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           Urantia Book Paper 70 The Evolution Of Human Government
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  : The Origin Of Urantia Life Establishment On Urantia The Marine-life Era On
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 Dawn Races Of Early Man The First Human Family The Evolutionary Races Of Color
   The Overcontrol Of Evolution The Planetary Prince Of Urantia The Planetary
  Rebellion The Dawn Of Civilization Primitive Human Institutions The Evolution
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The Midway Creatures The Violet Race After The Days Of Adam Andite Expansion In
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                  Paper 70 The Evolution Of Human Government

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Introduction

NO SOONER had man partially solved the problem of making a living than he was
confronted with the task of regulating human contacts. The development of
industry demanded law, order, and social adjustment; private property
necessitated government.

On an evolutionary world, antagonisms are natural; peace is secured only by
some sort of social regulative system. Social regulation is inseparable from
social organization; association implies some controlling authority. Government
compels the co-ordination of the antagonisms of the tribes, clans, families,
and individuals.

Government is an unconscious development; it evolves by trial and error. It
does have survival value; therefore it becomes traditional. Anarchy augmented
misery; therefore government, comparative law and order, slowly emerged or is
emerging. The coercive demands of the struggle for existence literally drove
the human race along the progressive road to civilization.

1. THE GENESIS OF WAR

War is the natural state and heritage of evolving man; peace is the social
yardstick measuring civilization's advancement. Before the partial
socialization of the advancing races man was exceedingly individualistic,
extremely suspicious, and unbelievably quarrelsome. Violence is the law of
nature, hostility the automatic reaction of the children of nature, while war
is but these same activities carried on collectively. And wherever and whenever
the fabric of civilization becomes stressed by the complications of society's
advancement, there is always an immediate and ruinous reversion to these early
methods of violent adjustment of the irritations of human interassociations.

War is an animalistic reaction to misunderstandings and irritations; peace
attends upon the civilized solution of all such problems and difficulties. The
Sangik races, together with the later deteriorated Adamites and Nodites, were
all belligerent. The Andonites were early taught the golden rule, and, even
today, their Eskimo descendants live very much by that code; custom is strong
among them, and they are fairly free from violent antagonisms.

Andon taught his children to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a
stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the
victor. The later Andonites used to settle disputes by holding a public show at
which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the audience
decided the winner by its applause.

But there could be no such phenomenon as war until society had evolved
sufficiently far to actually experience periods of peace and to sanction
warlike practices. The very concept of war implies some degree of organization.

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With the emergence of social groupings, individual irritations began to be
submerged in the group feelings, and this promoted intratribal tranquillity but
at the expense of intertribal peace. Peace was thus first enjoyed by the
in-group, or tribe, who always disliked and hated the out-group, foreigners.
Early man regarded it a virtue to shed alien blood.

But even this did not work at first. When the early chiefs would try to iron
out misunderstandings, they often found it necessary, at least once a year, to
permit the tribal stone fights. The clan would divide up into two groups and
engage in an all-day battle. And this for no other reason than just the fun of
it; they really enjoyed fighting.

Warfare persists because man is human, evolved from an animal, and all animals
are bellicose. Among the early causes of war were:

1. Hunger, which led to food raids. Scarcity of land has always brought on war,
and during these struggles the early peace tribes were practically
exterminated.

2. Woman scarcity--an attempt to relieve a shortage of domestic help. Woman
stealing has always caused war.

3. Vanity--the desire to exhibit tribal prowess. Superior groups would fight to
impose their mode of life upon inferior peoples.

4. Slaves--need of recruits for the labor ranks.

5. Revenge was the motive for war when one tribe believed that a neighboring
tribe had caused the death of a fellow tribesman. Mourning was continued until
a head was brought home. The war for vengeance was in good standing right on
down to comparatively modern times.

6. Recreation--war was looked upon as recreation by the young men of these
early times. If no good and sufficient pretext for war arose, when peace became
oppressive, neighboring tribes were accustomed to go out in semifriendly combat
to engage in a foray as a holiday, to enjoy a sham battle.

7. Religion--the desire to make converts to the cult. The primitive religions
all sanctioned war. Only in recent times has religion begun to frown upon war.
The early priesthoods were, unfortunately, usually allied with the military
power. One of the great peace moves of the ages has been the attempt to
separate church and state.

Always these olden tribes made war at the bidding of their gods, at the behest
of their chiefs or medicine men. The Hebrews believed in such a "God of
battles"; and the narrative of their raid on the Midianites is a typical
recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient tribal wars; this assault, with
its slaughter of all the males and the later killing of all male children and
all women who were not virgins, would have done honor to the mores of a tribal
chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was executed in the
"name of the Lord God of Israel."

This is a narrative of the evolution of society--the natural outworking of the
problems of the races--man working out his own destiny on earth. Such
atrocities are not instigated by Deity, notwithstanding the tendency of man to
place the responsibility on his gods.

Military mercy has been slow in coming to mankind. Even when a woman, Deborah,
ruled the Hebrews, the same wholesale cruelty persisted. Her general

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in his victory over the gentiles caused "all the host to fall upon the sword;
there was not one left."

