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magazines/SPACEPOWER/index.gemini
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# SPACEPOWER
Space Power Digest (1993)
## FILES
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no001 [ 1965] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 1, March 26, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no002 [ 1448] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 2, March 29, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no003 [ 1372] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 3, March 31, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no004 [ 6472] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 4, April 2, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no005 [ 8152] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 5, April 7, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no006 [ 1357] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 6, May 11, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no007 [ 10278] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 7, May 21, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no008 [ 5754] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 8, May 29, 1993
=> gemini://informis.land/textfiles/magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no009 [ 11271] Space Power Digest, Volume 1, Issue 9, june 4, 1993
magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no001
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Date: Fri, 26 Mar 93 12:51:08
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #001
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Fri, 26 Mar 93 Volume 1 : Issue 001
Today's Topics:
Space Power Digest administrivia (3 msgs)
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Thu, 25 Mar 93 17:21:30 EST
From: digests (Email Digest Server)
Subject: Space Power Digest administrivia
*** Updating Digest status for Phil Stiles ***
Adding address <pstiles@motown.ge.com>
*** Updating Digest status for Steve Abrams ***
Adding address <steve@isu.isunet.edu>
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 26 Mar 93 12:16:22 EST
From: digests (Email Digest Server)
Subject: Space Power Digest administrivia
*** Updating Digest status for Philipp Tarter ***
Adding address <tarter%tantalos@abelix.gud.siemens.co.at>
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 26 Mar 93 12:50:05 EST
From: digests (Email Digest Server)
Subject: Space Power Digest administrivia
*** Updating Digest status for Keith Rogers ***
Adding address <kerog@athena.mit.edu>
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 001
------------------------------
magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no002
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Date: Mon, 29 Mar 93 13:07:38
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #002
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Mon, 29 Mar 93 Volume 1 : Issue 002
Today's Topics:
Administrivia -- OOOPS!
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: 29 Mar 1993 10:02:13 U
From: "Steve Abrams" <steve_abrams@mail.isunet.edu>
Subject: Administrivia -- OOOPS!
Administrivia -- OOOPS!
Sorry about the null issue (#002) for this digest...my fault.
It's been reset so that the next issue to go out will be
#002....
Steve Abrams
Digest Maintainer
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 002
------------------------------
magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no003
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Date: Wed, 31 Mar 93 04:03:25
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #003
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Wed, 31 Mar 93 Volume 1 : Issue 003
Today's Topics:
Space Power Digest administrivia
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Tue, 30 Mar 93 09:39:54 EST
From: digests (Email Digest Server)
Subject: Space Power Digest administrivia
*** Updating Digest status for Luca Ghislanzoni ***
Adding address <lghislan@estec.estec.esa.nl>
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 003
------------------------------
magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no004
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Date: Fri, 2 Apr 93 04:00:37
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #004
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Fri, 2 Apr 93 Volume 1 : Issue 004
Today's Topics:
preparing for 21st century
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 1993 20:11 EDT
From: USRNAME <CANOUGH%BINGVAXA.bitnet@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU>
Subject: preparing for 21st century
Greetings space-power subscribers. Anyone have some input to
this topic? If you have read something relevant, please post
reviews or excerpts. (When posting excerpts, be sure to
reference them.) One way for us to all keep abreast of the
wide variety of developments which are relevant to solar
power and wireless power transmission, is for each of us to
post short notes summarizing some piece of information new
to you. In addition to keeping the solar power and WPT
community informed, I want to build up a bibliography to
have available to persons who are new to the field or just
interested in becoming informed. So please attach as
complete reference information as you can when posting
summaries or excerpts.
Information that would be appropriate for this topic
includes (but not limited to):
PV array info, research
solar thermal technologies
storage technology for solar power systems
phased arrays
FET developments and use
rectennas
power beaming info, hardware
satellite power systems i.e on comm sats etc
deployable solar arrays
Russian solar sail/reflector
power system for Mir, Freedom
environmental impacts (electric interference, health effects
of microwaves, power beam effects on atmosphere, etc.)
real cost of energy
energy needs of Earth and space users
demo projects, proposed and in progress (such as METS,
Alaska 21, Reunion Island...)
early commercial uses for wireless power transmission
how to use solar and or beamed power for South Pole Station
beam optics
frequency allocation possibilities for beamed power
commercial prospects for solar power (both terrestrial and
celestial)
****************************************************
The SUNSAT Energy Council meeting was held in Washington DC
on March 26, minutes will be posted very soon! At the
meeting Peter Glaser strongly recommended we read the book
"Preparing for the 21st Century" by Paul Kennedy (Random-
House). I went to check this book out of the library and,
not only was it checked out, there was a waiting list for
it! Figuring this (combined with Peter's recommendation)
must mean it's really good, I headed over to my local book
store an bought a copy.
