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ASTROLGY BIBLIO - astrology-and-judaism-biblio.txt
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Formatted for network distribution by
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Michael Strangelove
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_______________________________________________________
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The Abstract, Table of Contents, List of Illustrations,
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Introduction, and Bibliography from
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ASTROLOGY AND JUDAISM IN LATE ANTIQUITY
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A DISSERTATION
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Submitted to the
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Faculty of Miami University
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in partial fulfillment of
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the requirements for the degree of
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Doctor of Philosophy
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Department of History
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by
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Lester J. Ness
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Miami University
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Oxford, Ohio
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1990
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(C)
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Lester J. Ness
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1990
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ABSTRACT
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ASTROLOGY AND JUDAISM IN LATE ANTIQUITY
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by Lester J. Ness
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The goal of this book will be to explain how the Jews of the
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Hellenized world used astrology. It will focus on the zodiac mosaics
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found in the synagogues of Byzantine period Israel. The first
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chapter will discuss the zodiac mosaics themselves, both as
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archaeological finds and as works of art.
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Second is a chapter on the origins of astrology in Mesopotamia.
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There we will see how astrology grew from the beliefs that the
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planets manifested the gods, and that one could predict the gods'
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wills by predicting, mathematically, the planets' motions. The
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result was the first horoscopes.
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The third chapter will tell how the Hellenistic world adopted the
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Mesopotamian practice and blended it with Greek science to produce
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the mathematical "scientific" astrology familiar to most twentieth
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century readers. The following fourth chapter will show how
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astrology's religious side fared in the Hellenized Near East. The
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planets were important gods, astrological art was used to praise the
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gods, and to portray their power and ability to care for the world
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and their worshippers. Horoscopes and astrological magic allowed one
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to communicate with the gods and persuade them to help one through
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life.
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Chapter five will deal with Jewish astrology, both "scientific" and
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"religious." We will examine a variety of Jewish writings from the
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Hellenized Near East to demonstrate that Jews did indeed practice
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astrology. Finally, we will discuss the various theories which try
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to explain what they meant. We will conclude that Jews adapted the
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polytheistic assumptions of astrology to their own monotheistic
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world-view by interpreting the planet gods as planet angels, beings
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superior to humans, but subordinate to the one genuine God, YHWH.
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Since the planets are the subordinates of YHWH, running the world
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according to His instructions, the zodiac mosaics are best explained
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as indirect portrayals of God. The sun and the zodiac signs were His
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creatures. They carried out His commands as the satraps of His
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cosmos. Thus, they were appropriate visual substitutes for the God
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whom even Moses might not see.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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I owe debts of gratitude to many people throughout my life, and
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especially during the last few years, in which I learned to be a
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scholar. My late mother, Margaret, taught me the alphabet. My
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father, Harold, and grandfather, Adolph, raised me to respect
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learning and the study of history. My brothers and sisters provided
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irreplaceable support, both financial and emotional, as did my
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friends, especially Louis Nanassy, Joan Moynagh and Bob Howard.
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My advisor and mentor, Dr. Edwin M. Yamauchi encouraged me by
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allowing me to study a not quite respectable topic, by giving many
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bibliographical hints, and with a great deal of patience. My other
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committee members also performed above and beyond the call of duty.
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But I owe much to informal advice, too. Jerry Colthorp and Dr.
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Timothy Rogers taught me word processing. Dr. Scott Carroll brought
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the <I>Letter of Rehoboam</I> to my attention, urged me to study
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Syriac, and took part in many stimulating conversations.
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I want, also, to thank the staff of Miami University's Interlibrary
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Loan Department, especially Sarah Barr and Scott Van Dam, who
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brought to me many of the sources used in this book.
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To all of you, named and unnamed, who helped me thorough these
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years, many thanks!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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LIST OF MAPS
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INTRODUCTION
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1. ASTRAL ART IN THE SYNAGOGUE
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2. ASTROLOGY IN MESOPOTAMIA
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3. HELLENISTIC SCIENTIFIC ASTROLOGY
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4. ASTRAL RELIGION
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5. JEWISH ASTROLOGY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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Figures
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1. Diameter Aspect. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 166, figure 18.
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2. Trine Aspect. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 169, figure 19.
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3. Quartile Aspect. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 171, figure 20.
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4. Sextile Aspect. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 172, figure 21.
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5. Zodiac Ring. van der Waerden, <I>Dawn</I>, Plate 26.
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6. Signs of the Zodiac, <I>Academic American Encyclopedia</I>,
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s.v., "Astrology."