Very early in the history of the race, poisoned weapons were used. All sorts of
mutilations were practiced. Saul did not hesitate to require one hundred
Philistine foreskins as the dowry David should pay for his daughter Michal.

Early wars were fought between tribes as a whole, but in later times, when two
individuals in different tribes had a dispute, instead of both tribes fighting,
the two disputants engaged in a duel. It also became a custom for two armies to
stake all on the outcome of a contest between a representative chosen from each
side, as in the instance of David and Goliath.

The first refinement of war was the taking of prisoners. Next, women were
exempted from hostilities, and then came the recognition of noncombatants.
Military castes and standing armies soon developed to keep pace with the
increasing complexity of combat. Such warriors were early prohibited from
associating with women, and women long ago ceased to fight, though they have
always fed and nursed the soldiers and urged them on to battle.

The practice of declaring war represented great progress. Such declarations of
intention to fight betokened the arrival of a sense of fairness, and this was
followed by the gradual development of the rules of "civilized" warfare. Very
early it became the custom not to fight near religious sites and, still later,
not to fight on certain holy days. Next came the general recognition of the
right of asylum; political fugitives received protection.

Thus did warfare gradually evolve from the primitive man hunt to the somewhat
more orderly system of the later-day "civilized" nations. But only slowly does
the social attitude of amity displace that of enmity.

2. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WAR

In past ages a fierce war would institute social changes and facilitate the
adoption of new ideas such as would not have occurred naturally in ten thousand
years. The terrible price paid for these certain war advantages was that
society was temporarily thrown back into savagery; civilized reason had to
abdicate. War is strong medicine, very costly and most dangerous; while often
curative of certain social disorders, it sometimes kills the patient, destroys
the society.

The constant necessity for national defense creates many new and advanced
social adjustments. Society, today, enjoys the benefit of a long list of useful
innovations which were at first wholly military and is even indebted to war for
the dance, one of the early forms of which was a military drill.

War has had a social value to past civilizations because it:

1. Imposed discipline, enforced co-operation.

2. Put a premium on fortitude and courage.

3. Fostered and solidified nationalism.

4. Destroyed weak and unfit peoples.

5. Dissolved the illusion of primitive equality and selectively stratified
society.

War has had a certain evolutionary and selective value, but like slavery, it
must sometime be abandoned as civilization slowly advances. Olden wars promoted
travel and cultural intercourse; these ends are now better served by

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modern methods of transport and communication. Olden wars strengthened nations,
but modern struggles disrupt civilized culture. Ancient warfare resulted in the
decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of modern conflict is the
selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted
organization and efficiency, but these have now become the aims of modern
industry. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed civilization
forward; this result is now better attained by ambition and invention. Ancient
warfare supported the concept of a God of battles, but modern man has been told
that God is love. War has served many valuable purposes in the past, it has
been an indispensable scaffolding in the building of civilization, but it is
rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt--incapable of producing dividends of
social gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its
invocation.

At one time physicians believed in bloodletting as a cure for many diseases,
but they have since discovered better remedies for most of these disorders. And
so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the
discovery of better methods for curing the ills of nations.

The nations of Urantia have already entered upon the gigantic struggle between
nationalistic militarism and industrialism, and in many ways this conflict is
analogous to the agelong struggle between the herder-hunter and the farmer. But
if industrialism is to triumph over militarism, it must avoid the dangers which
beset it. The perils of budding industry on Urantia are:

1. The strong drift toward materialism, spiritual blindness.

2. The worship of wealth-power, value distortion.

3. The vices of luxury, cultural immaturity.

4. The increasing dangers of indolence, service insensitivity.

5. The growth of undesirable racial softness, biologic deterioration.

6. The threat of standardized industrial slavery, personality stagnation. Labor
is ennobling but drudgery is benumbing.

Militarism is autocratic and cruel--savage. It promotes social organization
among the conquerors but disintegrates the vanquished. Industrialism is more
civilized and should be so carried on as to promote initiative and to encourage
individualism. Society should in every way possible foster originality.

Do not make the mistake of glorifying war; rather discern what it has done for
society so that you may the more accurately visualize what its substitutes must
provide in order to continue the advancement of civilization. And if such
adequate substitutes are not provided, then you may be sure that war will long
continue.

Man will never accept peace as a normal mode of living until he has been
thoroughly and repeatedly convinced that peace is best for his material
welfare, and until society has wisely provided peaceful substitutes for the
gratification of that inherent tendency periodically to let loose a collective
drive designed to liberate those ever-accumulating emotions and energies
belonging to the self-preservation reactions of the human species.

But even in passing, war should be honored as the school of experience which
compelled a race of arrogant individualists to submit themselves to highly
concentrated authority--a chief executive. Old-fashioned war did select the
innately great men for leadership, but modern war no longer does this. To
discover leaders society must now turn to the conquests of peace: industry,
science, and social achievement.

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3. EARLY HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS

In the most primitive society the horde is everything; even children are its
common property. The evolving family displaced the horde in child rearing,
while the emerging clans and tribes took its place as the social unit.

Sex hunger and mother love establish the family. But real government does not
appear until superfamily groups have begun to form. In the prefamily days of
the horde, leadership was provided by informally chosen individuals. The
African Bushmen have never progressed beyond this primitive stage; they do not
have chiefs in the horde.