Here are some excerpts from the first couple chapters. In
chapter one, he reviews the history of Britain in the
context of population pressures. He goes into how the dire
problems predicted by Malthus were avoided, at least for
Britain (if not for some of its colonies). In chapter 2 he
lays out the distribution and growth in the world's
population. Every time I see these numbers, I cringe.
p 6
"Nevertheless, three developments permitted the British
people to escape the fate Malthus predicted for them. The
first was emigration: people left the British Isles in vast
numbers, in search of better conditions elsewhere. While
only slightly more than 200 000 emigrated in the 1820's,
that figure trebled in the following decade and reached
almost 2.5 million in the 1850's. Between 1815 and 1914,
around 20 million Britons left the country, a massive exodus
relative to the overall population (By 1900, the British
population was about 41 million; without emigration it would
have been over 70 million)"
Notice that more than 1/3 of the population emigrated. The
other 2 developments were improvements in farming and the
industrial revolution.
p 12
"In the eighteenth century, the global population was adding
another quarter of a billion every seventy-five years;
today, such an increase occurs every three years."
Go back and read that again!!! Every 3 (!!) years, one
quarter of a billion people are added to the world.
p 22
"In 1825, as Malthus was making the final amendments to his
original Essay on Population, about 1 billion human beings
occupied the planet, the race having taken thousands of
years to reach that total. By then, however,
industrialization and modern medicine were permitting
population to rise at an increasingly faster rate. In the
following 100 years, the world's population doubled to 2
billion and in the following half century (1925 to 1976) it
doubled again, to 4 billion. By 1990, the figure had
advanced to 5.3 billion."
On page 23 is a graph showing population growth trends for
developed and developing countries. Whereas developed
countries have about 1 billion people today and will grow to
1.5 billion by 2000, developing countries have the other 3.5
billion which will grow to 6 billion by 2000.
p 23
"In the 1985-1990 period, the earth's enlarged population
was adding about 88 million people annually-equal to the
population of Mexico City today."
Just as a comparison, next year, there will(at least) 88
million more people, and this amounts to the yearly traffic
at the O'Hare airport, which moves about one plane load per
MINUTE!
Well, that's enough for today. As I told a friend of mine,
if we are going to use the emigration strategy (into space)
to alleviate the population pressure on Earth, we will be
launching a rocket every minute! Think on that...
--- Gay
e-mail(Internet): CANOUGH@BINGVAXA.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU
(GEnie) : G.CANOUGH
phone/fax= 607 785 6499 voice mail = 800 673 8265
radio call sign: KB2OXA
'Snail Mail:
ETM, Inc.
PO Box 67
Endicott, NY 13761
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 004
------------------------------
magazines/SPACEPOWER/v1no005
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Date: Wed, 7 Apr 93 04:02:44
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #005
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Wed, 7 Apr 93 Volume 1 : Issue 005
Today's Topics:
Space Power, The Journal
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Tue, 6 Apr 1993 09:33 EDT
From: USRNAME <CANOUGH%BINGVAXA.bitnet@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU>
Subject: Space Power, The Journal
************** Space Power, the journal *****************
If you would like to keep up on numerous interesting
technical developments in the areas of space solar power,
space nuclear power, non-terrestrial resources, space
manufacturing, etc. Subscribe to Space Power today! This
journal has been around for over 10 years and it features
in-depth, yet understandable articles in these areas and
more. I have typed in the information on the journal
advertisement brochure below. Notice that several ISU
faculty members and visiting lecturers are associate
editors. Also, each summer I ask some ISU students to write
papers for the journal and at least 2 papers written by ISU
students have been published in the last 2 years.
There have been many fascinating papers published in the
journal that are relevant to human expansion into space by
use of space resources. Two years ago, the Journal of Lunar
Exploration and Development (published by the notorious G.
Canough) was merged with Space Power, so that Space Power
does not only deal with energy, but also material resources.
So I invite you to subscribe to the journal and/or get your
local library to subscribe. The subscription rates are among
the lowest for a technical journal. Inspection copies are
available upon request (fill out form below).
The Council for Social and Economic Studies and the SUNSAT
council are affiliated with the United Nations.