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7. Ptolemy's Planetary Domiciles. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 188,
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figure 24.
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8. Exaltations and Depressions. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 195.
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9. Zodiacal Dodecatemoria. Goold, lii, figure 10.
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10. Planetary Dodecatemoria. Goold, liv, figure 11.
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11. Decans. Goold, lxxxvi, figure 23.
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12. Planetary Decans. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 288, figure 28.
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13. Mundane Houses. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq, p. 280, figure 31.
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14. Lot of Fortune, after Manilius and Ptolemy. Bouch<'e>-
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Leclercq, p. 290, figure 35.
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15. Lot of Daimon, after Paul of Alexandria. Bouch<'e>-Leclercq,
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p. 295, figure 37.
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16. The Circle of the Athla. Goold, p. lxiii, figure 14.
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17. Zodiacal Melothesia. H. G. Gundel, frontispiece.
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18. Nut with Constellations Above, Decans Below. Decans on Boats.
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van der Waerden, <I>Dawn</I>, p. 30, figure 3.
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19. Horoscope of Antiochus I of Commagene. van der Waerden,
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<I>Dawn</I>, p. 149, Plate 18.
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20. Chart of Papyrus Horoscope. Neugebauer and Van Hoesen, Plate
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1, no. -1.
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21. Plan of the Bel sanctuary. Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>, p. 27,
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figure 6.
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22. Bel temple "Battle" relief. Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>, p. 37,
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figure 15.
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23. Bel temple north thalamos relief. Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>, p.
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39, figure 18.
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24. Bel temple north thalamos ceiling. Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>,
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Plate 21.
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25. Soffit relief of the Bel temple north thalamos lintel.
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Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>, p. 38, figure 17.
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26. First-century relief of a divine triad, `Aglibol, Ba`alshamin,
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and Malakbel, Plate 35.
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27. Selection of tesserae. College, <I>Palmyra</I>, p. 56, figure
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32.
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28. Selection of tesserae. Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>, Plate 56.
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29. Graffito of god(s) from Khirbet Ab<^u> D<^u>h<^u>r, north-west
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of Palmyra, Colledge, <I>Palmyra</I>, p. 50, figure 30.
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30. Fragment of ceiling with Zodiac. Michalowsky, <I>Fouilles</I>
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II, p. 114, figure 129.
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31. Reconstruction of ceiling with Zodiac. Michalowsky,
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<I>Fouilles</I> II, p. 115, figure 130.
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32. 232--face. Hajjar, <I>Triade</I>, Plate LXXXVIII.
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33. 232--reverse. Hajjar, <I>Triade</I>, Plate LXXXIX.
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34. 233--face. Hajjar, <I>Triade</I>, Plate XC.
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35. 233--reverse. Hajjar, <I>Triade</I>, Plate XCI.
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36. 186. Hajjar, <I>Triade</I>, Plate LXX.
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37. Nabataean Temple, Khirbet Tannur. Glueck, <I>Dolphins</I>,
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Plan A, p. 621.
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38. Nabataean Temple, Section, Period III. Glueck,
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<I>Dolphins</I>, p. 623.
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39. Stone horns and eagle finial over Vegetation Goddess. Glueck,
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<I>Dolphins</I>, Plate 32.
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40. Cronos-Saturn. Glueck, <I>Dolphins</I>, Plate 153.
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41. Hermes-Mercury with lyre. Glueck, <I>Dolphins</I>, Plate 146a.
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42. Helios relief with torches. Glueck, <I>Dolphins</I>, Plate
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136.
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43. Enthroned Zeus-Hadad. Glueck, <I>Dolphins</I>, Plate 42.
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44. Nik<'e>-supported Zodiac Tych<'e>. Glueck, <I>Dolphins</I>,
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Plate 48.
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45. Mampsis. An impression of the seal of Rabbathmoba, indicating
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the month of Maraxon (Marheshvan) and depicting Scorpio.
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Negev, <I>Nabataean Archaeology</I>, p. 96, figure 57.
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46. Mampsis. An impression of a seal of Characmoba indicating the
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month of Xisleu (Chislew) and depicting Sagittarius. Negev,
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<I>Nabataean Archaeology</I>, p. 97, figure 58.
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47. Restored plan, Naaran. Vincent, "Sanctuaire," Plate 5.
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48. Mosaic pavement, Naaran. Vincent, "Sanctuaire," Plate 7.
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49. Naaran zodiac. Vincent, "Sanctuaire," Plate 19.
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50. Sun god and chariot, Naaran. Vincent, "Sanctuaire," Plate 21.