Families became united by blood ties in clans, aggregations of kinsmen; and
these subsequently evolved into tribes, territorial communities. Warfare and
external pressure forced the tribal organization upon the kinship clans, but it
was commerce and trade that held these early and primitive groups together with
some degree of internal peace.

The peace of Urantia will be promoted far more by international trade
organizations than by all the sentimental sophistry of visionary peace
planning. Trade relations have been facilitated by development of language and
by improved methods of communication as well as by better transportation.

The absence of a common language has always impeded the growth of peace groups,
but money has become the universal language of modern trade. Modern society is
largely held together by the industrial market. The gain motive is a mighty
civilizer when augmented by the desire to serve.

In the early ages each tribe was surrounded by concentric circles of increasing
fear and suspicion; hence it was once the custom to kill all strangers, later
on, to enslave them. The old idea of friendship meant adoption into the clan;
and clan membership was believed to survive death--one of the earliest concepts
of eternal life.

The ceremony of adoption consisted in drinking each other's blood. In some
groups saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the
ancient origin of the practice of social kissing. And all ceremonies of
association, whether marriage or adoption, were always terminated by feasting.

In later times, blood diluted with red wine was used, and eventually wine alone
was drunk to seal the adoption ceremony, which was signified in the touching of
the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The Hebrews
employed a modified form of this adoption ceremony. Their Arab ancestors made
use of the oath taken while the hand of the candidate rested upon the
generative organ of the tribal native. The Hebrews treated adopted aliens
kindly and fraternally. "The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born
among you, and you shall love him as yourself."

"Guest friendship" was a relation of temporary hospitality. When visiting
guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the
departing friend so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third
party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay
their way by telling tales of their travels and adventures. The storytellers of
olden times became so popular that the mores eventually forbade their
functioning during either the hunting or harvest seasons.

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The first treaties of peace were the "blood bonds." The peace ambassadors of
two warring tribes would meet, pay their respects, and then proceed to prick
the skin until it bled; whereupon they would suck each other's blood and
declare peace.

The earliest peace missions consisted of delegations of men bringing their
choice maidens for the sex gratification of their onetime enemies, the sex
appetite being utilized in combating the war urge. The tribe so honored would
pay a return visit, with its offering of maidens; whereupon peace would be
firmly established. And soon intermarriages between the families of the chiefs
were sanctioned.

4. CLANS AND TRIBES

The first peace group was the family, then the clan, the tribe, and later on
the nation, which eventually became the modern territorial state. The fact that
the present-day peace groups have long since expanded beyond blood ties to
embrace nations is most encouraging, despite the fact that Urantia nations are
still spending vast sums on war preparations.

The clans were blood-tie groups within the tribe, and they owed their existence
to certain common interests, such as:

1. Tracing origin back to a common ancestor.

2. Allegiance to a common religious totem.

3. Speaking the same dialect.

4. Sharing a common dwelling place.

5. Fearing the same enemies.

6. Having had a common military experience.

The clan headmen were always subordinate to the tribal chief, the early tribal
governments being a loose confederation of clans. The native Australians never
developed a tribal form of government.

The clan peace chiefs usually ruled through the mother line; the tribal war
chiefs established the father line. The courts of the tribal chiefs and early
kings consisted of the headmen of the clans, whom it was customary to invite
into the king's presence several times a year. This enabled him to watch them
and the better secure their co-operation. The clans served a valuable purpose
in local self-government, but they greatly delayed the growth of large and
strong nations.

5. THE BEGINNINGS OF GOVERNMENT

Every human institution had a beginning, and civil government is a product of
progressive evolution just as much as are marriage, industry, and religion.
From the early clans and primitive tribes there gradually developed the
successive orders of human government which have come and gone right on down to
those forms of social and civil regulation that characterize the second third
of the twentieth century.

With the gradual emergence of the family units the foundations of government
were established in the clan organization, the grouping of consanguineous
families. The first real governmental body was the council of the elders. This
regulative group was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in
some efficient manner. Wisdom and experience were early appreciated even

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by barbaric man, and there ensued a long age of the domination of the elders.
This reign of the oligarchy of age gradually grew into the patriarchal idea.

In the early council of the elders there resided the potential of all
governmental functions: executive, legislative, and judicial. When the council
interpreted the current mores, it was a court; when establishing new modes of
social usage, it was a legislature; to the extent that such decrees and
enactments were enforced, it was the executive. The chairman of the council was
one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief.

Some tribes had female councils, and from time to time many tribes had women
rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of Onamonalonton
in following the unanimous rule of the "council of seven."

It has been hard for mankind to learn that neither peace nor war can be run by
a debating society. The primitive "palavers" were seldom useful. The race early
learned that an army commanded by a group of clan heads had no chance against a
strong one-man army. War has always been a kingmaker.

At first the war chiefs were chosen only for military service, and they would
relinquish some of their authority during peacetimes, when their duties were of
a more social nature. But gradually they began to encroach upon the peace
intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next.
They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These
early war lords were not fond of peace.

In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than military service, being
selected because of unusual physique or outstanding personal abilities. The red
men often had two sets of chiefs--the sachems, or peace chiefs, and the
hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also judges and teachers.