I also invite you to write an article for the journal. We
are always looking for good papers. If you have an idea, and
want to discuss it, feel free to contact me, or any other
associate editor, or Andy Cutler (Editor).
And, if you would be so kind, please cross post this note to other
space and science bulletin boards! Thanks!
--- Gay
**********************************************
Copied directly from the brochure about Space Power:
Space Power is a quarterly, international journal for the
presentation, discussion and analysis of advanced concepts,
initial treatments and ground-breaking basic research on
the technical, economic and societal aspects of: large-scale
space-based solar power, space resources utilization, space
manufacturing, space colonization, and other areas related
to the development and use of space for the benefit of
humanity. Papers, letters, notes, comments and occasional
editorial are published as well as topical book reviews.
Contributions:
Submissions should represent the original work of the
authors and should not have appeared elsewhere in
substantially the same form. Proposals for review papers are
encouraged and will be considered by the Editor on an
individual basis. Four copies of submissions and an abstract
(not exceeding 400 words) should be sent.
English is the official language of the journal. Editorial
assistance will be provided to authors whose native language
is not English.
Dr. Andrew Hall Cutler may be reached by telephone at 602
322 2997 or 327 9205, by facsimile at 602 326 0938 and by
mail : 4717 East Fort Lowell, Tucson, Arizona 85712, USA
Papers are of general and lasting interest and are written
so as to make them accessible to technically educated
professionals who may not be familiar with the specific area
discussed in the paper. Letters and notes are used to air
particular points and concepts when a lengthy paper is not
required. Comments allow workers in the field to respond to,
elucidate and expand particularly interesting points in
previously published papers. Editorial and opinion pieces of
approximately one journal page in length are published if
they are well argued and pertinent to the content of the
journal. Topical books, journals, proceedings and meetings
are reviewed when considered to be of high standard.
Space Power is published by the Council for Economic and
Social Studies, 6861 Elm St. Suite 4H, McLean, VA 22101 on
behalf of the SUNSAT Energy Council.
Editor: Andrew Hall Cutler, NASA Space Engineering Center,
The University of Arizona
Associate Editors:
Roger A. Binot, ESA, The Netherlands
Eleanor A. Blakely, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA
Richard Boudreault, Consultant, Montreal, Canada
Lars Broman, SERC, Sweden
William C. Brown, Massachusetts USA
Gay Canough, ETM, Inc., USA
Lucien Deschamps, Paris, France
Ben Finney, U of Hawaii, USA
Josef Gitelson, Academy of Sciences, USSR (now Russia)
Peter Glaser, Aurther D. Little, Inc. USA
Praveen K. Jain, Northern Telecomm, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
Dieter Kassing, ESTEC, The Netherlands
Mikhail Ya. Marov, Academy of Sciences, USSR (now Russia)
Gregg Maryniak, Space Studies Institute, USA
Micheal Mautner, U of Canterbury, New Zealand
Makoto Nagatomo, ISAS, Japan
Mark Nelson, Institute of Ecotechnics, USA
John R. Page, U of New South Wales, Australia
Geoffry Pardoe, Brunel Science Park, UK
Tanya Sienko, NASDA, Tsukuba, Japan
Ray A. Williamson, OTA/US Congress, USA
Recent subject coverage:
* history and status of national space power programs
* technologies for large-scale space power e.g. solar power
satellites
* systems aspects of large-scale power, e.g. SPS and central
space power utilities
* potential extraterrestrial resources for use in space-
based manufacturing
* lunar and planetary science for undershtanding space
resource location and availability
* plasma and other space environment interactions with large
space structures
* medical, psychological, sociological and cultural aspects
of human presence in space
* forms of advanced space propulsion and power technologies
and systems.
Space Power is published four times per year. These four
issues constitute one volume. An annual index and title-page
is bound in the December issue. 1991 is volume 10
ISSN = 0883-6272
Subscriptions:
libraries: $240/year
individuals: $120/yr.
additional $25 for airmail
****** TO SUBSCRIBE, WRITE, PHONE OR FAX **********
Council for Economic and Social Studies
6861 Elm St. Suite 4H
McLean, Virginia 22101
phone = 703 442-8010 fax = 703 847 9524
or Clip, fill out and mail:
Name:_________________________________________________
Address:______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
__ 1 year subscription to Space Power, personal $120
__ 1 year subscription to Space Power, library $240
__ 2 year subscription to Space Power, personal $240
__ 2 year subscription to Space Power, library $480
__ ship via airmail $25
__ send me a free inspection copy
***************************************************
e-mail(Internet): CANOUGH@BINGVAXA.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU
(GEnie) : G.CANOUGH
phone/fax= 607 785 6499 voice mail = 800 673 8265
radio call sign: KB2OXA
'Snail Mail:
ETM, Inc.
