90/OZ, $900/5 pounds
[3rd source, March '94]
MJ: 750-1000/pound for commercial mex. to get below $900 you need to know an
importer, preferably a mexican insider. A friend got a pound for $650, but
it was moldy and didn't smell too good. Still stony though.
State: Delaware
Location: Newark
Date: July 24th '93
"Just about anything is available here, nobody seems to have any trouble
finding weed, hash, LSD, speed, coke or crack. MDMA availability seems to
be highly correlated with certain parties where there is little or no
beer and many weird looking people dancing all night that happen about
once or twice a month. Shrooms, microdots that are alledgedly mescaline
(but more likely one of its more potent analogues), ketamine, PCP,
heroin and various pharmacuticals are all available but if you don't
know the right people it might take a week or two to find them.
Alcohol: $1.75 domestics, $2.75 imports, $1.75+ mixed drinks. in a bar
Marijuana: $45-55/quarter, decent stuff, good availability
LSD: $4/hit; Recent brands: Snowmen, plain grey blotter; Availability: fair
MDMA: $20-25/hit "variable, but usually good"
Cocaine: $80/gram last summer for pretty good stuff, I don't keep track
of coke prices because I don't buy it very often.
State: Florida
Location: Daytona Beach [April '94]
Pot: 120-1OZ 60$-1/2 40$-1/4 20-1/8. Sometimes good sometimes not so bad.
Locally grown: 5$ a oz, Really shitty but 2 jays get ya there
Date: August '93
Location: Gainesville
Pot - $40 / quarter ounce
LSD - $5 a hit. Just starting to trickle back in after a 6 month drought.
Nexus - $25 / capsule. Only place I know of to get it is a head shop.
Shrooms - "still haven't seen them, only know of one person who has this
summer."
Location: Miami
LSD: hits $5 each; sheets $135 (white THICK blotter)
Location: Palm Beach County
Date: February '94
LSD: Sporadically available. Hard to obtain, we dry out most of the time.
* Orange Sunshine Blotter - $6 a hit. Larger quanities not usually for
sale. Average quality. 8 Hour Trip...
* White Blotter - $5 a hit. Larger quanites not available. Very good,
"clean", and visual. 11-12 Hour trip.
* Pink Flamingo Blotter - $3-4 a dose. FAKE! Blank paper. Don't buy...
MJ: * Basic Mexican Weed: $120 per ounce. Nice, green, and nice pine smell.
* Cheaper variety: $100 per ounce. Older looking and more seeds. Works
fine, tho.
Cocaine: Readily available, price unknown.
Indoles and phenethylamines are not available.
State: Hawaii
Speed: $100 1/4 gram, $150 1/2 gram, $400 16th Oz, $700 8/th Oz, $3500-4000
Ounce. Clear, high-quality white crystal.
State: Illinois
Location: Champaign (UIUC campus)
Date: March '94
MJ: $40 1/4. Beat-up, brown brick buds. Not too much smell. Decent high
considering what the stuff looks like. You'll come down and be sleepy in
an hour.
Shrooms: $25 1/8 $50 1/4. Consistent supply. Type Unknown. 1/16 is good for
about a 5hr trip.
Location: Chicago
Marijuana: $45/quarter "kicked in right away" "intense buzz" "not very
potent" [north Chicago, Nov '93]
Buds: $50/quarter. Quite potent, one or two bong hits will do ya. Fantastic
smell (unburnt), pretty smooth going down. [north Chicago, Nov '93]
[2nd source, March '94]
MJ: $10/eigth. Shake, sometimes cut with parsley or oregano. Not much good.
[3rd source]
Heroin: $20 bag, about 60-80 mg. Very fine white powder. Cut with sleeping
pills. High quality. Increasing availability. [West, Late February '94]
Acid: $5/hit - blotter paper. "Ant"-acid. Common, but variable type. [North,
Early March '94]
Methedrine: $10 bag. Cut with caffeine. Large physical quantity, so so effect.
Common. [Truckstop, Late February '94]
[4th source, March '94]
MJ: $35 1/8, $70 1/4. Very good quality. Light and dark green, small dense
buds. Rather sticky with good skunky smell. Few seeds & stems, but not too
bad. Good, long lasting high.
[5th source, Hyde Park, June '94]
Marijuana: $40/quarter. Almost all nice, green buds. Nice!
State: Indiana
Location: Portage
Marijuana: $45 - 1/4 or $150 an ounce. Mediocre stuff, kinda dry. Hard to come
by lately. [August '93]
[2nd source, October '93]
Marijuana: excellent stuff. Better than what has been available all summer.
Moist, tastey. Stoned from a few hits. Availability is great. Very EASY
to get. $45 1/4, $120 ounce.
LSD: Very good stuff. $3/dose, $90 half-sheet of 50. Availibility is good.
Usually takes a day to get.
[3rd source, 20 December '93- Portage and surrounding cities]
Marijuana: TIGHTLY compressed bud. Dark green, good 'skunky' smell. Strong
hits, one joint gets even the heaviest smoker stoned. Very easily obtained.
Delivered right to your door. $40 a 1/4 oz., and $120 an oz.
Note: Slightly less than an ounce is only a misdemeanor in Indiana! They are
searching a lot of vehicles, lately, so if you have an ounce or more, be
careful, it's a stiff felony! Chesterton, Indiana, or neighboring city just
spent a whopping $10,000 for a drug sniffing dog they now carry around to
search vehicles on the spot. First month's statistics are 5 marijuana busts. Be
warned!
State: Iowa
Location: Des Moines
Date: April '94
Marijuana: 1/8 oz - $25, 1/4 oz - $45-50, 1/2 oz - $85-100, 1 oz - $140-170.
From the sources I've seen, bags are mostly buds, very little shake. Buds
are full of red hairs and have a strong, green odor, usually around 2-3
inches long. General rule is to get it when shipments first come in, and
you'll end up with the longer buds with very few seeds, but a few big
stems. Very intense high, 1 or two bong hits will send you flying, a
couple bongloads will knock you on your ass.
LSD: $5-6 Everyone says it takes a couple hits to work
Shrooms: $35 for an 1/8 oz., but I haven't seen 'em. Pretty rare.
[They really depend on how well you know the source, and availability.
(Everyone seems to run out at the same time around here)]
State: Kansas
Location: Manhattan
Date: 2/14/94
-All of these readily available-
Mj: -Mexican commercial pressed, $45/quarter, $135/ounce. Average -- typical
mexican weed
-Good skunk bud, $55/quarter, $150/ounce. Very good -- 1-2 hit stuff.
Cocaine (powder): $40/quarter-gram, $250/eight-ball 3.5g. Cut somewhat -- hard
to tell how much
Crank,Speed,Methamphetamine: $40/quarter-gram, $250/eight-ball 3.5g. Less than
50% pure -- cut with some white vitamin tablet ?
LSD (blank blotter): $5/hit. Average dose -- ~75 micrograms
Mushrooms: $10/gram, $60/quarter. Good shrooms...always fun
State: Kentucky
Lockation: Bowling Greene
Date: April '94
Lsd: $5/hit. Good quality.
State: Maine
Location: Brunswick
Date: October '93
Marijuana: $165-$185/oz. Green and brown, flat compressed buds. Doesn't smoke
all that smooth but does the trick. It is everywhere now, though harvest
is slowing down; prices will rise soon as the supply shifts to out of state
sources.
"kind bud": $45-$55 1/8 oz. Bright green with whitish crystals, nice
nuggets. Haven't gotten a chance to try any, but all reports are that this
is one hit dope. Harder to find.
LSD: Sporadic availibility. Snowmen: $3/hit $150/sheet Plain ol' acid, nothing
special, not particularly speedy but not particularly strong. White Blotter
$4/hit. Got it once, similar to snowmen, couldn't tell the difference.
Shrooms: Come and go, when they are here they are expensive but very good.
$25-$35 1/8 oz.
Location: Orono
Date: April '93
LSD: $5/ hit "Quality varies slightly"
Availability "sparce, arid, very undependable"
State: Maryland
Date: May '93
"Nothing but weed available"
Marijuana: $25/eigth, average quality
"Recently got a half of good stuff for $75"
State: Massachusetts
Location: Amherst
Date: January '94
MJ: 30 1/8 oz good, fluffy greed; $50-55 1/4 good, fluffy green; $$25 1/8 oz
for commercail, compact bud. $10 1/4 for leaf. 1 oz. = 130 for good bud;
1 oz. = 180 for KIND bud (no joke, the real thing)
acid: $3 or $4 for a hit
mushrooms: $25 1/8 oz. $50 1/4 oz.
Location: Boston
Date: September '93
Marijuana: ~$25/eighth. Quality varies. Probably good homegrown or maybe
mexican. Seen some california kind but it's pricey. Have seen shitty
shake on sale for $15/eighth.
[2nd source, February '94]
MJ: $75/qtr for good, green, sticky, few seeds, or $250 oz if you buy bulk!
$40/qtr for mexican commercial grade, seeds'n'stems, gets the job done.
[3rd source, March '94]
MJ: 1/8 oz. $25, 1/4 oz. $45, 1/2 oz. $75, 1 oz. $125, QP $375-$450 (depending
upon quality)
[4th source, April '94]
Ecstasy: $20-25 / hit
State: Michigan
Date: March'94
Shrooms: $15-$20/eighth
Acid: $2-3/hit, $120/sheet
Location: Lansing (East)
Date: November '93
Marijuana: $25/Eight, $45/Quarter. Good stuff, little red hairs.
State: Minnesota
Location: Duluth
Date: November '93
Marijuana: Generic commericial run of the mill green: $60 per 1/4, $220 per
oz. or $125-175 per oz. depending on who you know.
One-hit-fall-down-and-spasm-wonder-weed $100 per 1/4 or $325 per oz.
depending on who you know. Availability scarce.
State: Missouri
Date: Early May '94
Acid: $5/hit. Blotter w/ Felix the cat print. Quality: "Absolutely AMAZING. I
took three hits of Felix, a couple bong hits, and my world was awash in
tracers and patterns, a veritable overload of visual information. Fairly
mentally disorienting, but not the worst. VERY strong". Sometimes available
in the rave scene.
State: Nevada
Location: Incline Village area (North Lake Tahoe)
- see Californian entry
State: New Mexico
Date: February '94
MJ: * tex-mex $100 a z
* local indica $175 a z
* oregon sticky $250 a z
State: New York
Date: August '93
Location: Brooklyn ("Prices apply generally for the whole NY area")
Shrooms: 1/8th $20
LSD: 1 tab (blotter square) $3 - $5
Marijuana: 1/8th $30 - $35
1/4 $45 - $50
*the MJ prices are for street quality, ie. its not specially grown and
usually not called anything. sometimes referred to by name such as skunk,
chocolate thai, etc but the credibility is left up to the buyer to decide
*MJ is usually sold in Xbags rather than by weight. In other words you
would get a 20 bag (for $20) and hope that its large.
[other source, November '93]
2CB: $10/hit. Largish gelcaps, white powder inside. Takes effect in about
an hour, very ticklish sensation all over, feels good to be touched,
hallucinations kick in soon after and trip resembles acid thereafter.
Ends abruptly without the sleeplessness or lingering burnt-out feeling
of acid.
Location: Buffalo
Date: January '94
Weed: $30 1/8 oz, $55 1/4 oz. do to good, not to big.
$45 1/4 oz shaggy bud (lot's o seeds)
Acid: 1 hit, $5
Mushrooms (from New York) $50 per 1/4 oz.
Location: New York
Date: March '94
LSD: $5/hit
State: North Carolina
Date: Early-mid June '94
Acid: $250/sheet(100 hits) (Felix the Cat; see Missouri entry). Availability:
"Good luck! You'll have to be connected to find it, but it's there!"
State: Ohio
Location: Columbus
MJ: Cnd$40-$60[~US$55-$82]
[2nd source, June '94]
LSD: $4/hit, $140/half sheet. Grey paper, medium dosage, nice visuals.
Availability sporadic
MJ: $25/ 1/8, $40/ 1/4. Lots of seeds, but some pretty tight buds as well.
Location: Oberlin
Marijuana: Decent quality, $25-$35 per 1/8 ounce. ($25 per 1/8 in a half,
$35 for 1/8 by itself)
LSD: $5 a hit blotter/liquid
Shrooms: $30 an 1/8th. Nice.
State: Oregon
Location: Portland
Date: October '93
Marijuana: $250/oz. - SE Pdx, "Sunnyside indoor green bud" - sensi indica,
sweet, very dry but sticky, short but intense high.