Some early communities were ruled by medicine men, who often acted as chiefs.
One man would act as priest, physician, and chief executive. Quite often the
early royal insignias had originally been the symbols or emblems of priestly
dress.

And it was by these steps that the executive branch of government gradually
came into existence. The clan and tribal councils continued in an advisory
capacity and as forerunners of the later appearing legislative and judicial
branches. In Africa, today, all these forms of primitive government are in
actual existence among the various tribes.

6. MONARCHIAL GOVERNMENT

Effective state rule only came with the arrival of a chief with full executive
authority. Man found that effective government could be had only by conferring
power on a personality, not by endowing an idea.

Rulership grew out of the idea of family authority or wealth. When a
patriarchal kinglet became a real king, he was sometimes called "father of his
people." Later on, kings were thought to have sprung from heroes. And still
further on, rulership became hereditary, due to belief in the divine origin of
kings.

Hereditary kingship avoided the anarchy which had previously wrought such havoc
between the death of a king and the election of a successor. The family had a
biologic head; the clan, a selected natural leader; the tribe and later state
had no natural leader, and this was an additional reason for making the

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chief-kings hereditary. The idea of royal families and aristocracy was also
based on the mores of "name ownership" in the clans.

The succession of kings was eventually regarded as supernatural, the royal
blood being thought to extend back to the times of the materialized staff of
Prince Caligastia. Thus kings became fetish personalities and were inordinately
feared, a special form of speech being adopted for court usage. Even in recent
times it was believed that the touch of kings would cure disease, and some
Urantia peoples still regard their rulers as having had a divine origin.

The early fetish king was often kept in seclusion; he was regarded as too
sacred to be viewed except on feast days and holy days. Ordinarily a
representative was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the origin of prime
ministers. The first cabinet officer was a food administrator; others shortly
followed. Rulers soon appointed representatives to be in charge of commerce and
religion; and the development of a cabinet was a direct step toward
depersonalization of executive authority. These assistants of the early kings
became the accepted nobility, and the king's wife gradually rose to the dignity
of queen as women came to be held in higher esteem.

Unscrupulous rulers gained great power by the discovery of poison. Early court
magic was diabolical; the king's enemies soon died. But even the most despotic
tyrant was subject to some restrictions; he was at least restrained by the
ever-present fear of assassination. The medicine men, witch doctors, and
priests have always been a powerful check on the kings. Subsequently, the
landowners, the aristocracy, exerted a restraining influence. And ever and anon
the clans and tribes would simply rise up and overthrow their despots and
tyrants. Deposed rulers, when sentenced to death, were often given the option
of committing suicide, which gave origin to the ancient social vogue of suicide
in certain circumstances.

7. PRIMITIVE CLUBS AND SECRET SOCIETIES

Blood kinship determined the first social groups; association enlarged the
kinship clan. Intermarriage was the next step in group enlargement, and the
resultant complex tribe was the first true political body. The next advance in
social development was the evolution of religious cults and the political
clubs. These first appeared as secret societies and originally were wholly
religious; subsequently they became regulative. At first they were men's clubs;
later women's groups appeared. Presently they became divided into two classes:
sociopolitical and religio-mystical.

There were many reasons for the secrecy of these societies, such as:

1. Fear of incurring the displeasure of the rulers because of the violation of
some taboo.

2. In order to practice minority religious rites.

3. For the purpose of preserving valuable "spirit" or trade secrets.

4. For the enjoyment of some special charm or magic.

The very secrecy of these societies conferred on all members the power of
mystery over the rest of the tribe. Secrecy also appeals to vanity; the
initiates were the social aristocracy of their day. After initiation the boys
hunted with

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the men; whereas before they had gathered vegetables with the women. And it was
the supreme humiliation, a tribal disgrace, to fail to pass the puberty tests
and thus be compelled to remain outside the men's abode with the women and
children, to be considered effeminate. Besides, noninitiates were not allowed
to marry.

Primitive people very early taught their adolescent youths sex control. It
became the custom to take boys away from parents from puberty to marriage,
their education and training being intrusted to the men's secret societies. And
one of the chief functions of these clubs was to keep control of adolescent
young men, thus preventing illegitimate children.

Commercialized prostitution began when these men's clubs paid money for the use
of women from other tribes. But the earlier groups were remarkably free from
sex laxity.

The puberty initiation ceremony usually extended over a period of five years.
Much self-torture and painful cutting entered into these ceremonies.
Circumcision was first practiced as a rite of initiation into one of these
secret fraternities. The tribal marks were cut on the body as a part of the
puberty initiation; the tattoo originated as such a badge of membership. Such
torture, together with much privation, was designed to harden these youths, to
impress them with the reality of life and its inevitable hardships. This
purpose is better accomplished by the later appearing athletic games and
physical contests.

But the secret societies did aim at the improvement of adolescent morals; one
of the chief purposes of the puberty ceremonies was to impress upon the boy
that he must leave other men's wives alone.

Following these years of rigorous discipline and training and just before
marriage, the young men were usually released for a short period of leisure and
freedom, after which they returned to marry and to submit to lifelong
subjection to the tribal taboos. And this ancient custom has continued down to
modern times as the foolish notion of "sowing wild oats."