PO Box 67
Endicott, NY 13761
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 005
------------------------------
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Date: Tue, 11 May 93 04:05:36
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #006
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Tue, 11 May 93 Volume 1 : Issue 006
Today's Topics:
Space Power Digest administrivia
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Mon, 10 May 93 17:27:07 EDT
From: digests (Email Digest Server)
Subject: Space Power Digest administrivia
*** Updating Digest status for MAx Nelson ***
Adding address <max@monty.rand.org>
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 006
------------------------------
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Date: Fri, 21 May 93 04:01:00
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #007
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Fri, 21 May 93 Volume 1 : Issue 007
Today's Topics:
how to evaluate bioeffects of microwaves experiments
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 17:42 EDT
From: USRNAME <CANOUGH%BINGVAXA.bitnet@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU>
Subject: how to evaluate bioeffects of microwaves experiments
re: studies of the effects of microwaves on cells, animals
and humans
Dr. Martin Meltz at U of Texas, Austin has been doing
careful studies as to whether microwaves can cause
mutagenesis in cells. He has obtained only null results so
far. Reprints of his papers available upon request.
There are literally thousands of papers on the subject of
microwave affects, much of them contradictory or confusing.
Dr. Meltz and David Erwin wrote up a set of criteria for
evaluating this pile of information. For any experiment
using microwaves and cells or animals, there are certain
pieces of information that must be present in order to 1)
understand the data and 2) compare it to other experiments.
Without this information, a paper is not very useful, unless
you can call up the author and obtain the missing
information. What follows is his "lab notes" on what to look
for.
***************************************************
LAB NOTES
Essential RFR Study Information
The authors list "essential items" recommended for inclusion
in publications describing radio-frequency radiation (RFR)
bioeffect research. Their list is designed to reduce
inconsistencies observed in either performing RFR research,
or in reporting the results. This material was presented in
part at a workshop on In Vitro Methods at the 1986 annual
meeting of the Bioelectronics Society. Comments on the
evaluation criteria listed are encouraged and should be
addressed to M.L. Meltz.
INTRODUCTION
An objective evaluation of the potential health hazards of
radio-frequency radiation (RFR) is becoming more critical as
the environmental exposure of the general population and
occupational subgroups continues to increase.
When the RFR health effects literature is reviewed, it
immediately becomes obvious that many articles can be
criticized for lack of information necessary for the
evaluation of the research. Some of this information would
be essential if other investigators are to perform
confirming experiments. Described herein is a list of
"essential" items, which we recommend for inclusion in all
RFR bioeffects reports, and which we expect will reduce
inconsistencies previously observed in either 1) performing
the experiments or 2) reporting the results.
EVALUATION CRITERIA
In any publication, six major areas of concern are evident
and represent the "package" in which 15 definable items
would hopefully be included. Because of the lack of
robustness in many purported RFR effects (called for by
Packard 1985-1986), these areas of concern take on even
greater significance; they include:
1. Was the experiment adequately described?
2. Was the numerical data presented?
3. Was the data accumulated and reported in the manuscript
sufficient for meaningful statistical analysis?
4. Was a statistical analysis performed?
5. Was the experiment independently repeated in the same
laboratory, and was the data from the minimal second
experiment also reported and analyzed?
6. Was the conclusion drawn in the paper adequately
supported by the data?
The need for affirmative answer to each of these questions
would seem to be self-evident. In the existing literature,
however, this has not always been the case, perhaps due to
the complex, interdisciplinary nature of the work.
As just indicated, our objective is to clearly define
necessary information which should be included in RFR
bioeffect manuscript. Our suggested list is as follows:
1. A clear statement of the objective(s).
2. An adequate description of the biological system:
a. For in-vitro studies, inclusion of indices of the
proliferative and/or physiological state of the exposed and
unexposed cells.
b. for in-vivo studies, inclusion of indices of the
physiological state of the exposed and unexposed
animal/organism. Considerations for in-vivo exposures have
recently been summarized by Michaelson (1983)
3. A statement of the relevance of the endpoint chosen for
measurement.
4. An adequate description of the technique used (with
specifics of size and shape of containers, the composition
of liquids used, volumes, etc.)