$125/oz. - Seems to be everywhere, Mexican "red hair", grade B+, sativa,
seeds but lots of tight little buds, stoney for the price, "save your
seeds".
$160 - $200/oz. - NE & SE Pdx, "Afghani" hash - mild expansion, nothing
like the "old days" but still works, on the dry side.
[2nd source, January '94]
MJ: $35 1/8 oz of GOOD bud, i mean good.
Mushrooms= $400 1/2 lb.
State: Pennsylvania
Location: Pittsburgh
Date: October '93
Marijuana: 1/4 lb for $515; 1/8th Oz for usually $25, 1/4 for 45, Oz for 150.
Arcata California (home of THE kind bud of the world...): 1/8th for $50,
1/4 for $90.
[other source, October '93]
Marijuana: Brownish mexican pot (ok stuff, a little stale, gets the job
done): $30/eighth. Northern Lights (killer green.. one hit stuff):
$50/eighth
Acid: $4-5/hit
[another, November '93]
LSD: $5/hit. Orange sunshine blotter. Very strong.
2CB: $10/hit. Largish gelcaps, white powder inside. Takes effect in about
an hour, very ticklish sensation all over, feels good to be touched,
hallucinations kick in soon after and trip resembles acid thereafter.
Ends abruptly without the sleeplessness or lingering burnt-out feeling
of acid.
[4th, 20 January '94]
MJ: 1/2 ounce for $90. Quality ok- all bud/no leaves,though a bit too seedy.
Many busts lately, though availiability is still ok- but due to a new
dealer the quality decreased, not nearly as potent]
State: Rhode Island
Date: November '93
2CB: $10/hit. Largish gelcaps, white powder inside. Takes effect in about
an hour, very ticklish sensation all over, feels good to be touched,
hallucinations kick in soon after and trip resembles acid thereafter.
Ends abruptly without the sleeplessness or lingering burnt-out feeling
of acid.
[2nd source, March '94]
Marijuana: $10/gram
State: Texas
Location: Austin
Date: April '94
Marijuana:
* Commercial Mexican: $25/quarter. Bricked, *very* dry, seedy. Greener than
other recent batches, fewer red/orange hairs. Harsh smoke, lots of cough.
High is somewhat shallow, but has a decent duration.
* Commercial Mexican: $25/quarter. Same source as above, but much lighter
green, damper. Better, smoother toke, fewer seeds and stems. Stonier.
* G9: $90/qtr from the grower, $100+/qtr further down the line. This is
supposedly a (Northern Lights x Skunk #1) x (a whole slew of hybrids).
Whatever it is, it's the most potent smoke I've ever encountered in my
life. Let me repeat that. In my life. It looks like a vivid green and
red thai stick, with very little of the white crystalization seen on
some of the other Kind in town. The sticks are approximately 1 inch wide,
and about 1/2 inch thick. A .25 inch slice from a bud, cut into 4 pieces,
will absolutely fry a half-dozen people. Frighteningly good.
* Afghani Hash Plant: $100/quarter. Beautiful buds, a little loose. Leaves
(when dried) are a lighter green than I'd expected from an Afghani, with
whitish tints in some places, interspresed with brilliant shoots of deep
red and orange. Very energetic, spacey high.
* Green Spirit (Big Bud x Skunk #1): $90/quarter. Intense smell from the
skunk, the dried bud looks like it's been dipped in a sugar glaze there's
so much resin dried on it. High is very spacy, long-lasting (4-6 hours from
1 bowl) and good to groove on. Still around from last time (when I in-
correctly identified it as Green Vision. I blame the drugs :-).
* Local Skunk Bud, misidentified last time as Jamaican: $75/quarter. This
was grown outdoors locally (allegedly 300+ lbs.). Big fat nuggets of
smooth green smoke, a bargain at the price, especially considering that
it is moderately-seeded. Lots of people are starting gardens from this
stuff. The high is medium duration, but very strong and mellow. If the
seeded bud is this potent, I can't wait to try some of the Sinse from
it...
* Reputable friends have reported seeing unharvested Hindu Kush #3,
Northern Lights #2, Thai Skunk (Thai x Skunk #1), (Haze x Skunk #1),
Skunk #1 and 4-Way (Skunk x NL x NL x Skunk). It sounds like upcoming
months will be Kind indeed here at the home of the the Armadillo.
Location: Dallas/Ft. Worth area
marijuana: "$100/oz or $1050/lb - excellent quality - 2 to 3 toke high"
[2nd source, September '93]
LSD: 50 hits of Mindblaster (paper)/$2.50 per hit "A little on the weak side
for me, 3 hits were okay, will try four next time. Friend said 2 were
definitely not enough."
- 50 hits of Black Dot (paper)/$2.90 per hit "Didn't get a chance to try
this one"
Location: Houston
Date: Early august '93
Marijuana: Indica, Huge light green buds and stink really bad. (Not sinse,
had fair amount of seeds)- Incredible killer dope.
US$120 / quarter ounce
[other source, October '93]
Marijuana: Mexican: US$30 a quarter oz. Typical summer mexican buds - mostly
greenish brown flat gnarly looking buds. Fortunately it's usually not too
compressed. Will definitely get you high if you smoke enough... Loaded
with small, smooth, black seeds... very stemmy. Always available unless
it gets REALLY dry (hasn't happened this summer). Buy the kind instead of
this if you can...
- Kind buds:
Thai: US$120 a quarter oz. Was available in august. Outdoor grow kind. No
seeds. Big brownish kinda-dry buds with harsh smoke that tastes a bit like
it has gasoline fumes in it... Gets you quite stoned with only one good
hit though. Overall it's pretty good.
Colombian gold hash buds: US$140 a quarter oz. also available in august.
From same source as the Thai. No seeds. Big light brown (almost beige) buds
with traces of green. Gets you VERY stoned in short order.
Northern Lights: US$100 a quarter oz. was available in September. Local
hydroponic grown... No seeds. Nice sticky dark green "fluffy" buds.
Takes about 5 mins to kick in but gets you nice and high as opposed to
stoned. Wears off rather quickly though (in about an hour or hour and a
half)... :(
Indica!: US$120 a quarter oz. Available in mid october (about a week ago).
Probably outdoor grow skunk buds. Huge fluffy, sticky light green buds.
Very fresh so it's most likely local grow. Moderate amount of seeds. Not
quite as strong smelling or as nice tasting as it has been in the past but
unbelievable nonetheless. One good hit gets you REALLY REALLY high. Two
gets you very stoned. Awesome stuff. You bet I'm saving the seeds.
[3rd source, november '93]
mexican brick : usual winter mex. Small crushed buds, dark green, some red
hairs evident in the shake, stemmy with lots of seeds. Not bad overall for
brick, and at $25/quarter-oz I don't complain.
kind bud#1: very dark green sativa. large dense buds but not very strong
smelling. one or two seeds found. VERY high THC content - one large bong
hit I was mortally wounded, which is unusual... $120/quarter-oz
kind bud#2: exactly the same as #1, from the same source even, but with less
THC. Probably just a different plant from the same stock. Excellent bud
though.
kind bud#3: some weird strain of indica. not as green or strong smelling as
indica usually is. light green buds dappled with red. big and very
lightweight fluffy buds with no seeds and not much stem, so nearly the
entire bag was smokeable. lots of big crystals and very tasty... very
potent and a great deal at $110/quarter-oz
LSD: a clear liquid in a small vial. $5 for a couple of drops on a
sugar-cube. good stuff
[4th source, Southwest Houston, Jan 24, 1994]
MJ: 1/2 lb $400.00, 1/4 lb $250.00, 1/16 lb $80.00- Med. green, compressed,
mexican.
State: Utah
Date: October '93
Weed: ~$110-$135/oz. Killer bud ~$250/oz max.
Location: Salt Lake City
Date: May '93
Weed: $25-$50/eigth, fair-extremely good. Availability: constant
Acid: $3-$10/hit, crappy-extremely good. Availability: erratic
Shrooms: $20/eighth. Availability: rare
Mescaline: $10/good dose [1/5 gram]. Availability: rare
State: Virginia
Date: June '93
Marijuana: $50-$80/ 1/4 ounce (good - better)
Acid: $5 a hit (5-10 hits) to less than $1 a hit for more than a sheet
Shrooms: about $60-$90/ 1/4 ounce
"Availability varies widely. Although almost all drugs are available on
demand to some, only crack is avaiable to those without connections.
Those buying off the street are the frequently busted."
[other source]
Weed: $50-$75 1/4, depending on quality. $150 oz normal.
Shrooms: $35-$40 1/4
Acid: $3-$5 hit, sheets vary widely.
Shrooms and weed widely available, acid flakey.
[other source]
Location: Washington, DC
Date: July '93
Marijuana: ~$200/ OZ (most common, actually a little expensive). Price most
often depends on WHO is selling. High quality stuff gets around (in small
quantities) but is generally cheaper (~ $100-150 / OZ). Not much "killer"
stuff around. The most common is quite seedy and brown, but the buds are
generally kind. When quality stuff makes it this far it tends to come from
Oregon/N. California and is seedless, green smelly buds.
The $200/OZ stuff can generally be scored in under a month. Everything else
fluctuates tremendously as there are no other regular sources. Price has
been steady for over a year now. Most of this, of course, depends on who you
know... On the street you'll be easily ripped off.
[other source, November '93]
MDMA: $30/hit. White gelcaps. Took a long time to come on, but lasted a long
time.
K: Not sure how much this is going for, but I've seen it going around a lot
at raves, usually just being shared, not sold.
[2nd source, March '94]
MJ: Kind bud, $50 / Eight
State: Washington
marijuana: $40 an eighth, "outstanding"
Location: Seattle
Date: August '93
Marijuana: $35/eight; Green, sticky, smelly, doesn't weigh and is of
relatively low quality. Available pretty regularly (but always look for
something better first). (South Seattle area)
Mushrooms: dry, in a baggy, approx 3 grams, $20 (was asking $25, but I only
had a 20 on me, and I saved him from getting nabbed by a cop in an
unmarked blazer. Very potent, a good time was had by all. Purchased at
a concert in Eastern WA, so a repeat performance can not be scheduled.
MDMA: gelatin capsule filled with a white powdery substance $20 a hit.
Available infrequently. Capitol Hill area(Seattle WA)
State: Wisconsin
Location: Madison
Date: August 1 '93
LSD-25 : White blotter (.5 cm square), with picture of a barrel of monkeys
labelled FUN. Very good quality.4 / dose.
Marijuana : Homegrown, good quality. $10 / ~ 1.5 grams.
Nitrous Oxide : Whippits! $7 / 10 carts, $16 / 24 carts, $25 / 4 carts.
Location: Milwaukee (South Side/Suburban)
Date: October '93
Pot: $40/quarter, brickweed; potency of 8 (on scale to 10)
Shrooms: Yellow cap(?) $8/gm ($95/oz)... "Good buzz off of 2gms - kind of
hard to get."
Acid: $3-5/hit; quality and features unknown (blotter)
- "Can't find hash, opium (always rare), or XTC anywhere in the milwaukee
area."
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---
Please send your local info for the Drug Price report; anonymously by mailing
through a Cypherpunk remailer, Charcoal or rich%weeds.hacktic.nl@anon.penet.fi
"...(Cocaine) policy and regulations take little account of these conclusions,
just as drug regulations in the past have been based neither on science nor on
sense." - C. van Dyke and R. Byck, "Cocaine", Scientific American, March 1982.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/drugfree.txt
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From: govegan@uclink.berkeley.edu (Scott Andrew Selby)
Newsgroups: talk.politics.drugs
Subject: WHY DRUG FREE? (pamphlet)
Date: 14 Apr 1994 21:41:26 GMT
Message-ID: <2okda6$8kt@agate.berkeley.edu>
This is a new essay to try to explain the various issues involved
with drug consumption. Please e-mail comments on this to me as I
am going to do another draft of it. Both positive and negative
feedback is appreciated (but please be constructive). For a hard
copy to pass out, send a SASE to the address listed at the end of
this file. Thanks.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
WHY DRUG-FREE?
Personal and Political Responsibility in Daily Life
Recreational drug use is one of the most widespread and
destructive habits facing us today. Much like other matters of
lifestyle, drug use is not contained entirely within either the private
or the public realm, but lies somewhere in between. The
ramifications of the purchase and consumption of a beer and a
cigarette include, for instance, not only obvious harm to the
consumers body, but also tacit financial support of the political
causes to which the given alcohol/tobacco corporation contributes,
often right-wing in nature. The successful election campaigns of
North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms in 1984 and 1990, for
example, were both funded in large part by profits from the alcohol
and tobacco industries, of which the right-wing congressman has
been an ardent supporter.1 There is an element of irony in this; the
drugs that are used in the name of youthful rebellion end up
benefiting the extreme-rightÑ against which the rebellion claims to
be pitted in the first place.