Many later tribes sanctioned the formation of women's secret clubs, the purpose
of which was to prepare adolescent girls for wifehood and motherhood. After
initiation girls were eligible for marriage and were permitted to attend the
"bride show," the coming-out party of those days. Women's orders pledged
against marriage early came into existence.

Presently nonsecret clubs made their appearance when groups of unmarried men
and groups of unattached women formed their separate organizations. These
associations were really the first schools. And while men's and women's clubs
were often given to persecuting each other, some advanced tribes, after contact
with the Dalamatia teachers, experimented with coeducation, having boarding
schools for both sexes.

Secret societies contributed to the building up of social castes chiefly by the
mysterious character of their initiations. The members of these societies first
wore masks to frighten the curious away from their mourning rites--ancestor
worship. Later this ritual developed into a pseudo seance at which ghosts were
reputed to have appeared. The ancient societies of the "new birth" used signs
and employed a special secret language; they also forswore certain foods and
drinks. They acted as night police and otherwise functioned in a wide range of
social activities.

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All secret associations imposed an oath, enjoined confidence, and taught the
keeping of secrets. These orders awed and controlled the mobs; they also acted
as vigilance societies, thus practicing lynch law. They were the first spies
when the tribes were at war and the first secret police during times of peace.
Best of all they kept unscrupulous kings on the anxious seat. To offset them,
the kings fostered their own secret police.

These societies gave rise to the first political parties. The first party
government was "the strong" vs. "the weak." In ancient times a change of
administration only followed civil war, abundant proof that the weak had become
strong.

These clubs were employed by merchants to collect debts and by rulers to
collect taxes. Taxation has been a long struggle, one of the earliest forms
being the tithe, one tenth of the hunt or spoils. Taxes were originally levied
to keep up the king's house, but it was found that they were easier to collect
when disguised as an offering for the support of the temple service.

By and by these secret associations grew into the first charitable
organizations and later evolved into the earlier religious societies--the
forerunners of churches. Finally some of these societies became intertribal,
the first international fraternities.

8. SOCIAL CLASSES

The mental and physical inequality of human beings insures that social classes
will appear. The only worlds without social strata are the most primitive and
the most advanced. A dawning civilization has not yet begun the differentiation
of social levels, while a world settled in light and life has largely effaced
these divisions of mankind, which are so characteristic of all intermediate
evolutionary stages.

As society emerged from savagery to barbarism, its human components tended to
become grouped in classes for the following general reasons:

1. Natural--contact, kinship, and marriage; the first social distinctions were
based on sex, age, and blood--kinship to the chief.

2. Personal--the recognition of ability, endurance, skill, and fortitude; soon
followed by the recognition of language mastery, knowledge, and general
intelligence.

3. Chance--war and emigration resulted in the separating of human groups. Class
evolution was powerfully influenced by conquest, the relation of the victor to
the vanquished, while slavery brought about the first general division of
society into free and bond.

4. Economic--rich and poor. Wealth and the possession of slaves was a genetic
basis for one class of society.

5. Geographic--classes arose consequent upon urban or rural settlement. City
and country have respectively contributed to the differentiation of the
herder-agriculturist and the trader-industrialist, with their divergent
viewpoints and reactions.

6. Social--classes have gradually formed according to popular estimate of the
social worth of different groups. Among the earliest divisions of this sort
were the demarcations between priest-teachers, ruler-warriors, capitalist-

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traders, common laborers, and slaves. The slave could never become a
capitalist, though sometimes the wage earner could elect to join the
capitalistic ranks.

7. Vocational--as vocations multiplied, they tended to establish castes and
guilds. Workers divided into three groups: the professional classes, including
the medicine men, then the skilled workers, followed by the unskilled laborers.

8. Religious--the early cult clubs produced their own classes within the clans
and tribes, and the piety and mysticism of the priests have long perpetuated
them as a separate social group.

9. Racial--the presence of two or more races within a given nation or
territorial unit usually produces color castes. The original caste system of
India was based on color, as was that of early Egypt.

10. Age--youth and maturity. Among the tribes the boy remained under the
watchcare of his father as long as the father lived, while the girl was left in
the care of her mother until married.

Flexible and shifting social classes are indispensable to an evolving
civilization, but when class becomes caste, when social levels petrify, the
enhancement of social stability is purchased by diminishment of personal
initiative. Social caste solves the problem of finding one's place in industry,
but it also sharply curtails individual development and virtually prevents
social co-operation.

Classes in society, having naturally formed, will persist until man gradually
achieves their evolutionary obliteration through intelligent manipulation of
the biologic, intellectual, and spiritual resources of a progressing
civilization, such as:

1. Biologic renovation of the racial stocks--the selective elimination of
inferior human strains. This will tend to eradicate many mortal inequalities.

2. Educational training of the increased brain power which will arise out of
such biologic improvement.

3. Religious quickening of the feelings of mortal kinship and brotherhood.

But these measures can bear their true fruits only in the distant millenniums
of the future, although much social improvement will immediately result from
the intelligent, wise, and patient manipulation of these acceleration factors
of cultural progress. Religion is the mighty lever that lifts civilization from
chaos, but it is powerless apart from the fulcrum of sound and normal mind
resting securely on sound and normal heredity.