5. A description of the physical exposure system, including:
a. Specifics of the equipment used to generate the
radiation
b. A description of the antenna, horn, or waveguide,
etc.
c. The forward and net forward power; and an indication
of how measured.
d. The frequency and whether the radiation is AM or FM;
if modulated, the percent modulation used and its frequency.
A description of how any modulation was achieved.
e. For pulse-wave (PW) radiation, specification of
1. the pulse repetition rate
2. the pulse width
3. the duty factor
4. the pulse shape
6. If applicable, the antenna/horn to sample distance.
Indication should be given as to whether the sample is in
the near or far field.
7. The power density in air at the sample position. An
indication whether this value is at the center of the field
or averaged over the field.
8. For low frequencies, a description of both the electric
and magnetic field components and how they are determined.
(In some cases, it is more appropriate to describe the
applied voltage and currents or current densities, such as
for electrodes immersed in preparation.)
9. A description of the instrumentation used for measuring
the power density or the electric and magnetic field
components.
10. A description of the sample environment.
a. for in-vitro studies, a description of the immediate
environment of the sample and/or its container (e.g.
waterbath, support, etc.). Is there enough information to
reproduce the exposure in another laboratory?
b. For in-vivo studies, a description of the animal
holder/container and its positioning in the RFR field,
especially with regard to orientation,
11. Specification of the specific absorption rate (SAR) for
each experimental protocol. A report of not only the
average, but also the distribution in the sample (as
applicable).
12. A description of the technique and instrumentation used
for SAR measurement or calculation.
13. A description of how the temperature is monitored; this
should include:
a. A statement as to whether the measurement is made
before, during, after or continuously during the exposure
b. The temperature distribution in the sample
c. the sample temperature before the exposure begins
d. the pattern (rate) of temperature increases
e. the technique used to reach the final temperature
(medium exchange, immersion in a hot waterbath, etc.)
f. how temperature controls compare to the above radio-
frequency exposed samples.
14. A description of the ambient temperature and humidity
conditions; this is essential for in-vivo investigations and
can be important for in-vitro studies also.
15. Data analysis
a. Provision for quantifiable data from a minimum of 2
independent experiments performed using equivalent
conditions, with replicate independent samples in each
experiment.
b. A statistical analysis of the data, with
specification of statistical method used
c. A clear statement as to whether or not the data is
statistically significant.
d. A statement of whether or not double-blind scoring
was employed; this is most desirable, and for some
experimental end points, a requirement.
CONCLUSION
We have found in drafting manuscripts summarizing our own
experiments, that it is very easy to leave out portions of
the essential information just described. We would suggest a
checklist approach, i.e., after the manuscript is drafted,
check its contents against the previously listed essential
items. Obviously, awareness of the need for this essential
information can also be of assistance in experimental
design. While inclusion of all the recommended information
might not be possible in every case, this list is proposed
as and ideal to which we can all aspire.
Finally, while we have made an attempt to be inclusive, we
do not expect that this first listing will be complete. We
solicit comments and recommendations from other involved
scientists.
Martin L. Meltz
The U of Texas Health Science Center
7703 Floyd Curl Dr.
San Antonio, TX 78284
David N. Erwin
USAF School of Aerospace Medicine
Human Systems Division (AFSC)
Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX 78235-5301
References:
Pickard WF (1985-1986): Bioelectromagnetics Society
Newsletter, Nos 64-66
Michaelson SM (1983): Criteria for electric, magnetic or
electromagnetic field bioeffects investigations. In:
Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF
Electromagnetic Fields, ed. Michaelson and Rindi, New York
Plenum Press p 15-29
**************************************************
e-mail(Internet): CANOUGH@BINGVAXA.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU
(GEnie) : G.CANOUGH
phone/fax= 607 785 6499 voice mail = 800 673 8265
radio call sign: KB2OXA
'Snail Mail:
ETM, Inc.
PO Box 67
Endicott, NY 13761
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 007
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Date: Sat, 29 May 93 04:00:16
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #008
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Sat, 29 May 93 Volume 1 : Issue 008
Today's Topics:
solar power news via internet
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 14:07 EDT
From: USRNAME <CANOUGH%BINGVAXA.bitnet@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU>
Subject: solar power news via internet
********** Solar Power News via Internet *************
May 28,1993
your friendly editor, G.E. Canough
Any size space solar power station likely to be built in the
near future will most probably use photovoltaics(PV). This
is just because, we have the most experience with using
these in space. I expect that further down the road, other
means of using sunlight will also be developed, such as
solar dynamic. But for now, PV is "it". This means that we
(the SPS community) should become informed as to what is
going on in terrestrial PV. Bob Forstrom (whom I met at the
latest Princeton space manufacturing conference) designs and
builds solar powered houses and he stressed to me the need
for getting informed about terrestrial solar. He also
supplied me with a pile of information on just what is
going, so I figured I'd pass it on here.