From a health/social perspective things look even worse.
While political setbacks can in the end be overcome, nothing can
be done to bring back the four-hundred thousand people who die
in the United States as a result of cigarette consumption alone
every year, during which hundreds of thousands more fall victim to
other alcohol- and other drug-related deaths.
HEALTH
Perhaps the most obvious argument against drug use is the
tremendous toll recreational drugs take on the human body.
Cigarettes have been conclusively shown to cause lung cancer;
cancer of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, bladder, and pancreas;
chronic bronchitis; peptic ulcers; emphysema; and various birth
defects (if consumed by a pregnant woman). Alcohol can cause an
often-fatal cirrhosis of the liver if ingested regularly over a long
period of time, and use by a pregnant woman can cause birth
defects. Marijuana cigarettes, often thought to be harmless, cause
lung-related illnesses at a rate four times that of their tobacco-filled
bretheren, not to mention their user's lessened ability to
concentrate on difficult tasks, the chronic consumer's weakened
short-term memory, impotency for men, and long-term lowered sex-
drive for all users.2 Consumption of LSD can lead to permanent
brain damage, including psychosis and death. And underlying
each drug's long list of individual problems is the fact that almost all
recreational drugs result in physical dependency (even marijuana,
commonly thought in mainstream society to only be
"psychologically" addictive.)3 New drugs continue to be created
whose long term health affects are not yet known - although
immediate health-problems have been linked to some, such as the
draining of spinal fluid by MDMA (Ecstasy).4
Indeed, those who produce and sell recreational drugs are
guilty of human rights violations on a grand scale. In the name of
money and profits, they knowingly promote use of products that
end hundreds of thousands of lives every year, and harm countless
others.
SOCIAL RAMIFICATIONS
An individual's drug habit has a profound effect upon the
community of people with which he/she interacts on a daily basis.
According to government statistics, second hand smoke alone is
responsible for the deaths of fifty-thousand Americans each year.
Drunk drivers kill an additional seventy-thousand innocent human
beings during the same time period. In no uncertain terms this
amounts to murder. Are profits more important than human lives?
The answer from the recreational drug business is a resounding
"Yes!"
From an inter-personal perspective, it is clear that while
under the influence of any mind-altering drug, one has decreased
control of one's actions. This affects both the individual and those
around him/her. It is often the main factor in occurrences of assault,
sexual transgressions, domestic violence, and physical abuse in
general. Date rape is often caused by lessened sexual inhibitions
brought on by drug consumption. Unfortunately, a complete list of
social problems exacerbated by drug use is too long to include in a
pamphlet of this length. Even if one personally has never been a
perpetrator in a drug-related incident, one is still responsible for
such occurrences, through drug consumption or support thereof.
Passivity equals compliance.
POLITICAL ISSUES
It is a travesty that while use of illegal drugs is combated,
consumption of alcohol and tobacco is actively promoted.
Corporations are even willing to lie in order to increase profits.
They consistently deny that the products they make and sell are
dangerous. Cigarette manufacturers, for example, claim that
cigarettes are neither a threat to the consumer's health nor
addictive,5 despite scientific proof to the contrary. Even the United
States government, ostensibly set up to protect the rights of the
country's citizens, have been promoters of the legal drug industry.
Indeed it is only a minority of government officials who have been
fighting the tobacco industry, albeit on a limited scale.
The federal government is not doing much to stop the public
health threat caused by alcohol/cigarette consumption because the
major corporations have the United States Congress in shackles,
which take the form of gifts, contributions, and campaign funds.6 In
the American South, where tobacco is an important industry,
congressmen are virtually forced to support the tobacco
corporations or face expulsion from office come election-time. For
this reason, federal subsidies exist for tobacco growers that insure
them a profit on their crops.7 The corporations placate the would-
be opposition in government with money, which allows them to
manufacture their harmful products unquestioned.
The products and their health-hazards, however, are only
part of the picture. Both in the United States and abroad,
alcohol/tobacco corporations have been well-known supporters of
an ultra-conservative political agenda. Indeed, almost all of the
corporations that manufacture alcohol and cigarettes turn over a
significant portion of their profits to special-interest groups that
oppose civil-rights legislation and social programs. The Coors
corporation, for example, has opposed the U.S. Civil Rights Act,
affirmative action, the Equal Rights Amendment, U.S. labor unions,
and has been guilty of severe environmental damage in Colorado.
Perhaps most conspicuously they are the founders and primary
financial backers of the Colorado-based Heritage Foundation: an
anti-Semitic, racist, anti-civil rights, right-wing think tank.8 Coors is
not alone in its reactionary pursuits. Henry Weinhard's brewery, for
example, has used profits from beer sales to fund Operation
Rescue.
From the perspective of change, drugs only contribute to
maintaining the status quo. Those who are opposed to the current
system often believe that there is something rebellious about
consuming illegal drugs. The reality is that by purchasing and
consuming drugs, they support the establishment which they
dislike so much. Their consumption also minimizes the volume of
their dissent by neutralizing their activist-tendencies. Drug use
fosters an apathetic environment in which people seek to escape
the troubled conditions of this world instead of working to change
them. It is the people who live in the worst conditions, (and thus
have the greatest need to fight for social change), who most often
become drug addicts, a fact which explains the high rate of
alcoholism among the economically-depressed Native Americans,
and a similarly high percentage of drug use among America's
urban lower class. This, of course, pleases those who run the
country: they face no threat of rebellion as long as the
disenfranchised are busily involved with drugs. In 1989, under
President George Bush, the government set up a highly-selective
'War on Drugs', which gave law enforcement officials free reign to
abuse their authority among society's underclass, all the while
promoting the use of alcohol and other legal drugs among the
same sector of society.
Drug production is a waste of environmental resources. It is
unnecessary, unsustainable, and often directly damages the
environment. Food-stuffs, which in sharp contrast are important to
produce, could be grown on the land used to produce the drugs.
Residents of Northern California and parts of Hawaii have
witnessed the virtual destruction of their respective ecosystems
with the large marijuana crops that have taken over their
countryside.9 Coca plants (used in cocaine production) litter vast
tracts of land in Central and South America, as do poppies (used
for heroin production) in various Asian countries. Tobacco
production often involves heavy use of wood, burned in order to
"flue cure" the product. In Eastern Kenya, Pakistan, and heavily-
forested Brazil, the effects of logging for the purposes of this aspect
of cigarette production have already been felt. In fact, it is estimated
that one tree is felled per 300 cigarettes made.10 In addition,
pollution is created with the production of LSD, cocaine, alcoholic
beverages, and heroin. The packaging involved for some of these
substances is often wasteful, especially that of cigarettes, which
involves throw-away plastic products.
Problems in the non-industrialized world brought on by legal
drug corporations as well as illegal drug producers is another
disturbing consequence of the drug business. Tobacco and alcohol
are sold to poor people in developing nations often without any
warnings about negative health-effects, especially horrendous
given the fact that the cigarettes sold there often contain twice as
much tar (the main carcinogen in cigarettes) as do those sold in the
First World.11 Instead of improving their dire conditions, people are
encouraged to spend what little money they have on products that
will make them more like members of the industrialized world.
Cigarettes, for example, are promoted on television and billboards
as a symbol of progress.12 The reality is that with each drink, puff,
snort, and injection, the already-slim chance that the third-world
citizen will ever live in conditions comparable to those of a typical
first-world counterpart begin to disappear. The drain on financial
resources caused by a drug habit is magnified in the case of the
third-world addict. Unfortunately, many of the targeted consumers
do not have the opportunity to make an informed decision about
the products that may eventually kill them.
Legal and illegal drug production in the developing world
affects not only consumers, but workers as well. They are abused
by employers, earning very little money picking cash crops, while
they could instead be making a decent living producing food-stuffs.
The employers, especially those who manufacture and traffic illegal
drugs, often resort to violent means of protecting their industry. In
some countries, most notably Columbia, the result is chaos. With
the money obtained from selling their cocaine, marijuana, heroin,
and other drugs, those involved in the drug trade have created a
climate of corruption and violence throughout the non-
industrialized world, as they have in many economically depressed
areas of the developed world.
ALTERNATIVES
In the face of a corrupt industry, both in America and abroad,
people must challenge the idea that illegal drugs should be treated
separately from alcohol and tobacco, a distinction based upon the
assumption that only illegal drugs are truly "drugs". This way of
thinking demonizes illicit drugs and at the same time makes licit
drugs appear innocuousÑ hiding the fact that there is no real
difference between the two categories. A prominent proponent of
the legal/illegal mind-set is the "Partnership for a Drug-Free
America", which, in fact, is primarily financed by the alcohol and
tobacco industries. The ideas promoted by this group through print
and television ads bolster the sales of the legal drug industry's
products, maintaining a good public image. They operate on the
assumption that the public is gullible enough to believe that 'drugs
can't be too bad if they are legal'. Much too often, their strategy has
worked.
A change in personal lifestyle can be a slow process, but
luckily there are many effective methods of ending one's personal
drug habit. If you are addicted to drugs and want to quit, you can.
Seek help or counseling if you need it. Build strength to deal with
issues without needing an escape or depending upon a crutch.
Develop friendships that do not depend on sharing drugs to be
able to relate to one another. Make a life-long commitment to
yourself and the world to live drug-free. By being drug-free, one
boycotts both the various industries (legal and illegal) that produce
drugs as well as the actual concept of drug-taking. Awareness and
a change in personal lifestyle are both essential to effecting
political change.
ENDNOTES
1. (White) pp. 56-69.
2. UC Berkeley Tang Medical Health Center.
3. ibid.
4. ibid.
5. Tobacco Institute: (phone interview, April 1994).
6. (White) pp. 45-71.
7. (Whelan) p147.
8. (Bellant).
9. Humboldt County (CA) Chamber of Commerce (phone interview,
April 1994).
10. (Whelan) p172.
11. ibid. p170.
12. ibid. p169.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/BOOKS TO READ
Booze Merchants: The Inebriating of America M Jacobson, R.
Atkins, G. Hacker. CSPI Books, Washington D.C. 1983
Coors Connection R.Bellant. Political Research Associates,
Cambridge MA 1990 (Bellant)
Merchants of Death- The American Tobacco Industry L.C. White.
Beech Tree Books, New York, NY 1988 (White)
Smoking Gun: How the Tobacco Industry Gets Away With Murder
E.M. Whelan. George F. Stickley Co. Philadelphia PA 1984
(Whelan)
Ask a local librarian for help inter-library borrowing these
books or books on quitting specific substances. Please photocopy
and distribute this pamphlet. For more information or if you want to
help, send a self-addressed stamped envelope to:
Ideal For Living
PO Box 4353
Berkeley CA 94704-0353
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/drugtest.txt
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DRUGS OF ABUSE
And Their Detection in Urine
Ed Uthman, MD [GEnie: E.UTHMAN]
Diplomate, American Board of Pathology
April, 1993
HOW DRUG SCREENS ARE PERFORMED
The aims of the drug screen are to detect the presence of frequently abused
drugs in the urine of human subjects. Drug screens are used for one of
three purposes:
1) medical purposes (e.g., to monitor a patient's progress in a medical
treatment program for a drug abuse problem the patient has
acknowledged),
2) legal purposes (e.g., to determine if a suspect had taken controlled
substances prior to some accident or crime), and
3) medicolegal purposes (e.g., in an employer's drug abuse program aimed at
both preventing drug-related accidents and crimes and identifying and
treating employees with drug abuse problems).
For medical purposes, laboratories often use simple, less-expensive
methods aimed at identifying specific drugs with which the patient has had
problems in the past. It is not expected that the results of such drug
tests will be used as evidence against the patient in court. If these
results are used as evidence, it is likely that defense testimony will
successfully impugn the evidence.
For legal and medicolegal purposes, more stringent testing is necessary
to obtain information that will successfully withstand technical criticism
in court. Therefore, drug screens done for these purposes often take a
two-tiered approach. First, there is a screening test done on the subject's
urine. This is usually a sensitive test that may have some discrepancies
in specificity (for instance, some popular over-the-counter cold medicines
may yield a positive amphetamine screen). Only if this test is positive for
one or more drugs is the second, more expensive test performed. Generally
courts will uphold testimony based on a drug test if positive results were
obtained on two separate tests based on different chemical methods.