9. HUMAN RIGHTS

Nature confers no rights on man, only life and a world in which to live it.
Nature does not even confer the right to live, as might be deduced by
considering what would likely happen if an unarmed man met a hungry tiger face
to face in the primitive forest. Society's prime gift to man is security.

Gradually society asserted its rights and, at the present time, they are:

1. Assurance of food supply.

2. Military defense--security through preparedness.

3. Internal peace preservation--prevention of personal violence and social
disorder.

                                top of page - 794

4. Sex control--marriage, the family institution.

5. Property--the right to own.

6. Fostering of individual and group competition.

7. Provision for educating and training youth.

8. Promotion of trade and commerce--industrial development.

9. Improvement of labor conditions and rewards.

10. The guarantee of the freedom of religious practices to the end that all of
these other social activities may be exalted by becoming spiritually motivated.

When rights are old beyond knowledge of origin, they are often called natural
rights. But human rights are not really natural; they are entirely social. They
are relative and ever changing, being no more than the rules of the
game--recognized adjustments of relations governing the ever-changing phenomena
of human competition.

What may be regarded as right in one age may not be so regarded in another. The
survival of large numbers of defectives and degenerates is not because they
have any natural right thus to encumber twentieth-century civilization, but
simply because the society of the age, the mores, thus decrees.

Few human rights were recognized in the European Middle Ages; then every man
belonged to someone else, and rights were only privileges or favors granted by
state or church. And the revolt from this error was equally erroneous in that
it led to the belief that all men are born equal.

The weak and the inferior have always contended for equal rights; they have
always insisted that the state compel the strong and superior to supply their
wants and otherwise make good those deficiencies which all too often are the
natural result of their own indifference and indolence.

But this equality ideal is the child of civilization; it is not found in
nature. Even culture itself demonstrates conclusively the inherent inequality
of men by their very unequal capacity therefor. The sudden and nonevolutionary
realization of supposed natural equality would quickly throw civilized man back
to the crude usages of primitive ages. Society cannot offer equal rights to
all, but it can promise to administer the varying rights of each with fairness
and equity. It is the business and duty of society to provide the child of
nature with a fair and peaceful opportunity to pursue self-maintenance,
participate in self-perpetuation, while at the same time enjoying some measure
of self-gratification, the sum of all three constituting human happiness.

10. EVOLUTION OF JUSTICE

Natural justice is a man-made theory; it is not a reality. In nature, justice
is purely theoretic, wholly a fiction. Nature provides but one kind of
justice--inevitable conformity of results to causes.

Justice, as conceived by man, means getting one's rights and has, therefore,
been a matter of progressive evolution. The concept of justice may well be
constitutive in a spirit-endowed mind, but it does not spring full-fledgedly
into existence on the worlds of space.

Primitive man assigned all phenomena to a person. In case of death the savage
asked, not what killed him, but who? Accidental murder was not therefore
recognized, and in the punishment of crime the motive of the criminal

                                top of page - 795

was wholly disregarded; judgment was rendered in accordance with the injury
done.

In the earliest primitive society public opinion operated directly; officers of
law were not needed. There was no privacy in primitive life. A man's neighbors
were responsible for his conduct; therefore their right to pry into his
personal affairs. Society was regulated on the theory that the group membership
should have an interest in, and some degree of control over, the behavior of
each individual.

It was very early believed that ghosts administered justice through the
medicine men and priests; this constituted these orders the first crime
detectors and officers of the law. Their early methods of detecting crime
consisted in conducting ordeals of poison, fire, and pain. These savage ordeals
were nothing more than crude techniques of arbitration; they did not
necessarily settle a dispute justly. For example: When poison was administered,
if the accused vomited, he was innocent.

The Old Testament records one of these ordeals, a marital guilt test: If a man
suspected his wife of being untrue to him, he took her to the priest and stated
his suspicions, after which the priest would prepare a concoction consisting of
holy water and sweepings from the temple floor. After due ceremony, including
threatening curses, the accused wife was made to drink the nasty potion. If she
was guilty, "the water that causes the curse shall enter into her and become
bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thighs shall rot, and the woman
shall be accursed among her people." If, by any chance, any woman could quaff
this filthy draught and not show symptoms of physical illness, she was
acquitted of the charges made by her jealous husband.

These atrocious methods of crime detection were practiced by almost all the
evolving tribes at one time or another. Dueling is a modern survival of the
trial by ordeal.

It is not to be wondered that the Hebrews and other semicivilized tribes
practiced such primitive techniques of justice administration three thousand
years ago, but it is most amazing that thinking men would subsequently retain
such a relic of barbarism within the pages of a collection of sacred writings.
Reflective thinking should make it clear that no divine being ever gave mortal
man such unfair instructions regarding the detection and adjudication of
suspected marital unfaithfulness.

Society early adopted the paying-back attitude of retaliation: an eye for an
eye, a life for a life. The evolving tribes all recognized this right of blood
vengeance. Vengeance became the aim of primitive life, but religion has since
greatly modified these early tribal practices. The teachers of revealed
religion have always proclaimed, "`Vengeance is mine,' says the Lord."
Vengeance killing in early times was not altogether unlike present-day murders
under the pretense of the unwritten law.