As it turns out, the USA may be in for the dawn of a new day
in the area of solar energy. Some of the programs the US
dept. of energy (DOE) used to do have been closed out
(nuclear weapons and nuclear reactor research) and so DOE
has intelligently increased funding for PV research and
development by 25%.
Here's a sample of what is going on:
UPVG and SMUD
Power companies in the USA have just formed (as of Dec.
1991) the Utility Photovoltaic Group, UPVG) in order to
foster development of PV systems for use as power plants and
for individual buildings. One utility, the Sacramento
Municipal Utility District (SMUD) has already requested
proposals and received proposals for a program which
includes 400 kW worth of residential systems, 100 kW worth
of commercial (at individual buildings) systems and a 200 kW
PV substation.
PV producers:
United Solar, Inc. This company is building a new factory in
Virginia. It plans to manufacture 10 MW per year worth of
PV.
Photocomm in AZ has received a $1M order for PV systems
Golden Photon, Inc. is installing a factory to build CdTe PV
modules, 2MW worth per year.
Batteries:
A new type of battery has just been invented. It can be
recharged in just 15 minutes.
Races:
Several solar powered vehicle races are taking place this
year.
To get all the latest info on PV developments, subscribe to
one or both of these newsletters:
PV News, Paul Maycock PV Energy Systems Inc. PO Box 290,
Casanova, VA 22017 phone = 703 788 9626
Photovoltaic Insider's Report, Richard Curry 1011 W.
Colorado Blvd, Dallas TX 75208 phone = 214 942 5248
You are also encouraged to subscribe to the SUNSAT Energy
Council Newsletter where all the latest on SPS and wireless
power transmission will be reported! [SUNSAT Energy Council
Newsletter c/o ETM, Inc., PO Box 67, Endicott, NY 13761,
$25/yr.]
The increase in PV production is a definite plus for solar
power, since the main reason PV is expensive is that it is
not mass produced. We will see the prices drop as the
production increases.
Although we often cast the power companies in the role of
"the bad guys" for burning coal, many of them are very
concerned about the affect of fossil fuel burning and are
funding efforts to develop solar energy. A local example of
that is New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG), which is
funding a large PV array to be installed at the Kopernik
Observatory. This array (4kW) will be used to power the
lights at the newly installed science center at the
observatory. And there are 62 power companies who are
members of the UPVG. So there is a lot of concern and money
is being spent.
On May 10, there was an IEEE PV conference in Louisville,
KY. I found out about it too late to attend. If any of you
went (Lewis PV people?), I would really appreciate getting a
summary of the conference posted here.
Ground based PV won't be able to meet all the energy needs
of Earth, but it can be used much more than it is now, and
this is all to the good. Producers of PV are likely to be
very interested in the prospect of space solar power
stations, since these larger stations represent an very
large market for PV.
I have also just learned some new info on climate change. I
have not been a real alarmist about this in the past, but
recent data is quite disturbing. So stay tuned for the next
edition of The Solar Power News, via Internet!
Dr. Gay E. Canough ETM,Inc. and BU-SUNY, dept.of physics
e-mail(Internet): CANOUGH@BINGVAXA.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU
(GEnie) : G.CANOUGH
phone/fax= 607 785 6499 voice mail = 800 673 8265
radio call sign: KB2OXA
'Snail Mail:
ETM, Inc.
PO Box 67
Endicott, NY 13761
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 008
------------------------------
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Date: Fri, 4 Jun 93 04:04:45
From: ISU Space Power Digest <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-Power-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Power Digest V1 #009
To: Space.Power.Talkers
Precedence: bulk
Space Power Digest Fri, 4 Jun 93 Volume 1 : Issue 009
Today's Topics:
global warming
Welcome to the ISU Space Power Digest!! This digest will
seek to provide a forum for discussion of wireless power
transmission, solar power systems. It is hosted by alumni
and faculty of the International Space University, but is
open to everyone with an interest in this area.