AMPHETAMINES
Examples: amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine),
methamphetamine (Desoxyn, Methedrine).
Medical uses: Attention deficit disorder (hyperactivity) of childhood,
narcolepsy, obesity (occasionally and for limited period)
Effects attractive to abuser: Euphoria, increased ability to
concentrate, increased alertness, heightened ability to perform
intellectual and physical tasks, appetite suppression (for weight loss).
Adverse effects: Insomnia, restlessness, irritability, palpitations,
rapid heartbeat, sweating, dilation of pupils, confusion, psychosis,
convulsions, death.
How abused: Pills taken orally; solution injected intravenously;
occasionally snorted into the nose in granular form.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 300 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: Up to 30 hours on low dose, 120 hours
on high dose.
Substances causing false positive results (on initial drug screen only):
decongestants (ephedrine [Vatronol, Efedron], phenylpropanolamine
[Propagest, Sucrets Decongestant Formula, Rhindecon]); "diet pills"
(phenmetrazine [Preludin], phentermine [Phentrol, Tora, Fastin, Obe-Nix,
Obephen, Obermine, Obestin, Parmine, Phentamine, Phentrol 2, Unifast,
Wilpowr, Adipex-P, Dapex-37.5, Ionamin, Phentrol], phenylpropanolamine
[Diadax, Prolamine, Control, Dex-A-Diet, Dexatrim-15, Unitrol, Maximum
Strength Acutrim, Appedrine]; blood vessel dilators (isoxuprine
[Vasodilan], nylidrin [Adrin, Arlidin]). Only confirmatory testing of the
urine will determine if these interfering drugs are present. It should be
noted that some of these drugs, such as phenmetrazine and phentermine,
while not technically amphetamines, have similar abuse potential and
similar adverse effects.
Phenylethylamine (a product of decomposing, unpreserved urine) may
produce false-positive screens in unrefrigerated, old specimens which have
not been treated with fluoride preservative.
BARBITURATES
Examples: Long acting- phenobarbital; intermediate-acting- amobarbital
(Amytal), butabarbital, talbutal; short-acting- secobarbital (Seconal),
pentobarbital (Nembutal).
Medical uses: Treatment of insomnia (short term only, and avoided
altogether by most physicians), long-term treatment of epilepsy
(phenobarbital), surgical anesthesia.
Effects attractive to abuser: Sedation, loss of inhibitions, induction
of sleep. Generally, the short-acting barbiturates have more abuse
potential than long-acting types.
Adverse effects: Agitation, confusion, nightmares, hallucinations,
lethargy, hangover, suppression of breathing reflexes, coma, death.
Physical dependence is well known, and withdrawal effects can be severe and
dangerous, even fatal.
How abused: Pills taken orally; solution injected intravenously.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 300 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: long-acting 7 days, intermediate-acting
2-3 days; short-acting 1-2 days.
Substances causing false positive results: None reported.
METHADONE
Examples: Roxane, Dolophine
Medical uses: Treatment of opiate addicts in approved program
Effects attractive to abuser: Same as opiates (below)
Adverse effects: Same as opiates (below) but with lesser degree of physical
dependency (addiction)
How abused: Pills taken orally; solution injected intravenously.
Period detectable after last dose: 7.5-56 hours
Substances causing false positive results: doxylamine [Unisom Nighttime
Sleep Aid]. Presence of this substance would be ruled out by confirmatory
testing.
OPIATES
Examples: Morphine, heroin, codeine (as found in many prescription cough
medicines, such as Robitussin-AC, and pain medications, such as Tylenol
#3, Phenaphen #3 & #4, Empirin #3 & #4), oxycodone (Percodan),
hydromorphone (Dilaudid), hydrocodone (as in many prescription cough
medicines).
Medical uses: Relief of moderate to severe pain, treatment of persistent
cough (codeine), treatment of diarrhea.
>>> Continued to next message
* OLX 2.1 TD * ..What we got here is an ability to communicate..
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Ä Area: alt.drugs ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Msg#: 463 Date: 02-07-95 20:29
From: Dr_.dan@helix.eskimo.com Read: Yes Replied: No
To: All Mark:
Subj: drug tests 2/4
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Path:
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net!eskimo!helix!Dr_.Dan
From: Dr_.Dan@helix.eskimo.com (Dr. Dan)
Date: 07 Feb 95 20:29:49 -0800
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: drug tests 2/4
Message-ID: <03e_9502072146@helix.eskinews.eskimo.com>
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>>> Continued from previous message
Effects attractive to abuser: Euphoria, sedation.
Adverse effects: Drowsiness, apathy, confusion, nausea, vomiting,
suppression of breathing reflexes, constricted pupils, physical addiction,
coma, death.
How abused: Pills taken orally; solution injected intravenously or
subcutaneously; occasionally snorted into the nose in granular form.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 300 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: heroin, 1-4 days; meperidine, 4-24
hours; morphine, 84 hour minimum
Notes: This family of drugs undergoes extensive chemical changes due to
the normal detoxification processes of the body. Therefore, the drug
detected in the urine screen may not be the same as that originally taken
by the subject. For instance, both heroin and codeine are converted to
morphine before excretion in the urine.
Substances causing false positive results: none reported; however, foods
containing poppy seeds (the natural source of traditional opiate drugs)
will produce true positive results when screening the urine of an otherwise
innocent subject.
BENZODIAZEPINES
Examples: Diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), flurazepam
(Dalmane), oxazepam (Serax), lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Clonopin).
Medical uses: Treatment of anxiety disorders, convulsions, and muscle
spasms.
Effects attractive to abuser: Euphoria, sedation, relief of anxiety,
induction of sleep.
Adverse effects: Drowsiness, apathy, fatigue, decreased activity level,
dizziness, fainting, impaired ability to concentrate on tasks,
disturbance of vision and hearing, physical addiction.
How abused: Pills taken orally.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 300 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: around 2-4 days, but depending
greatly on dose. For instance, a single 10 mg PO dose of diazepam may not
ever be detected, but a 5 times daily dose of 10 mg will be detectable for
3-7 days.
Substances causing false positive results: none reported.
CANNABINOIDS
Examples: Marijuana, hashish, hash oil
Medical uses: Treatment of nausea and vomiting due to cancer chemotherapy.
Effects attractive to abuser: Euphoria, intensified sensual and
aesthetic perceptions.
Adverse effects: Paranoia, panic, impairment of memory and ability to
perform tasks, distorted perception of time, physical and psychological
dependence.
How abused: Smoked in cigarettes or pipe; occasionally eaten as
ingredient baked into confections.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 100 ng/mL or 20 ng/mL (optional)
Period detectable after last dose: This is highly variable. A one joint
per week user has detectable levels of cannabinoids form 7 to 34 days,
while a heavy daily user may be detected from 6 to 81 days after last use.
Substances causing false positive results: none reported. A screen
detection cutoff level of 20 ng/mL, requested by some laboratory clients,
may produce false positives due to passive inhalation of marijuana smoke,
but this is controversial.
At the cutoff level of 100 ng/mL, persons exposed passively to the smoke
of others by virtue of being in the same room with abusers should be
negative on urine drug screen, although more sensitive chemical techniques
(such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, which has a sensitivity of
10 ng/mL) may demonstrate the drug in such an individual's urine.
COCAINE
Examples: Cocaine hydrochloride is the typical form used by abusers who
ingest the drug by snorting the granular form into the nose; it can also be
dissolved in water and injected intravenously. Cocaine base is available in
a waxy cake form ("rock" or "crack") which is vaporized with a torch and
the vapors inhaled through a tube.
Medical uses: Used almost exclusively by ear, nose and throat doctors to
produce local anesthesia and control blood loss during minor nasal
surgery.
Effects attractive to abuser: Euphoria, increased ability to
concentrate, increased alertness, heightened ability to perform
intellectual and physical tasks, sexual stimulation, heightened
sociability, enhanced self-confidence.
Adverse effects: Restlessness, nervousness, tremor, convulsions,
disturbances in heart rhythm, psychological dependence, myocardial
infarction, sudden death.
How abused: Snorted, injected, or smoked (see above).
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 300 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: 8-48 hours
Note: The laboratory detection of cocaine is performed by analyzing the
urine for the presence of benzoylecgonine, a substance produced by the
body's chemical detoxification of cocaine. Continuous conversion of cocaine
to the metabolite occurs in voided, standing urine specimens (even with
fluoridation and refrigeration) unless the specimen is kept at acid pH
(<5). This may give the appearance of a negative specimen "turning
positive" during storage, if the initial level of the metabolite was too
low to trigger the screen in the fresh specimen. In truth, the specimen was
positive all along, of course.
Substances causing false positive results: none reported; however, some
legal South American herbal teas may contain small amounts of coca leaf
extract, which may trigger a positive test in an "innocent" subject. Please
note that cocoa, cacao, and Coca Cola are all completely unrelated to coca,
which is the source of cocaine.
METHAQUALONE
Examples: Quaalude, Sopor
Medical uses: Once used as a sleeping pill/sedative, now methaqualone is
virtually never used for medical purposes.
Effects attractive to abuser: Same as that for barbiturates (see above)
Adverse effects: Same as that for barbiturates (see above)
How abused: Pills taken orally.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 300 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: up to 90 hours, depending on dose
>>> Continued to next message
* OLX 2.1 TD * ..What we got here is an ability to communicate..
___ Olms 1.60 [PSTB94B4]
Ä Area: alt.drugs ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Msg#: 464 Date: 02-07-95 20:29
From: Dr_.dan@helix.eskimo.com Read: Yes Replied: No
To: All Mark:
Subj: drug tests 3/4
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Path:
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net!eskimo!helix!Dr_.Dan
From: Dr_.Dan@helix.eskimo.com (Dr. Dan)
Date: 07 Feb 95 20:29:50 -0800
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: drug tests 3/4
Message-ID: <03f_9502072146@helix.eskinews.eskimo.com>
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>>> Continued from previous message
Substances causing false positive results: none reported.
PHENCYCLIDINE
Examples: PCP, "angel dust"
Medical uses: Veterinary tranquilizer; not used in human medicine.
Effects attractive to abuser: Hallucinogenic effects
Adverse effects: Lethargy, loss of co/rdination; unpredictable
psychosis, sometimes with criminally violent behavior; death.
How abused: Taken orally, smoked in cigarette (often mixed with
marijuana), injected intravenously as a solution, snorted into the nose in
granular form.
Typical urine detection cutoff level: 75 ng/mL
Period detectable after last dose: 5-10 days
Substances causing false positive results: Thioridazine (Mellaril), an
antipsychotic drug, has been reported to cause false positive results,
as has the insecticide parathion.
PROPOXYPHENE
Examples: Darvon, Dolene, Doxaphene, Profene 65
Medical uses: Relief of mild to moderate pain.
Effects attractive to abuser: Same as that for opiates (see above)
Adverse effects: Same as that for opiates (see above).
How abused: Pills taken orally; occasionally injected as solution made
by dissolving pills in water.
Period detectable after last dose: 1-3 days
Note: Propoxyphene is technically an opiate and is chemically closely
related to methadone. As a pain-relieving drug, it is two-thirds as potent
as codeine. Although considered something of a minor leaguer in the opiate
world, it is nevertheless a cause of many drug-related deaths (including
that of former football star John Matuszak) especially if used in
combination with alcohol and other drugs.
Substances causing false positive results: Methadone (see above) at
high, toxic concentrations may cause false positive results. Confirmation
testing will eliminate interference by this drug.
ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)
Examples: Beer, wine, distilled spirits
Medical uses: Rarely, if ever, used for medical purposes.
Effects attractive to abuser: Release of social inhibitions, euphoria,
sedation
Adverse effects: Same as that for barbiturates (see above). Also, use by
pregnant women, even in small ("social") amounts may have adverse effect
on the fetus.
How abused: Drunk in beverage
Period detectable after last dose: 8-10 hours
Note: Alcohol is the only drug of abuse (other than tobacco) that is
legal for all adults to use. Illegal use (as in driving while intoxicated)
is defined by the presence of a blood alcohol level of greater than 100
mg/dL (0.10% by volume) in Texas (lower in some other states). It is
impossible to determine if a subject is legally intoxicated by measurement
of the urine alcohol level.
A blood specimen must be collected for this determination to be made by
a clinical laboratory.
LIMITATIONS OF DRUG SCREENS
From a practical viewpoint it is impossible to determine in every case
that a given individual is impaired in the workplace due to drug abuse.