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51. General plan of Beth Alpha. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p. 147, no.
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4.5.
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52. Prayer-hall mosaic, Beth Alpha. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p. 357,
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no. 10.
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53. Zodiac panel, Beth Alpha. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, Pl. 73.
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54. Plan, Husifa. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p. 146, no. 9.
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55. Floor mosaics, Husifa. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p. 332, no. 5.
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56. Zodiac panel, Husifa. Avi-Yonah and Makhouly, "Isfiya," Plate
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44, figure 3.
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57. Mosaic panels, synagogue IIb, Hammath-Tiberias. Hachlili,
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<I>Art</I>, p. 340, no. 1.
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58. Nave mosaic, synagogue IIb, Hammath-Tiberias. Hachlili,
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<I>Art</I>, p. 338, no. 9.
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59. Plan, Susiya synagogue. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p. 157, no. 6.
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60. Susiya mosaic. Shanks, <I>Judaism</I>, p. 102. Note that
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Shank's illustration is mislabelled "Eshtamoa."
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61. Yafia, a: plan, b: mosaic floor. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p. 290,
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no. 35.
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62. En Gedi, inscription. Levine, "En Gedi Inscription," in
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Levine, <I>Ancient Synagogues</I>, p. 141.
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63. Plan, En Gedi synagogue. Barag, Porat, and Netzer, "`En Gedi,"
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in Levine, <I>Ancient Synagogues</I>, p. 117.
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64. Decorated Jewish Tomb, Via Nomentana, Rome. Leon, <I>Rome</I>,
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figure 43.
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65. Reconstruction, circular Mesopotamian astrolabe. van der
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Waerden, <I>Dawn</I>, p. 66, figure 6.
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66. Ecliptic. Dicks, <I>Astronomy</I>, p. 18, figure. 4.
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<I>MAPS</I>
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Map 1. Geographical Syria and Mesopotamia. Glueck,
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<I>Dolphins</I>, p. 633, Nabataean and Related Sites.
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Map 2. Edessa and Harran Region. Segal, <I>Edessa</I>, Map.
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Map 3. Synagogues in Ancient Israel. Hachlili, <I>Art</I>, p.
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142, map 2.
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<I>Introduction</I>
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Astrology is one of the most remarkable practices to come to us from
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the ancient world. Born in ancient Mesopotamia, reared in the
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Hellenistic world, it was at once science, philosophy and religion.
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It quickly spread throughout the known world, from the Atlantic to
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the Indian Ocean, and is with us still. Its appeal was and is
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varied. One important reason is the awe-inspiring beauty of the
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heavens. The astrological model of the universe also had an
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intellectual beauty, which many still find appealing. A third factor
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was the belief that the planets were manifestations of important
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gods. If one could predict the gods' plans from the planets'
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movements, one could make plans for the future. Likewise, one could
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appeal to the planet gods to smile on one's goals. Astrology was
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both beautiful and useful.
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Astrology was adopted by most of the peoples of the ancient world,
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who proceeded to adapt its principals to their peculiar needs and
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society. Perhaps the most interesting example of this phenomenon was
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the adoption of astrology by the Jews. Their religion differed from
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those of other ethnic groups within Hellenistic society in its
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allegiance to only one god, YHWH. Astrology was polytheistic; yet
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there is no doubt that more than a few Jews practiced it. Rabbinic
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literature often speaks of it. More than a few Jewish astrological
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manuals survive. The most dramatic and surprising evidence of a
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Jewish adaptation of astrology is on the floors of Israel's
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synagogues. Jews were notorious in the ancient world for rejecting
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religious images as well as polytheism. Yet many examples of mosaics
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of the zodiac and the sun god may be seen today. This book will
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first describe the synagogue zodiacs, then review the history of
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astrology broadly before concentrating on how Jews used astrology.
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It will demonstrate that astrology was seen as the power of YHWH
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managing the universe and caring for His people Israel, and that the
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zodiac mosaics symbolized His power and concern.
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<I>BIBLIOGRAPHY</I>
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<I>PRIMARY SOURCES</I>
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"Abodah Zarah." Translated by A. Mishcon and A. Cohen. In <I>The
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Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud</I>. Edited by I.
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Epstein. London: Soncino Press, 1988.
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<I>Die El-Amarna-Tafeln</I>. Edited by J. A. Knudtzon. Mit
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Einleitung und Register bearbeitet von Otto Weber und Erich Ebeling.
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2 Volumes. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1915; Reprint, Aalen: Otto
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Zeller Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1964.