Send e-mail contributions to: space-power@isu.isunet.edu
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send your e-mail request to:
space-power-request@isu.isunet.edu
If you experience technical problems, send an e-mail message
detailing the problem to: digests@isu.isunet.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Thu, 3 Jun 1993 11:14 EDT
From: USRNAME <CANOUGH%BINGVAXA.bitnet@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU>
Subject: global warming
************ SOLAR POWER NEWS VIA INTERNET **************
June 3,1993
G.E. Canough
CANOUGH@BINGVAXA.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU
GREENHOUSE EFFECT, GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The Earth is not just the right distance from the sun to
enable life. It also has an atmosphere with the correct
mixture of gases to maintain a certain temperature range. We
know from studies of Venus, that an atmosphere with lots of
CO2 retains more heat. In the case of Venus, temperatures
can reach upwards of 470 C, a hairy case of global
warming...
What we do not know in detail is the exact ratio of CO2 to
temperature. Because the atmosphere is a dynamic and large
system, it is very difficult to model it (although people do
try, especially for predicting the weather).
We are now in the midst of a global "experiment" in the
effects of increased levels of CO2. By burning fossil fuels,
we are putting CO2 into the air at a rapid pace (6 billion
tonnes per year). Other human activities generate other
types of "greenhouse gases" which are not CO2, but act
similarly in retaining heat. These include methane and
freon. For example, the increasing population of humans adds
to the methane production by natural bodily functions. The
question is, given that our models of what will happen to
the temperature of the planet and the climate are not very
good yet, is it wise to be doing this experiment?
THE AMOUNT OF CO2
There are many people still skeptical that addition of CO2
is much of a problem. In general, humans are still much less
effective at altering planet-wide parameters than natural
forces such as volcanic eruptions. In the last five years,
there has been growing evidence that we are effecting the
climate by the addition of CO2. To give you an idea of how
much CO2 we generate: Using data from Antarctic ice cores,
the CO2 content of the air can be traced back to 160000
years ago. 160000 years ago, the CO2 content was around 200
parts per million (ppm). Around 120000 years ago it jumped
up to 300 ppm. 40000 years ago, it dipped back down to 200
ppm. Today, we are up to 360 ppm and 410 ppm equivalent
(i.e. adding in other greenhouse gases).
***** In other words, there is now more CO2 in the
atmosphere than in the last 160 millennia! ****
If we continue to burn fossil fuels at the current rate (and
the rate is actually increasing, not staying constant) the
CO2 concentration in the year 2050 will reach 600 ppm, fully
double any past concentration.
THE EFFECTS OF CO2
There is general agreement that more CO2 will cause the temp
to go up.
There is disagreement on
* how much the temp will rise as a function of concentration
* what will be the effect of increasing temperature
* effect on climate
* effect on oceans
* will there be positive of negative feedbacks
THE EFFECT OF TEMP INCREASE
Most of the media attention has been given to the
disagreement on the amount of temp rise. But any temp rise,
even a small one has its consequences. The fact is, we have
already experienced a small temp increase. The seas off
California have warmed by 0.8 C in the last 40 years. The
temps in Northern Canada have increased by 2 C. The average
snowfall over the Northern hemisphere has decreased by 8%
since 1973. The Arctic ice cap has declined by 2% between
1978 and 1987. Coral reefs are very sensitive to temp
increase and in fact reefs have been observed to be dying
off at an unprecedented rate. Corral reef experts have
recently been shocked at the level of this occurrence. They
were surprised that a temp increase of only 0.5 to 1 C could
have such a disastrous effect on the reefs. Southern Africa,
Oregon, California, and SE England are in the worst droughts
ever. These effects are all due to global warming. Some of
the warming may be natural variation in the climate, but do
we dare assume that none of it is caused by us?
INSURANCE COMPANIES GOING BROKE ON STORM DAMAGE CLAIMS
The climate change that has occurred in the last 5 years,
which has drawn the most attention and concern is the change
in the patterns of windstorms. The insurance industry has
been adversely affected by this to the tune of billions of
dollars. They have thus suddenly taken an intense interest
in climate change. Insurance companies decide whom to insure
and what premium to charge, based on past history. So, if
you want to buy hurricane insurance, the company goes to the
weather record to determine how often a hurricane is likely
to occur where you live. They calculate your premium based
on frequency of occurrence and intensity. To make money,
they have to make an educated bet that storms will not do
more damage than can be covered by a fraction of the
premiums. If you choose to live in a storm-ridden area, you
may not be able to obtain insurance at all. From 1966 to
1987, there were NO storms or other catastrophes which drew
claims of more than $1 billion. Between 1987 and 1992,
there have been at least 15 such catastrophes. These
included mainly intense hurricane and typhoons, but also 1
bush fire (in drought-ridden California), 1 earthquake, and
3 oil accidents. Most of the disasters listed cost $2 to $5
billion, but hurricane Andrew cost a whopping $20 billion,
causing some insurance companies to go broke! Some of these
storms made historical records for their intensity. [This
list is from ref 1]
Other storms of note: During the 1992 ISU summer session in
Kitakyushu Japan, we had 3 typhoons in the space of 1 month.