Just as in the case of alcohol, the use of drugs spans a wide spectrum of
behavior, from the occasional recreational user who assiduously avoids
coming to work under the influence, to the hard-core addict whose only
motivation is the acquisition of his or her next dose. Generally the
clinical laboratory is not able to distinguish these two types of
individuals. Such a distinction comes about only by careful evaluation by
professionals specially trained in the psychology and physiology of drug
abuse. The laboratory should be used only as a helpful tool for such
professionals.
Urine drug screens panels are set up to analyze urine for a variety of
drugs that are known to have high abuse potential and affect task
performance.
To rule out the presence of all drugs that may impair a worker's
performance is not generally allowable within the bounds of cost
containment. Certain drugs which are not usually picked up on routine drug
screens are noted below. If intoxication by any of the drugs listed below
is suspected, it is recommended that the client contact the B&A
pathologist, who will be glad to help determine a strategy as to how the
case should be most efficiently handled.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin), phentermine (Fastin, Parmine), phenmetrazine
(Preludin), phendimetrazine (Plegine), diethylpropion (Tenuate),
mazindol (Mazanor, Sanorex), benzphetamine (Didrex) and fenfluramine
(Pondimin) all have amphetamine-like effects and abuse potential. Some of
them, such as phentermine, benzphetamine, fenfluramine and diethylpropion,
may not be picked up on routine screens.
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, "Ecstasy") is has been popular in
Houston high schools. Although it is technically an amphetamine, it
requires a special analysis to be identified.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is also chemically related to the
amphetamines, but it is much better known for its profound
hallucinogenic effects. Special analysis is available.
Meperidine (Demerol) and pentazocine (Talwin) have physiological effects
and abuse potential essentially identical to those of opiates. However,
since they are chemically dissimilar to morphine, they may not show up as
"opiates" on a routine screen. Special analysis is available.
Barbiturates which are not easily detected on drug screens include
amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), and butethal. The detection
systems used to pick up barbiturates are optimized for secobarbital
(Seconal), which is probably the most important barbiturate in abusing
populations.
Flurazepam (Dalmane), a benzodiazepine used as a sleeping pill, is not
ordinarily picked up on benzodiazepine screens.
Glutethimide (Doriden), ethchlorvynol (Placidyl), meprobamate (Miltown,
Equanil), methyprylon (Noludar), and ethinamate (Valmid) are sedative
drugs that can produce dependence and impaired function. Although they may
have some effects similar to those of the barbiturates, they are chemically
unrelated and must be detected with special procedures.
Hydrocarbon solvents. These are inhaled by glue sniffers to produce a
euphoric effect. Although this seems to be less of a problem socially now
than in previous years, special analysis of hydrocarbons and chlorinated
hydrocarbons is available.
>>> Continued to next message
* OLX 2.1 TD * ..What we got here is an ability to communicate..
___ Olms 1.60 [PSTB94B4]
Ä Area: alt.drugs ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Msg#: 465 Date: 02-07-95 20:29
From: Dr_.dan@helix.eskimo.com Read: Yes Replied: No
To: All Mark:
Subj: drug tests 4/4
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Path:
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skimo!helix!Dr_.Dan
From: Dr_.Dan@helix.eskimo.com (Dr. Dan)
Date: 07 Feb 95 20:29:51 -0800
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: drug tests 4/4
Message-ID: <040_9502072146@helix.eskinews.eskimo.com>
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>>> Continued from previous message
Ketamine (Ketalar), chemically related to phencyclidine (PCP), is used
as a general anesthetic but has been abused, often by health care workers.
It must be injected for effect. Analysis is available only through
specialized laboratories, and turnaround time is typically long.
Designer opiates. These, like meperidine, are synthetic analogues of
natural opiates. Accordingly, their chemical structure may be so alien to
that of natural opiates that they go completely undetected. These are
medically very significant drugs. For instance, 3-methylfentanyl ("China
white") is 3000 times as potent as morphine and has been responsible for
over 100 overdose deaths in California. Another, 1-methyl-4-
phenylpropionoxypiperidine (MPPP), may be contaminated with an unintended
byproduct (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, or MPTP) which
destroys the substantia nigra of the brain and produces permanent
parkinsonism.
Adulteration of urine samples with such substances as lemon juice,
vinegar, chlorine bleach, and NaCl has been used to successfully interfere
with detection of cannabinoids. Also, marked overhydration of the subject
(by quaffing large volumes of water) may so dilute the urine that the
concentration of the telltale metabolite falls below the detection
threshold of the screen.
A WORD ON TEST RELIABILITY
Published data indicate that a system of drug screening similar to that
used by most laboratories has a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of
99%. This excellent specificity parameter means that of 100 persons who do
not use drugs, 99 would be expected to test negative by confirmation. This
is certainly an excellent specificity for any medical determination.
However, one should also be aware of another parameter, the predictive
value of a positive test. As applied to drug testing, this figure expresses
the probability that a subject that has tested positively has in fact used
the drug. Although a high specificity, such as 99%, optimizes the
predictive value, a more significant factor is the prevalence of drug use
in the population being tested. The more prevalent the usage of drugs in a
subject population, the greater the reliability of drug testing procedure.
Given the sensitivity and specificity values quoted above, the following
table indicates the predictive value for several levels of drug abuse
prevalence.
Percentage of tested population | Probability that a given
using drugs (the prevalence of | subject that tests positive
drug abuse) | has really taken the drug
| (the predictive value of a
| positive test)
______________________________________________________________________
0.1% | 7.1%
1.0% | 43.4%
10.0% | 89.4%
20.0% | 95.0%
50.0% | 98.7%
Therefore, in a population with a high incidence of drug use (200 per
thousand), the false positive rate on drug screens is only 5%, while in
a low-incidence population (1 per thousand) the false positive rate on
randomly screened individuals (i.e., those of whom there is no particular
suspicion of drug use) is expected to be a whopping 93%! For this reason,
it is my recommendation that drug screens not be applied on a random,
not-for-cause basis, except in situations where the prevalence of drug use
is known to be high (such as in substance abuse treatment programs).
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTIONS: This monograph may be freely duplicated and
reformatted, as long as the informational content is not altered. It may
be freely distributed, if 1) the author is given credit, and 2) it is not
used as an aid for marketing or maintaining commercial laboratory accounts
without prior express written permission of the author
Copyright (C) 1989, 1993, Edward O. Uthman
CH OH
| 3 |
|____ |____
/ \ /----\
/ \___/ \__ C H
\\ // \\ // 5 11
\\ // \\ //
----\ /----
\___O
/\ :%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:
/ \ : CYBERSOOFIES OF PUGET SOUND :
CH CH :%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:
3 3
* OLX 2.1 TD * ..What we got here is an ability to communicate..
___ Olms 1.60 [PSTB94B4]
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dtchmdma.drg
+36
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From: cooper@hacktic.nl (cooper)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Dutch analysis of Ecstasy(Re: FWD : Analysis of current `extasy')
Date: 3 Feb 1994 12:17:22 +0100
Message-ID: <2iqmggINNnam@xs4all.hacktic.nl>
[Excellent analysis of Australian sample of MDEA deleted]
In a recent visit to the Dutch Drugsadviesbureau (Drugs-advice-bureau) I
was allowed to look into their unpublished samples analysis lists. It was
for me at least an eye-opener. Several hundreds of street samples were listed
with exact contents, along with shape, size and other markers by which to
identify the samples. Basically, there were 4 categories:
1) It was what it was sold as.
2) There were impurities
3) It was a ripp-off
4) It was pure stuff, but of a different kind that it was sold as.
Most samples (>75%) fell into categories 1 & 4. That includes MDMA being
sold as MDEA, or vice versa, or MDA being sold as MDMA, or just MDMA being
sold as MDMA. Category 2 only listed impurities being caffeine and a single
case of MDA being mixed in with MDMA. (MDA being the impurity).
The ripp-offs in category 3 where about 50/50 distributed between pure filler
and caffeine (up to 250 whopping mg.) So their conclusion was that allthough
you shouldn't risk being sold caffeine as MDMA, the quality is generally OK,
if you don't mind a little caffeine (40 mg. or so ) added to your MD[ME]A.
Dosages didn't vary that much lowest I saw was 75 mg. MDMA, highest 165.
MDEA lowest 110, highest 150. So that's for the Dutch market. Anyone got
info for other countries?
--Cooper
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/duzzy-fuck
+12
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here's the scenario....we were at the zoo and tripping like
mother fuckers. we went to see the gophers because we like
small furry creatures, and have you ever seen "12 monkeys"?
because our lives were being ruled by these large fuzzy
animals. fuzzy ducks is all we could think about. duzzy fuck?
she's out like a peanut. a salty peanut. nope. don't smoke
dope. you got a joint? nope. it be a lot cooler if you did. the
screen saver rocked our world. can i tell you that the biggest
houses in the world exist on big bend. especially when your
tripping balls. gotta go get some midnight munchies. later
days.
p.s. i'm sober. this i swear.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dyingpln.drg
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Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: wmoreno@ringer.cs.utsa.edu (William Moreno)
Subject: Re: Strange Plant Death
Message-ID: <1993May3.190756.1181@ringer.cs.utsa.edu>
Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 19:07:56 GMT
In article <C6GrBt.LID@acsu.buffalo.edu> v129qpm9@ubvmsd.cc.buffalo.edu (Joseph M Kusumoto) writes:
>
>Here is the set and setting:
>
>I have an eight inch plant that was growing like a weed until a few days ago.
>It was started in regular soil from my yard in a two-cup tupperware bowl and
>the entire thing was transplanted a week ago into an 8in potter filled with
>potting soil mixed with perlite. I am using a 150 watt grow bulb about two feet
>from the top of the plant on an 18 hour cycle. It is in a ventilated, 72 degree
>room and is watered daily. Also, when I made the transplant, I sprinkled some
>scotts herb and flower fertilizer (18-11-12) around on top of the soil.
>
>Question: Why is it dying?? Any help would be appreciated. It appears to have
>about 2 days left.
>
>
There are a few things that may be wrong:
1) If the leaves are turning brown or wilting you may be over fertilizing it.
Solution: Flush the soil of the fertilizer salts with clean water.
2) You may be over watering. The plant's roots need oxygen.
Solution: Don't water as often. It's O.K. for the soil to dry out a little,
just don't let it get to dry.
3) It may not be dying. It may be in shock from the transplanting.
Solution: None that I know. All you can do is wait.
4) The change in the light spectum from natural sun to artifical light can
damage a plant (not getting the spectrum it needs or the spectrum it is
used to).
Solution: Get a different light, or put it back outside.
5) The soil may have a nutrient difficiency other than what is in the
fertilizer you are using. (You will have to describe what the plant
looks like for a diagnosis.)
6) If the light is on 18 hrs, you want to use a vegetive fertilizer instead
of a flower ferilizer. Or, turn down the light cycle to 12/12 (light/dark)
to force flowering (if this is what you want). I do not think this would
kill it, but I could be wrong.
I hope this helps.
Will M.
wmoreno@ringer.cs.utsa.edu
Disclaimer: blah blah blah yak yak yak....
=========================================================================
| 'Tis an ill wind | He who makes a beast of himself gets rid of |
| that blows no minds. | the pain of being a man. |
| --Syadasti | --Dr. Johnson |
=========================================================================
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/dylan-dead
+25
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July 12 1987 was a beautifully bright and sunny day. MTV had
called 87 the new summer of love. To coincide with this claim
Bob Dylan and the Grateful Dead were touring together across
the USA.Outside the show I ingested three cubes of some
powerful LSD. Being an experienced LSD user I was not worried.
Boy did I get my monies worth. By the time I reached my seat at
the rear of the stage in the upper nose bleeds of Giants
stadium I was having massive visual effects.Peoples faces and
bodies were distorting into whatever strange form my mind was
coming up with.About this time the Dead came out and started
jaming.The combination of the music and the Lsd really set my
mind adrift into the cosmos.I mean my mind split into thousands
of multicolored fragments and the universe seemed to rip
open.At the same time a great feeling of unity overcame me with
my fellow concert goers.It was always at this point that i
refer to strapping into my seat for fear of drifting off to
far. That was the point when the music actually became
something visual,patterns forming out the air swirling and
moving almost as if in a tunnel. Finally peaked just as the
concert peaked with Dylan singing Knocking on Heavens Door..I
sincerly felt that God was going to answer.Afterwords I was
speachless , feeling as if Id experienced some kind of
religious conversion. Our government needs to stop oppressing
us with theyre uninitiated laws and customs. LSD will set
anyone free if only for a little while LET US BE!!!!!!