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Ammianus Marcellinus. <I>Res Gestae</I>. Translated by John C.
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Rolfe. 3 Volumes. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann;
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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935-39; Revised Edition,
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1950-52.
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Aristotle. <I>On the Heavens</I>. Translated by W. K. C. Guthrie.
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Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA:
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Harvard University Press, 1939.
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_________. <I>On Coming To Be and Passing Away</I>. Translated by E.
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S. Forster. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann;
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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935, 1969.
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_________. <I>Metaphysics</I>. Translated by Hugh Tredennick. Loeb
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Classical Library. London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard
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University Press, 1935, 1969.
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Artapanus. "The Fragments of Artapanus." Translated by John J.
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Collins. In <I>The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha</I>. Edited by James
|
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H. Charlesworth. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1983, II, pp.
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897-902.
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_________. In Felix Jacoby, <I>Fragmente der griechischen
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Historiker</I>, 3 Volumes. Berlin: Weidmann; Leiden: E. J. Brill,
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1923-58. Dritter Teil C, #726, pp. 680-86.
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Augustine. <I>De Civitate dei libri XX</I>. Corpus Christianorum,
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Series latina XLVIII. 2 Volumes. Turnholtii: Typographi Brepols,
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1955.
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<I>The Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud</I>. Edited
|
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by I. Epstein. London: Soncino Press, 1988.
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"Baba Bathra." Translated by Maurice Simon and Israel W. Slotki. In
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<I>The Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud</I>. Edited
|
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by I. Epstein. London: Socino Press, 1988.
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Bardaisan. <I>The Book of the Laws of Countries</I>: <I>Dialogue on
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Fate of Bardaisan of Edessa</I>. Translated and Edited by H. J. W.
|
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Drijvers. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1965.
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Bar Sennak, Labubna, <I>The Teaching of Addai</I>. Translated by
|
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George Howard. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1981.
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Berossus. <I>The Babyloniaca of Berossus</I>. Translated by Stanley
|
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Mayer Burstein. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1978.
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_________. <I>Berossos und die babylonisch-hellenistische
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Literatur</I>. Translated and Edited with Commentary. Leipzig and
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Berlin: Teubner, 1928; Reprint, Hildesheim: Georg Olms
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Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1968.
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Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. <I>The Greek Magic Papyri in Translation,
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including the Demotic Spells</I>. Chicago: University of Chicago
|
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Press, 1986.
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Caplice, R. I. <I>The Akkadian Namburbi Texts</I>: <I>An
|
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Introduction</I>. Los Angeles: Undena Publications, 1974.
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Carmignac, J. "Les horoscopes de Qumran." <I>Revue de Qumran</I> 5
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(1964-1966): pp. 199-217.
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Cassiodorus, <I>Historia ecclesia tripartita</I>. In Yousseff
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Hajjar, <I>La triade d'H<'e>liopolis-Baalbek</I>; <I>Iconographie,
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th<'e>ologie, culte, et sanctuaires</I>. Montr<'e>al: Universit<'e>
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de Montr<'e>al, 1985, pp. 425-30.
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Cassius Dio. <I>Roman History</I>. Translated by Earnest Cary. 9
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Volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
|
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Press, 1914-27.
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<I>Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum</I>. Edited by D.
|
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Olivieri, et al. 11 Volumes. Brussels: Acad<'e>mie Royale, 1898-
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1953.
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Charlesworth, James H., ed. <I>The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha</I>,
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2 Volumes. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1983
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_________. "Rylands Syriac MS 44 and a New Addition to the
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Pseudepigrapha the Treatise of Shem, Discussed and Translated."
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<I>Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</I> 60 (1978): pp. 376-403.
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_________. "Die `Schrift des Sem' Einf<"u>hrung, Text, und
|
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<"u>berseztung." unter Mithelfe von James R. Mueller. In <I>Aufstieg
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und Niedergang des r<"o>mischen Welts</I>. Edited by W. Haase and H.
|
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Temporini. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1987. II.20.2, pp. 951-87.
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_________. "The Treatise of Shem." In <I>The Old Testament
|
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Pseudepigrapha</I>, Edited by James H. Charlesworth. Garden City,
|
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New York: Doubleday, 1983. I, pp. 473-86.
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Chwolson, Daniel. <I>Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus</I>. St.
|
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Petersburg, 1859; Reprint, Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1965.
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Cohen, S. "Tadmor." <I>International Standard Bible
|
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Encyclopedia</I>. Edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley et al. New York,
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