This was said to be quite unusual, although only one of them
was intense and did damage. In early 1993, the worst snow
storm in at least a century (essentially a "winter
hurricane") hit the eastern US. As we sat around shivering
here in Endicott, during the blizzard of '93, people would
laugh at the idea that maybe global warming has arrived.
ERRATIC WEATHER HARBINGER OF GLOBAL WARMING
However, the weather we have had in the last 5 years may be
an ugly harbinger of global warming. Realize that global
warming's first effect may not be continuously warmer days
(although the last 5 years are the warmest on record).
*** It is most likely to be manifest in erratic weather. ***
Why? Because the atmosphere is a giant convection engine.
The temp of the air masses has everything to do with how
weather develops. Raise the temp and the engine runs faster
and more intensely. This means more storms and/or more
intense storms. So you can see why insurance companies are
worried. In the short term they can raise their rates or
refuse to insure FLoridians, but if there continue to be
more and more storms, some of them in unlikely places (such
as Endicott) something more will have to be done.
FEEDBACK
There has been discussion as to the possibility of feedback
that could either lessen (negative) global warming or
increase (positive) it. For example, more CO2 helps some
types of plants grow more. I discussed this briefly with
Mark Nelson in Biosphere 2 and he explained that some types
of plants do better and over-run other types. Many of the
hardy types are what we would consider to be weeds. So maybe
the weeds would over-take the crops? Trees do better and
could take over grass lands (who knows if this would be good
or bad?) Although the Biosphere-2 has a controlled climate,
they have been able to gather data on the effects of CO2
concentration on plants and the results of this will be
important to our understanding of the "plant feedback"
mechanism, and whether it is positive or negative. I'll
leave it Mark to expound on this...
Of course, more CO2 might also lead to fewer plants (due to
higher temps, flooded lands, etc.) which would be positive
feedback causing still more CO2 build up. There might be
other positive feedback we don't know about yet. And what's
worse, we don't really know what the threshold might be. We
could stumble on to it any time now and be in deep trouble
fast. This is the root of the idea that we might run into a
"run-away greenhouse". We have been in the habit of thinking
that climate change onsets very slowly, over centuries. But
recent evidence (ice cores from Greenland) shows that
dramatic climate change can happen very suddenly, in just a
year or two[see ref 2]. Do we bet the planet that maybe this
won't happen? If the climate does change drastically, humans
are likely to end up on the endangered species list, where-
as the Earth itself will continue on its way. (So we are
really betting human life...)
There is some interesting literature available on all of
this. Read some of it, and you will be up nights wondering.
You will ride your bike more and turn down the thermostat.
Peter Glaser quantified our excesses neatly when he said
that each kW-hr of electricity made puts another kilogram of
CO2 into the air. So if you use your air conditioner or
clothes dryer for an hour, there goes another kilogram of
CO2.
REFERENCES
1) Climate Change and the Insurance Industry
by Jeremy Leggett, Greenpeace International [Copies
available from The SUNSAT Energy Council Newsletter, c/o
ETM, PO Box 67, Endicott, NY 13760 ($5 for copying and
postage) Or contact Jeremy Leggett, Greenpeace
International, Canonbury Villas, London, N1 2PN fax = 71 696
0012] This article is very well written and describes
discussions going on in the insurance industry. As you might
expect, any article on global warming will have its biases,
but in this case, the biases were not outrageous or hidden.
The article is well referenced to various studies of global
warming. There has been a conference of insurance people and
global warming experts just last week in London. A second
one is scheduled for September 28 in New York City.
2) Ice core shows speedy climate change, R. Monastersky
Science News v 142, Dec 12,1992, p 404.
Dr. Gay E. Canough ETM,Inc. and BU-SUNY, dept.of physics
e-mail(Internet): CANOUGH@BINGVAXA.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU
(GEnie) : G.CANOUGH
phone/fax= 607 785 6499 voice mail = 800 673 8265
radio call sign: KB2OXA
'Snail Mail:
ETM, Inc.
PO Box 67
Endicott, NY 13761
------------------------------
End of Space Power Digest Volume 1 : Issue 009
------------------------------