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/eating.drg
+237
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From: caedmon@cats.ucsc.edu (Jeffq)
Date: 19 Feb 1993 22:15:12 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating/cooking MJ
kap002@acad.drake.edu writes:
>Hi. I've been reading articles and the like on this newsgroup for quite
>some time. Most of the previous questions I have had have been answered.
>However, I thought of one which has not: When cooking MJ (ie. brownies) does
>the smell of the MJ permeate throughout the kitchen area? I'm asking because
>it's something that I've always wanted to bake, but I like in the dorms and
>the only kitchen area is right in the lobby. Course I'm not looking to get
>busted. Thanks in advance.
YES IT DOES!!!
It's about as easy to conceal as baking-chocolate-chip-cookie-fumes on
a cold morning.
-jq
--
,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,
,;';, caedmon@ucscb.ucsc.edu Jeff Ishaq .,;';,
,;';, I am a meatball: Bite me. Guitar withdrawal! .,;';,
,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,.,;';,
From: albion@csd4.csd.uwm.edu (Craig T Manske)
Date: 21 Feb 1993 07:46:11 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating/cooking MJ
From article <1993Feb19.125645.1@acad.drake.edu>, by kap002@acad.drake.edu:
> Hi. I've been reading articles and the like on this newsgroup for quite
> some time. Most of the previous questions I have had have been answered.
> However, I thought of one which has not: When cooking MJ (ie. brownies) does
> the smell of the MJ permeate throughout the kitchen area? I'm asking because
> it's something that I've always wanted to bake, but I like in the dorms and
> the only kitchen area is right in the lobby. Course I'm not looking to get
> busted. Thanks in advance.
It didn't for me. I took an 1/8oz of smoke, chopped it all very fine
until it was all sift, and added it to some Microwave (Not MicroRave, some
other brand) browines and cooked it in the micro for 8 minutes... All I could
smell was chocolate! From there, I went to the Lallapalooza concert in
Milwaukee, and had one in the car 15 minutes from the gate (All this doing a
poilce road check for intoxicants :) )... Anyways, it hit me 20-30 minutes
later, and kept getting stronger and stronger for the next hour. The next
5 hours were great... Seems much more mellow than smoking a number of bowls,
although it was a very strange feeling to not smoke something and just get more
and more stoned. The best part of eating pot brownies is getting a very small
smidgen stuck of a bud stuck between your teeth mixed with chocolate!!!!
Rodney
From: ab158@Freenet.carleton.ca (David Johnston)
Date: Sun, 21 Feb 1993 23:12:31 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating/cooking MJ
In a previous article, treefreeeco@igc.apc.org (Paul Stanford) says:
>
>No, when cooking MJ brownies, the smell of baking brownies permeates the
>kitchen area. Cook the ganja in butter first, then mix it into the brownies.
>Enjoy in the privacy of your own home.
>
>
I have no doubt this has been stated before, but I might as well
add it to this string as well.
If you fry the dope in butter or oil before cooking with it, you
will alter the kind of high you get. Without frying, you'll be stoned out
of your mind, immobile on the couch for the duration. With frying, you
are stoned out of your mind, running around laughing like an idiot. I
much prefer the latter.
I've been told that this is because the frying dissolves the THC
out of the dope and into the butter, which allows it to enter the
bloodstream faster. Come to think of it, this would seem to suggest that
the effects would be reversed. Any confirmation/denial, anyone?
Dave
P.S. My favorite recipe: Open an oreo cookie, and scoop out a small
depression in the icing (yes, I *know* what's in that icing. I try not to
think of it.)
Take a quarter gram of hash, heat it, and crumble it up. Then
heat a bit of butter, about the same amount as the hash you broke up, in a
spoon over a stove element, candle or lighter. When it's melted, add the
hash and stir it up with a toothpick, or something. It will melt.
At this point, if someone comes in, you look like your about to
shoot up. Throws a real scare into Mom! :-(
Pour the mixture into the depression in the oreo, and put the
cover back on. Refrigerate for 20 minutes or so, and chow down.
1 cookie will do the trick!
Enjoy!
--
Dave
From: an8533@anon.penet.fi
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 1993 14:57:19 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating/cooking MJ
I haven't seen this variation of cooking with MJ on the list,
but it is from a recipe in "A Childs Garden of Grass" that
my friend Ernie used to have back in school.
Anyways, some FOAF's used to do this to extract the last useability from
sticks, stems and whatever "rubble" is lying around. Of course, you
can do this with any other shake or bud if you so desire.
Bring 1-2 quarts of water to a boil.
Add 2 sticks of butter.
Add sticks, shake, stems, whatever...thow it all in!
Cover and let boil for 15 minutes.
Pour through a strainer into a bowl.
Put the bowl into the fridge over night.
In the morning, most of the THC laden butter
will have formed a hard layer on the top of the water.
Carefully skim this off and save.
Use this butter in any recipe you desire; my friend
Ernie used to put it on toast!
A lot of work I know, but this method seems to
enjoy several advantages over frying:
1) no danger of overcooking or burning because the
water temp won't be much higher than 100C/212F
2) better extraction of THC because you can cook
it longer without burning; Ernie said you could
even catch a reasonable high from just sticks and
stems.
3) You can use the butter in any recipe; Ernie was
also a big pesto fan.
Ernie told me that there was a better version using
alcohol instead of water but that you can't do
it with a gas stove, so he didn't really remember.
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From: df@sdf.lonestar.org (daniel finster)
Date: Mon, 15 Feb 1993 19:38:38 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating MJ
> anyone else want to share their experiences eating?
Me and a friend, the other week, decided to take the last of our weed
and instead of smoking it, cook it. We fried it for about 10 minutes
in butter, then got out a can of Chili-Mac and dumped it in there, and
added some Velveeta (tm) (couldn't find brownie mix.. didn't want to go
spend money). The Chili-Mac tasted like shit, so we won't be doing that
again... Anyways, There was a show that night at a local music club,
a few bands that we wanted to see (I think it was Brutal Juice, Caulk
and someone else, all local Dallas/Denton bands (If you ever get a chance,
pick up a Brutal Juice tape, they are REALYL good, sortof a hardcore
punk/grunge, with dual strobe lights..)) and I had heard several times
on alt.drugs that when you eat weed, it takes about 3 or 4 hours to
take affect. So by that calculation, we decided to eat it around 3 in
the afternoon, to be nice and stoned at the show. Bad idea--The pot
started taking effect in about 30-45 minutes, and rose
slowly and steadily.. We watched some anime (japanese animation) for a
while, then decided to turn off the sound and put music on (because
the soundtrack on the anime sucked).. That was really cool, of course,
so we played with the TV more, and got out this cheesy porn video
we had bought a while back that basically sucked; on pot it was pretty
cool; though and got us real horny, so we talked about it for a minute
and decided that I'd go outside and wait while he jacked off, then
he'd go outside and wait while I did same. That was cool, also.
Then we decided to put on some noise music (from Japan) and turn on
static on the TV. If you get a chance, pick up _Shinsen Na Clitoris_
by Masonna and listen to it while watching static on the TV while
stoned, it's like a lightening bolt through your spine. Similar
effects can be gotten from _Emanation Machine R. Gie 1916_ by SPK
(off of _Information Overload Unit_). Anyways, so we sat around
listening to noise and stuff for a while.. and talked about how we
were feeling, and stuff.. around 8 or 9 we started to get REAL tired,
which sucked because we wanted to see the music show real bad.. we
ended up going to sleep and missing it entirely. When I woke
up the next morning, I could _STILL_ feel it a little bit, like 16
hours after I had ingested it! Overall, I like eating it better
than smoking it, for the most part.. I like being high for the longer
period of time, een when it isn't as intense as it'd otherwise be.
One interesting thing which maybe someone else on here could tell me
if they experienced this also, several times I felt myself going down
a little bit, then a little later getting even higher than before.
I have never noticed this kind of effect while smoking, it's always
a go-up-till-you-peak,then-coast-down-slowly .. never a rollercoaster
like this. I found it very interesting. Next time I'll get real
brownie mix though.
--
daniel finster df@sdf.lonestar.org ...!seas.smu.edu!letni!sdf!df
=============================================================================
Message-ID: <184302Z24011994@anon.penet.fi>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
From: an66009@anon.penet.fi
Date: Mon, 24 Jan 1994 18:33:43 UTC
Subject: New way of eating MJ
A FOAF told me about this:
Eating really is the best way to injest, but how many people want to whip
up a batch of brownies every time? It just takes too much time. This
recipe, for "Firecrackers", is really easy, and really fast:
Spread peanut butter thickly on a cracker. Top with perfectly cleaned MJ
(no twigs or seeds, and break up any buds) - about enough for a joint.
Spread peanut butter on another cracker, and put on top of the MJ, peanut
butter side down, so the layers are cracker, PB, MJ, PB, cracker.
Put on some foil, and bake at 300 for 20 minutes. Let cool and eat.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
To find out more about the anon service, send mail to help@anon.penet.fi.
Due to the double-blind, any mail replies to this message will be anonymized,
and an anonymous id will be allocated automatically. You have been warned.
Please report any problems, inappropriate use etc. to admin@anon.penet.fi.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/eatingmsh.drg
+63
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From: gavin@cybernet.cse.fau.edu (dan moss)
Date: 19 Feb 93 14:04:29 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating 'Shrooms
itzenhui@cs.uwp.edu (Steve Itzenhuiser) writes:
>
> Just wondering. Does putting mushrooms on top of a pizza lessen the
> effect at all, or should we have no problems?
>
> Thanx in advance,
>
> Steve
Steve, I was wondering that question myself a couple of years ago.
So, I went out west and picked some (there is some abundance in South
Florida). Then, when I went to work that evening (I was amanager at the
local Pizza Hut), I baked an extra cheese, double mushroom (1/2 and 1/2),
and onion pizza (pan crust). Not only did it taste great, but I found the
buttons on the cash register changing places.
So, I did the only thing any person would---close up shop early.
Yes, Steve, you should have no problem. It definitely beats the bitten
routine of making tea and eating sludge.
peace, dan
From: ab158@Freenet.carleton.ca (David Johnston)
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 1993 07:16:43 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Re: Eating 'Shrooms
In a previous article, itzenhui@cs.uwp.edu (Steve Itzenhuiser) says:
>
>Just wondering. Does putting mushrooms on top of a pizza lessen the
>effect at all, or should we have no problems?
>
>Thanx in advance,
>
>Steve
>
This sort of reminds me of my first Dead show. A friend of mune
from Toronto put 1/2 oz of 'shrooms into a taboule (sp?) salad a day
before crossing the border to Buffalo. By the time we got to the border,
the 'shrooms had swelled up and just looked like... well, mushrooms.
So we all pigged out on the floor in Rich stadium before the show.
They worked just fine!
I think the only factor to consider is the full stomach/empty
stomach thing that's a factor in any drug eating. If you eat six pieces
of pizza, with a certain ammount of drug, you'll take longer to get off
than the same ammount of drug on 1 piece.
Hmmm. Suddenly, I'm come over all peckish. I think I'll wander
out to the kitchen and get a snack...
--
Dave
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/eight-tripping
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OK this story is about one of the most intense funnest happiest
trip I have had yet. It involves eight people of the name Dylan(me)(17),
Chris(16), Luke(16), Nick(16), Michelle(19), Chasity(16), Brook(16), and
Amy(16). It was a very slow night I was in my home town chilling out
smoking a big fat joint over at my X-girlfriends house getting baked like
any other night. Well we good old Chris wich has pulled alot of cool
things off in this town has a trusty friend in another town call him
with a offer for a new Vitamin-A in town. This acid went for 7$ a hit.