Suicide was a common mode of retaliation. If one were unable to avenge himself
in life, he died entertaining the belief that, as a ghost, he could return and
visit wrath upon his enemy. And since this belief was very general, the threat
of suicide on an enemy's doorstep was usually sufficient to bring him to terms.
Primitive man did not hold life very dear; suicide over trifles was common, but
the teachings of the Dalamatians greatly lessened this custom, while in more
recent times leisure, comforts, religion, and philosophy have united to make

                                top of page - 796

life sweeter and more desirable. Hunger strikes are, however, a modern analogue
of this old-time method of retaliation.

One of the earliest formulations of advanced tribal law had to do with the
taking over of the blood feud as a tribal affair. But strange to relate, even
then a man could kill his wife without punishment provided he had fully paid
for her. The Eskimos of today, however, still leave the penalty for a crime,
even for murder, to be decreed and administered by the family wronged.

Another advance was the imposition of fines for taboo violations, the provision
of penalties. These fines constituted the first public revenue. The practice of
paying "blood money" also came into vogue as a substitute for blood vengeance.
Such damages were usually paid in women or cattle; it was a long time before
actual fines, monetary compensation, were assessed as punishment for crime. And
since the idea of punishment was essentially compensation, everything,
including human life, eventually came to have a price which could be paid as
damages. The Hebrews were the first to abolish the practice of paying blood
money. Moses taught that they should "take no satisfaction for the life of a
murderer, who is guilty of death; he shall surely be put to death."

Justice was thus first meted out by the family, then by the clan, and later on
by the tribe. The administration of true justice dates from the taking of
revenge from private and kin groups and lodging it in the hands of the social
group, the state.

Punishment by burning alive was once a common practice. It was recognized by
many ancient rulers, including Hammurabi and Moses, the latter directing that
many crimes, particularly those of a grave sex nature, should be punished by
burning at the stake. If "the daughter of a priest" or other leading citizen
turned to public prostitution, it was the Hebrew custom to "burn her with
fire."

Treason--the "selling out" or betrayal of one's tribal associates--was the
first capital crime. Cattle stealing was universally punished by summary death,
and even recently horse stealing has been similarly punished. But as time
passed, it was learned that the severity of the punishment was not so valuable
a deterrent to crime as was its certainty and swiftness.

When society fails to punish crimes, group resentment usually asserts itself as
lynch law; the provision of sanctuary was a means of escaping this sudden group
anger. Lynching and dueling represent the unwillingness of the individual to
surrender private redress to the state.

11. LAWS AND COURTS

It is just as difficult to draw sharp distinctions between mores and laws as to
indicate exactly when, at the dawning, night is succeeded by day. Mores are
laws and police regulations in the making. When long established, the undefined
mores tend to crystallize into precise laws, concrete regulations, and
well-defined social conventions.

Law is always at first negative and prohibitive; in advancing civilizations it
becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early society operated negatively,
granting the individual the right to live by imposing upon all others the
command, "you shall not kill." Every grant of rights or liberty to the
individual involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is
effected by the taboo, primitive law. The whole idea of the taboo is inherently
negative, for primitive

                                top of page - 797

society was wholly negative in its organization, and the early administration
of justice consisted in the enforcement of the taboos. But originally these
laws applied only to fellow tribesmen, as is illustrated by the later-day
Hebrews, who had a different code of ethics for dealing with the gentiles.

The oath originated in the days of Dalamatia in an effort to render testimony
more truthful. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a curse upon oneself.
Formerly no individual would testify against his native group.

Crime was an assault upon the tribal mores, sin was the transgression of those
taboos which enjoyed ghost sanction, and there was long confusion due to the
failure to segregate crime and sin.

Self-interest established the taboo on killing, society sanctified it as
traditional mores, while religion consecrated the custom as moral law, and thus
did all three conspire in rendering human life more safe and sacred. Society
could not have held together during early times had not rights had the sanction
of religion; superstition was the moral and social police force of the long
evolutionary ages. The ancients all claimed that their olden laws, the taboos,
had been given to their ancestors by the gods.

Law is a codified record of long human experience, public opinion crystallized
and legalized. The mores were the raw material of accumulated experience out of
which later ruling minds formulated the written laws. The ancient judge had no
laws. When he handed down a decision, he simply said, "It is the custom."

Reference to precedent in court decisions represents the effort of judges to
adapt written laws to the changing conditions of society. This provides for
progressive adaptation to altering social conditions combined with the
impressiveness of traditional continuity.

Property disputes were handled in many ways, such as:

1. By destroying the disputed property.

2. By force--the contestants fought it out.

3. By arbitration--a third party decided.

4. By appeal to the elders--later to the courts.

The first courts were regulated fistic encounters; the judges were merely
umpires or referees. They saw to it that the fight was carried on according to
approved rules. On entering a court combat, each party made a deposit with the
judge to pay the costs and fine after one had been defeated by the other.
"Might was still right." Later on, verbal arguments were substituted for
physical blows.