I thought first no fucking way I have had damn good trip for 3$ a hit
before. Well anyway I thought that I would do it since I had a pocket
full of cash and if it wasn't good then I would get some different kind
I had lined up the next day so I wouldn't be totaly depressed about
getting ripped off. So it get's there I look at it and am emidiately
mesmerised by the thickness and the size of this hit. It was called
Alice 'N Wonderland if you ever run across this particular acid or
one called Jesus Christ( GOOD LUCK! ) BUY BUY BUY AND BUY!!! So
among the eight people I am talking about 5 take theirs emidiately. We all split
up in two different cars and go off are own ways. I remember getting
in the car with Chris and Shannon was driving but she was sober, so she
was kinda like our keep us inline person. Well me and Chris haven't
dropped yet when we see the first cop drive by we imediately dropped
due to fear of getting busted. Well I remember Luke in the front seat
he was going on and on about how he wasn't feeling anything and he dropped
like 20 minutes ago when he said that. Well I was getting pissed off
really bad. I thought I got ripped off, not by anyone there or anything
I just felt like somebody had cheated me. I set there thinking that
for about 10 minutes in the back of a car. The next thing I new we
and the other car met up with Brook, Chasity, Tom(the sober driver in that
car),Nick, and Amy well we all got out and bamb I got happy as Luke got
happy I thought hmmmmm did I take a better dose or did luke confinse him
self it was bad. Well we decide to go to a party that was really lame, but
fun going to see the so called party, I remember getting out of the car
and running to the door yelling PARTY PARTY!!! Michelle the girl who
was suppost to have the party answered the door and said the party was
over it was like 12:00 a.m. or something must be a really lame party
I thought without saying good-bye I ran back to the car heading back
to my x-girlfriends house (Karina now Chris's girlfriend at the time)
we get there Karina's mom was in a bad mood everyone refferred to her
as Momma Chris well I would have gone crazy if there were like 16 people
in my house half of them half my age tripping their nuts off because momma
chris is usually the nicest women in the world until she gets mad wich
she did that night, so we split out of there and headed back to the car
were we lost Chris and it was the two cars off again on a wild goose chase
to no place. Well now are numbers are down to seven. I was in the back
seat of Shannon's car and was getting the peak of my life aafter about
two hours of tripping I started to loose my vision and everyone was phrea-
king out. I somehow reamianed pretty calm as so did Chasity and Brook.
Luke and Nick were alright at first but they sort of started getting
scared wich is unusuall for them to get scared wich made me kind of
scared, but then again nothing could measure to the time I did Jesus
Christ and that's what I told my self that night about a million times.
You see Acid is increadible in the way it distorts everything but
still makes it so clear, I think acid is just basically a circle mind fuck
where you keep thinking around and round in circles and you just
have to keep it posotive to get through it and have fun. Ok back to the
story we were all crusing having fun being in retard tripping stage at
this point, so finally we split up one more time and am not able to
find one another's car's so we go to Shannon's house and I light a cig-
erette like it's a candy stick, then walk inside her house with a big
talking parrot and a huge fluffy scary looking dog. This dog looks like
it's nose is in my eye when it was sniffing me. I kinda phreaked and
got up and had a huge nice rush like I just did a big fat line of
uncut peanut butter crank or something and walked very fastly out the
door when I sawl like four people just walking around the yard that
wasn't there I even almost went to go talk to somebody that I thought
i recognized before i caught my self and said hellooo!!!!!!!!!!! Well
i went back inside and tried to avoid the annoying dog, and concentrate
on the talking parrot wich was a very good decision well we got ahold
of the other car by pager wars finally they all show up at Shannon's
house when they get out of the car I immediately get like 4 or 5 different
hugs. Well it just so happens that shannon(the sober person)in our car
has a problem with her car wich means people are stuck at her house
so we come up with a solution cram 7 people in a little red convertable.
HMMMMMMMMMMMMMM let's think about this, well fuck it I'm tripping I
said and don't give a fuck. so my 6ft. 2" body crams in the back of this
car with Brook(A girl I am not attracted to in the sober world but am
in the tripping world somehow) on my lap and chasity squashed up over my
left leg. Well we drive around trying to find a place to go, and that
would be Aaron's house wich I used to hate but like now, and so We enter
the perfect place to trip and chill out talk, talk, talk, visualize, hal-
uncionize, and confinse boy I had to do alot of that that night. I mean
Luke felt like he was a dick to everyone that night I was like no youv'e
been cool your just tripping, and he was going on about how he had been
clowned so bad and everyone wasn't getting along with him, wich I totally
understand that has happend to me multiple times when I tripped so they
(Nick, and Luke) were saying how the trip was wired and it wasn't right
they were kinda scared well I was chilled out and told them the same
thing I told my self the hole night I had doubts, and that was I had
tripped like twice as hard once before and I was fine two days later
after that incedent and eversince, so they got in aa really good mood
and we all just talked and brook wich I guess I liked that night for
god knows why was talking to me and I was like in a trip hipnotic
thing were I liked her or something, well Chasity, Amy, and Brook all
go back to Amy place I think it was and end up calling us and we talked
to them all night on the phone it was the perfect thing to do when you
were tripping, and I had Luke and Nick trying to hook me up with Brook
over the phone (don't get me wrong brook is a nice person as a friend
but i think friends in the real world is all I can see in her) ok well
that went on for like two hours getting no where and so I said fuck it
quit asking her, and felt really really stupid but it was verry funny
at the same time, Well I remember smoking more cigerettes and laughing
and talking about everything and just having the funnest time I ever had
at 4:30 in the morning in an old enemies room. So it got to about six and
I was coming down unfortunately I was still tripping but all peak was
gone. Well I remember coming down relly good and going home the next
day and falling asleep and having the coolest dream ever about me going
to disney world. ?????????? I dunno but that was a hell of a night. Trip-
ping is something that can be very emotional and fun but only if you
treat it right and don't do it to much. I might do it every month or
two for a nice cool party night, but I have seen people that cant add
for a while because they were doing it on a everyday basis. This story
is true and there is alot more to it. Ohh yeah well Chris went home
and talked to Karina all night and did real good by himself be occupied
on the phone for his trip and Michelle was tripping and left the scene
at the beginning wich made her really not part of the story except that
she tripped. I hope you like this lame Biography story.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/end-of-hall
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Well it was my first time frying and I was very excited. I was at my friends
watching tv.it seemed as if the trip startted off as it ended. I was sitting on the
couch watching tv when it ended and and I was there when it started. But
I had the most excitement inbetween. After the ACID kicked in we decided to go to
KS bedroom and trip on the strob light for a bit. It turned out that we sat
under that light for 2 hours drawing meaningless pictures of people falling
down waterfalls and Kings smoking joints. But after that we went out back
for a few smokes. and I sat there blowing all my smoke on this one catus,
making it freeze over with my smoke. Since we were close to the coast, it got
ciold and decided to go back into the house. So there I was back in the house
I went to the restroom and got a little lost after I zipped it up. So there i stood at
one end of the hall scared to death, at the other stood the room to where I
had to go. and I could hear all the people in the house breathing, i thought
it was a dragon ready to eat me, SO I booked down that hall as fast as I could.
Finally in the saftey on his room we began to watch some TV (MASH is a trip!)_
but on every show I watched I saw the same person walk out on the stage and
say hello to me,and walk off
. I dont know why but that seemed to be the coolest.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/enjoy-bad-trip
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
Myself and two others went round to a friends house last summer ␍to trip as his mother was away for a few weeks, there was also ␍another person there, Andy who wasn't tripping. We each dropped ␍half a mocrdot but within 10 mins I had popped the other half( I ␍do this every time I take half, I'm far too impatient) and within ␍an hour we were all of our little nuts. We sat around for a ␍couple of hours then started to wander the house doing the ␍typical sort of naff trip stuff. At some point we all ended up ␍back in the fgront room, at which point my mates lodger, who ␍lives ther only at the weekends walked in.We all suddenly ␍realised it was Friday and that we should have known he'd be ␍coming. The place was a tip with sleeping bags, bongs and spliff ␍ends all over the place. The lodgwer went fucking ballistic, ␍yelling at us to tidy the place up. We started to tidy and as I ␍was clearing up, not sure if I was doing it right or not my mum ␍phoned, I spent about 5 mins trying to get rid of her as I could ␍barely string together a sentence inn english( she didn't figure ␍it out luckily) and then we all left apart from the bloke whose ␍house it was. Myself and the other innerspace-man, Peter went ␍toward the park, telling Andy we'd see him at Peter's house in ␍about 10 mins. We walked down the road and into the park, by this ␍point the trip had turned really bad and everything that happened ␍was terrifying. We were both feeling and thinking exactly the ␍same thing, I can't explain this I just know it. We sat down ␍under a tree to gather our thoughts. THe conversation went ␍something like this.:␍"What time is it?"␍"I don't know, it's Friday."␍"We dropped them about midday, how long has it been?"␍"Er.."␍We were completely incapable of any thing except shitting our ␍pants, everything I looked at splintered in to a million pieces ␍so we decided we had to get to Peter's house, even if his mum was ␍in, before one of us killed the other. It was only about a 1 ␍minute walk but on the way there I was as close as it is possible ␍to be to going to the police station ( about another minute away, ␍conveniently) and turnng myself in so they could put me in a room ␍till I came down. I was afraid I'd gone mad and that the trip ␍wouldn't wear off␍We got to Peter's house and it was empty luckily, we went to his ␍room and sat ther shitting ourselves. The main problem was that ␍Peter thought his mum would be back any minute so he wanted to ␍get rid of me.He suggested I cycle hom(about3 miles) which I ␍ruled out instantly. We put a Bob Marley CD on in the hope it ␍would take our minds off the very Bad Trip but after about ␍10seconds we had to take it off, it was too scary. We sat there ␍for about 20 minutes doin gthe same things, me trying to go to ␍sleep so it would wear off and Peter trying to keep me awake, he ␍didn't want to explain to his mum why I was asleep on the sofa in ␍the middle of the afternoon. We were also terrified for the bloke ␍we'd left with his lodger, we figured if we were scared he must ␍have killed himself with Gerald yelling at him.␍Eventually Andy turned up and sat in the room reading a book, ␍having no idea that we were in absolute hell. I have no idea what ␍we would have done if the 3rd bloke hadn't phoned us and said to ␍come back over. He wasn't having a bad trip at all and couldn't ␍understand why we were. As soon as I knew he was still alive my ␍Bad trip ended and I was enjoying it again. We got back to his ␍house to find he had flooded the kitchen playing with water in ␍the sink(?!) but was ok.While I was having a bad trip it was the ␍most intense experience of my life, pure terror for no reason ␍that didn't seem like it would ever end. To me this is what ␍tripping is all about now, intense emotion and fear. I enjoy bad ␍trips.␍
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/ephedrinban.drg
+281
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From: lamontg@u.washington.edu (Lamont Granquist)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs,alt.psychoactives
Subject: Re: DEA cracks down on Ephedrine today
Date: 17 Apr 1994 08:10:50 GMT
Message-ID: <2oqqua$s04@news.u.washington.edu>
Mark_Farone@sfa.ufl.edu (Mark Farone) writes:
>And your taxes are due, too.
>
>I'm going repost this because it seems pretty bloody important.
>Since I asked for this post, I've found that it really is happening.
>April 15th---Wave goodbye!
>
>Thus you can still probably buy it until November, but it will be very hard
>to find after stores' stocks run out. After that, its on the watched
>chemical list for *any* purchased amount.
>
>What do you think about this?
Here is the text. I think buried somewhere down in here it states something
which might be interpreted as exempting OTC sales of Primatine Tabs and
such... its pretty vague, though. There's also an amazingly long list
of exemptions which was listed in the Federal Register. I don't know who
makes Primatine, so i didn't check to see if there was an exemption
listed for OTC products...
<PLAINTEXT>
This section is from the document '/ByQuarter/94Q1/94Q1/031794.27'.
<ARTICLE>
Date="03/17/94"
Citation="59 FR 12562"
Group=""
Type="PROPOSED RULE"
Department="DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE"
Agency="DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA), JUSTICE"
Subject="Elimination of Threshold for Ephedrine"
<HEADER>
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Drug Enforcement Administration
21 CFR Part 1310
Elimination of Threshold for Ephedrine
AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Justice.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
</HEADER>
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Drug Enforcement Administration
21 CFR Part 1310
Elimination of Threshold for Ephedrine
AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Justice.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
+
------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The DEA proposes to eliminate the threshold for ephedrine
under provisions of the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act
of 1988 (CDTA) in order to reduce the diversion of ephedrine
to clandestine laboratory operators. This would subject all
transactions involving bulk ephedrine and single entity ephedrine
drug products to the applicable provisions of the Controlled
Substances Act (CSA).
DATES: Written comments and objections must be received on or
before May 2, 1994.
ADDRESSES: Comments and objections should be submitted in quintuplicate
to the Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington,
DC 20537, Attention: DEA Federal Register Representative/CCR.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Howard McClain, Jr., Chief, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section,
Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration,
Washington, DC 20537 Telephone (202) 307-7183.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Ephedrine is the primary precursor
utilized in the clandestine synthesis of methamphetamine and
methcathinone, both potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulants
controlled under the CSA. The public health risks from the abuse
of these drugs are well known and documented.
Ephedrine is a listed chemical under the Chemical Diversion
and Trafficking Act of 1988 (CDTA) (Pub. L. 100-690). Under
provisions of the CDTA (21 U.S.C. 802(34)(c)), thresholds were
originally assigned to each listed chemical. The CDTA imposes
reporting and recordkeeping requirements for regulated transactions
which meet or exceed these threshold amounts of a listed chemical.
The Domestic Chemical Diversion Control Act (DCDCA) of 1993
(Pub. L. 103-200) was recently enacted and will become effective
on April 16, 1994. This Act amends the CSA to permit that no
threshold be established for a listed chemical via modification
of 21 U.S.C. 802(39)(A) by redefining the term ``regulated transaction''
as a ``distribution, receipt, sale, importation, or exportation,
or an international transaction involving shipment of a listed
chemical, or if the Attorney General establishes a threshold
amount for a specific listed chemical, a threshold amount, including
a cumulative threshold amount for multiple transactions'' of
a listed chemical. By not establishing a threshold for a listed
chemical, all regulated transactions regardless of size are
subject to CDTA reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
In addition, the DCDCA further modifies the definition of
a ``regulated transaction'' by removing the exemption of those
transactions involving products which are marketed or distributed
lawfully in the U.S. under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), if these products contain ephedrine
or its salts, optical isomers, or salts of optical isomers as
the only active medicinal ingredient or contain ephedrine in
combination with therapeutically insignificant quantities of
another active medicinal ingredient (21 U.S.C. 802(39)(A)(iv)).
The DCDCA also provides that the Attorney General shall by regulation
remove this exemption for drug products that the Attorney General
finds are being diverted in order to obtain a listed chemical
for use in the illicit production of a controlled substance.
The threshold for ephedrine was originally established as
1.0 kilogram for domestic and import/export transactions, after
internal study and industry consultation (54 FR 31657). The
threshold of 1.0 kilogram of ephedrine base is equivalent to
greater than 48,000 ephedrine 25 mg tablets or capsules.
Thresholds are continuously reviewed by DEA to determine
if they are satisfactory to prevent diversion without overburdening
industry. Current evidence indicates that the threshold for
ephedrine of 1.0 kilogram is not adequate to prevent the diversion
of ephedrine to clandestine laboratory operators. Clandestine
laboratory operators are obtaining and utilizing ephedrine in
quantities much less than the current 1.0 kilogram threshold
in the illicit production of methamphetamine and methcathinone.
The DEA has determined that in order to ensure the maximum effectiveness
of the CDTA in curtailing the diversion of ephedrine, there
should be no threshold for ephedrine. Subsequently, all regulated
transactions of ephedrine are subject to reporting and recordkeeping
requirements of the CDTA regardless of size.
While seizures of clandestine methamphetamine laboratories
have decreased significantly since the passage of the CDTA,
more than 1200 methamphetaime laboratories have been seized
in the United States since 1990. The majority of these laboratories
utilized ephedrine as the precursor. In 1992, greater than 68
percent of the methamphetamine laboratories seized utilized
ephedrine. A preliminary review of 1993 methamphetamine laboratory
seizure data indicates that ephedrine was the precursor utilized
in approximately 75 percent of these laboratories.
In addition to its use as the preferred precursor for the
production of methamphetamine, ephedrine is also utilized in
the synthesis of methcathinone. The clandestine manufacture
of methcathinone, a methamphetamine analogue known on the street
as ``Cat'', has been identified in the U.S. since 1991, when
five laboratories were seized. Methcathinone was temporarily
placed in Schedule I on May 1, 1992, pursuant to the emergency
scheduling provisions of the CSA (21 U.S.C. 811(h)). Effective
October 15, 1993, methcathinone was permanently controlled in
Schedule I (58 FR 53404).
Methcathinone (N-methylcathinone) is manufactured in clandestine
laboratories via the oxidation of ephedrine. Since June of 1991,
all clandestine methcathinone laboratories seized utilized ephedrine
as the precursor. These laboratories were located in Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, Washington and Wisconsin. The number of
methcathinone laboratory seizures continues to grow from six
in 1992 to 21 laboratories in 1993.
Methcathinone is usually produced in small batches. Seizures
of illicit methcathinone laboratories indicate that batch sizes
routinely utilize less than 20 grams of ephedrine. The vast
majority of this ephedrine is obtained via the purchase of over-
the-counter (OTC) ephedrine 25 mg tablets sold in bottles of
1000 dosage units or less.
Batch sizes of methamphetamine produced at clandestine labs
can vary greatly. Recent information indicates that methamphetamine
is also produced in small batches via a procedure known as the
``cold process.'' This procedure has utilized quantities of
40 grams or less of ephedrine.
The smuggling of bulk ephedrine and the purchase of OTC ephedrine
tablets are the primary sources of ephedrine utilized at these
clandestine laboratories. Ephedrine tablets make up a significant
portion of the more than 10 metric tons of ephedrine reportedly
seized at clandestine laboratories between 1990 and 1992. This
material may be purchased from several different sources at
below threshold quantities. The purchase of regulated chemicals
from several suppliers in quantities below established thresholds
is a common method of diversion and continues to occur with
ephedrine.
A comparison of U.S. hospital/pharmacy purchase data with
the quantities of ephedrine seized at clandestine laboratories
indicates that the use of ephedrine for clandestine laboratories
is much greater than amounts purchased by these types of distribution
outlets.
Drug products containing ephedrine are used legitimately
to treat asthma and other conditions. They are available as
OTC products from pharmacies, hospitals and other distribution
outlets. Ephedrine products, which are lawfully marketed and
distributed under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and
contain other active medicinal ingredients in therapeutically
significant concentrations, are currently exempt from the reporting
and recordkeeping requirements imposed under the CDTA. Of the
oral OTC products available for medicinal treatment of chronic
asthma, these ephedrine combination products are the products
more frequently dispensed by pharmacies and hospitals. The elimination
of a threshold for ephedrine does not impose any additional
requirements on pharmacies, hospitals or points of distribution
which distribute only those ephedrine products which are exempted.
The Acting Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration,
hereby certifies that this proposed rulemaking will have no
significant impact upon entities whose interests must be considered
under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. This
proposed rule only eliminates the existing threshold for which
ephedrine transactions must be reported and records maintained.
It only impacts firms involved with small bulk transfers of
ephedrine or distribution of single entity ephedrine tablets/capsules.
This proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action and
therefore need not be reviewed by the Office of Management and
Budget pursuant to Executive Order 12866.
This action has been analyzed in accordance with the principles
and criteria in E.O. 12612, and it has been determined that
the proposed rule does not have sufficient federalism implications
to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment.
List of Subjects in 21 CFR 1310
Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug traffic control, Reporting
and recordkeeping requirements.
For reasons as set out above, 21 CFR part 1310 is proposed
to be amended as follows:
PART 1310-[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 1310 continues to read
as follows:
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 802, 830, 871(b).
2. Section 1310.04 is proposed to be amended by revising
the introductory text to paragraph (f); removing paragraph (f)(1)(iii);
redesignating paragraphs (f)(1)(iv) through (f)(1)(xxiv) as
(f)(1)(iii) through (f)(1)(xxiii) respectively; and adding a
new paragraph (g) to read as follows:
sec 1310.04 Maintenance of records.
* * * * *
(f) For those listed chemicals for which thresholds have
been established, the quantitative threshold or the cumulative
amount for multiple transactions within a calendar month, to
be utilized in determining whether a receipt, sale, importation
or exportation is a regulated transaction is as follows:
* * * * *
(g) For listed chemicals for which no thresholds have been
established, the size of the transaction is not a factor in
determining whether the transaction meets the definition of
a regulated transaction as set forth in sec 1310.01(f). All such
transactions, regardless of size, are subject to recordkeeping
and reporting requirements as set forth in part 1310.
(1) Listed Chemicals For Which No Thresholds Have Been Established:
(i) Ephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical
isomers
(ii) [Reserved]
(2) [Reserved]
Dated: February 28, 1994.
Stephen H. Greene,
Acting Administrator of Drug Enforcement.
[FR Doc. 94-6234 Filed 3-16-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-09-M
------------------------------------------------------
The Contents entry for this article reads as follows:
Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act of 1988; implementation:
Ephedrine; threshold elimination, 12562
</ARTICLE>
.
drugs/ALT.DRUGS/ephedrininf.drg
+101
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@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
from: _Drugs and Drug Abuse_, 2nd Ed., by: Cox, Jacobs, LeBlanc, Marshman,
and Fehr, 1987.
EPHEDRINE
Drug Class: CNS stimulant
Ephedrine is a naturally occuring central nervous system stimulant obtained
from the plant _Ephedra equisetina_. It is now also produced by chemical
synthesis, the synthetic product being marketed in the form of its salt,
ephedrine sulfate; it occurs as a white crystalline powder with a bitter
taste, soluble in water and very soluble in alcohol. Ephedrine is closely
related in structure to methamphetamine, although its CNS actions are much
less potent and also longer-acting than those of the amphetamines. Its
peripheral stimulant actions are similar to but less powerful than those of
epinephrine (also called adrenaline), a hormone produced in the body by the
adrenal glands.
Ephedrine has moderately potent bronchial muscle relaxant properties, and
therefore is used for symptomatic relief in milder cases of asthmatic
attack; it is also used to reduce the risk of acute attacks in the treatment
of chronic asthma. The typical adult dose range is 30-60 mg taken orally,
three to four times per day, in the form of tablets. Ephedrine in the form
of nose drops is also widely used to relieve nasal congestion associated
with upper respitory tract illnesses. It is also used to treat low blood
pressure, because it constricts blood vessels and stimulates certain actions
of the heart. Common side effects are qualitatively similar to those
produced by amphetamines and are generally milder. Higher doses (overdose)
can cause restlessness and anxiety, dizziness, insomnia, tremor, rapid
pulse, sweating, respiratory difficulties, confusion, hallucinations,
delerium, and (very infrequently) convulsions. The most dangerous symptoms
of overdose are abnormally high blood pressure and rapid, irregular
heartbeat. A dose of ephedrine only two to three times the theraputic
maximum can cause a significant increase in blood pressure. The elderly are
particularly sensitive to overdose, and there have been a few deaths among
such patients. Finally, a number of instances of psychosis, clinically
similar to amphetamine psychosis, have resulted from chronic high-dose
abuse; other effects of chronic abuse have not been adequately studied.
Tolerance develops to the main effects of ephedrine; however, temporary
abstinence restores sensitivity.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interesting point to note is that the theraputic dose maximum of 60 mg is
about 2 25mg pills (the common OTC strength), while 'dangerous' amounts
would be 4 or more of the same pills. By the way, if you're going to use
ephedrine more than once or twice, use a mail-order. The OTC prices are
outrageous: 100 pils @ 25mg each should NOT cost more than about $10.
------------------------------------------------------
Ephedrine is an adrenergic drug that works by stimulating alpha
and beta receptors thus causing the release of norepinephrine.
Alpha and beta receptors exist in the sympathetic nervous system,
(fight or flight) and stimulation causes increased heart rate,
bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction.
Ephedrine is the oral form of Epinephrine, or adrenaline. It was
once a commonly prescribed drug for asthma, but newer drugs in the
xanthine class have less side effects.
Ephedrine is related to pseudoephedrine which was designed as a
decongestant with less undesirable effects.
Ephedra is a Chinese herb that's been used for centuries to treat
asthma.
Rather than purchasing it through mail order, you might want to
ask the local pharmicist for Ephedrine sulfate in the 100 capsule
bottles as it's much cheaper that way. Though more difficult to find,
ephedrine is kept as a 'behind-the-counter' drug. Legal to purchase
without a Rx, but not put out on display.
Ephedrine taken with caffeine is a more pleasant stimulant combination
however be aware of the warnings concerning adrenergic drugs, which you
can discuss with someone qualified and licensed to do so.
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: misc.fitness,alt.drugs
From: n9020351@henson.cc.wwu.edu (James Douglass Del-Vecchio)
Subject: Re: '30 BIGGEST LIES' -- The Third Ten [3/3]
Message-ID: <1994Jan19.194717.16838@henson.cc.wwu.edu>
Date: Wed, 19 Jan 1994 19:47:17 GMT
jmccorm@osuunx.ucc.okstate.edu (Justin McCormack) writes:
>On another note, it seems I've got a problem of my own. About 3/4 of a
>year ago, I started taking Epherdine. I've worked my way up from getting
>an awesome boost on 2 or 3, to having mild effects with 10 or 12. Yup,
>I've built up a tolerance.
>Are there any alternatives to bringing my tolerance down back to 2 or 3,
>aside from stop taking them alltogether? I've tried stacking it with
>caffine and asprin, and it doesn't seem to have any additional affect.
There is no other way. Tolerance is the enevitable result
of using it. To reduce the tolerance, you stop using it.

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