The whole idea of primitive justice was not so much to be fair as to dispose of
the contest and thus prevent public disorder and private violence. But
primitive man did not so much resent what would now be regarded as an
injustice; it was taken for granted that those who had power would use it
selfishly. Nevertheless, the status of any civilization may be very accurately
determined by the thoroughness and equity of its courts and by the integrity of
its judges.

12. ALLOCATION OF CIVIL AUTHORITY

The great struggle in the evolution of government has concerned the
concentration of power. The universe administrators have learned from
experience that the evolutionary peoples on the inhabited worlds are best
regulated by

                                top of page - 798

the representative type of civil government when there is maintained proper
balance of power between the well-co-ordinated executive, legislative, and
judicial branches.

While primitive authority was based on strength, physical power, the ideal
government is the representative system wherein leadership is based on ability,
but in the days of barbarism there was entirely too much war to permit
representative government to function effectively. In the long struggle between
division of authority and unity of command, the dictator won. The early and
diffuse powers of the primitive council of elders were gradually concentrated
in the person of the absolute monarch. After the arrival of real kings the
groups of elders persisted as quasi-legislative-judicial advisory bodies; later
on, legislatures of co-ordinate status made their appearance, and eventually
supreme courts of adjudication were established separate from the legislatures.

The king was the executor of the mores, the original or unwritten law. Later he
enforced the legislative enactments, the crystallization of public opinion. A
popular assembly as an expression of public opinion, though slow in appearing,
marked a great social advance.

The early kings were greatly restricted by the mores--by tradition or public
opinion. In recent times some Urantia nations have codified these mores into
documentary bases for government.

Urantia mortals are entitled to liberty; they should create their systems of
government; they should adopt their constitutions or other charters of civil
authority and administrative procedure. And having done this, they should
select their most competent and worthy fellows as chief executives. For
representatives in the legislative branch they should elect only those who are
qualified intellectually and morally to fulfill such sacred responsibilities.
As judges of their high and supreme tribunals only those who are endowed with
natural ability and who have been made wise by replete experience should be
chosen.

If men would maintain their freedom, they must, after having chosen their
charter of liberty, provide for its wise, intelligent, and fearless
interpretation to the end that there may be prevented:

1. Usurpation of unwarranted power by either the executive or legislative
branches.

2. Machinations of ignorant and superstitious agitators.

3. Retardation of scientific progress.

4. Stalemate of the dominance of mediocrity.

5. Domination by vicious minorities.

6. Control by ambitious and clever would-be dictators.

7. Disastrous disruption of panics.

8. Exploitation by the unscrupulous.

9. Taxation enslavement of the citizenry by the state.

10. Failure of social and economic fairness.

11. Union of church and state.

12. Loss of personal liberty.

These are the purposes and aims of constitutional tribunals acting as governors
upon the engines of representative government on an evolutionary world.

                                top of page - 799

Mankind's struggle to perfect government on Urantia has to do with perfecting
channels of administration, with adapting them to ever-changing current needs,
with improving power distribution within government, and then with selecting
such administrative leaders as are truly wise. While there is a divine and
ideal form of government, such cannot be revealed but must be slowly and
laboriously discovered by the men and women of each planet throughout the
universes of time and space.

[Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.]

                                top of page - 800

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subjects Archive The Urantia Book Urantia Book PART III: The History of Urantia
  : The Origin Of Urantia Life Establishment On Urantia The Marine-life Era On
Urantia Urantia During The Early Land-life Era The Mammalian Era On Urantia The
 Dawn Races Of Early Man The First Human Family The Evolutionary Races Of Color
   The Overcontrol Of Evolution The Planetary Prince Of Urantia The Planetary
  Rebellion The Dawn Of Civilization Primitive Human Institutions The Evolution
Of Human Government Development Of The State Government On A Neighboring Planet
  The Garden Of Eden Adam And Eve The Default Of Adam And Eve The Second Garden
The Midway Creatures The Violet Race After The Days Of Adam Andite Expansion In
 The Orient Andite Expansion In The Occident Development Of Modern Civilization
The Evolution Of Marriage The Marriage Institution Marriage And Family Life The
    Origins Of Worship Early Evolution Of Religion The Ghost Cults Fetishes,
  Charms, And Magic Sin, Sacrifice, And Atonement Shamanism--medicine Men And
   Priests The Evolution Of Prayer The Later Evolution Of Religion Machiventa
  Melchizedek The Melchizedek Teachings In The Orient The Melchizedek Teachings
In The Levant Yahweh--god Of The Hebrews Evolution Of The God Concept Among The
    Hebrews The Melchizedek Teachings In The Occident The Social Problems Of
      Religion Religion In Human Experience The Real Nature Of Religion The
  Foundations Of Religious Faith The Reality Of Religious Experience Growth Of
  The Trinity Concept Deity And Reality Universe Levels Of Reality Origin And
 Nature Of Thought Adjusters Mission And Ministry Of Thought Adjusters Relation
 Of Adjusters To Universe Creatures Relation Of Adjusters To Individual Mortals
  The Adjuster And The Soul Personality Survival Seraphic Guardians Of Destiny
  Seraphic Planetary Government The Supreme Being The Almighty Supreme God The
  Supreme Supreme And Ultimate--time And Space The Bestowals Of Christ Michael

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