247 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
247 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
CHAD
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,284,000 km2; land area: 1,259,200 km2
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Comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of
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California
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Land boundaries: 5,968 km total; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African
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Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan
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1,360 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Disputes: Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou
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Strip in the far north; demarcation of international boundaries in
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Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past,
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is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and
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Nigeria
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Climate: tropical in south, desert in north
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Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains
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in northwest, lowlands in south
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Natural resources: crude oil (unexploited but exploration
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beginning), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
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Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
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pastures 36%; forest and woodland 11%; other 51%; includes irrigated
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NEGL%
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Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north;
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drought and desertification adversely affecting south; subject to plagues
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of locusts
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Note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body
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in the Sahel
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PEOPLE
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Population: 5,122,467 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)
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Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 22 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 39 years male, 41 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 5.3 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Chadian(s); adjective--Chadian
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Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are
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Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi,
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Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) in the north and center and non-Muslims
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(Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) in the south;
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some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom 1,000 are French
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Religion: Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism
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23%
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Language: French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south;
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more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken
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Literacy: 30% (male 42%, female 18%) age 15 and over can
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read and write French or Arabic (1990 est.)
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Labor force: NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence
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farming, herding, and fishing) 85%
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Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Chad
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Type: republic
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Capital: N'Djamena
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Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures,
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singular--prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti,
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Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental,
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Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
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Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)
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Constitution: 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990;
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Provisional National Charter 1 March 1991
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Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian
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customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: NA
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Executive branch: president, Council of State (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: the National Consultative Council (Conseil
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National Consultatif) was disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by
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the Provisional Council of the Republic; 30 members appointed by
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President DEBY on 8 March 1991
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Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Jean LINGUE Bawoyeu
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(since 8 March 1991)
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Political parties and leaders: Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS;
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former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, chairman; President DEBY has
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promised political pluralism, a new constitution, and free elections by
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September 1993; numerous dissident groups
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Suffrage: universal at age NA
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Elections:
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President--last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA);
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results--President Hissein HABRE was elected without opposition;
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note--the government of then President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990
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and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 December 1990;
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National Consultative Council--last held 8 July 1990;
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disbanded 3 December 1990
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Communists: no front organizations or underground party; probably a
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few Communists and some sympathizers
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Other political or pressure groups: NA
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Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77,
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GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
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IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
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UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mahamat Ali ADOUM; Chancery
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at 2002 R Steet NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-4009;
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US--Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Embassy at Avenue Felix
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Eboue, N'Djamena (mailing address is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone
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235 (51) 62-18, 40-09
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Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
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red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra
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which has a national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered
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in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
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ECONOMY
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Overview: The climate, geographic location, and lack of
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infrastructure and natural resources potential make Chad one of the most
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underdeveloped countries in the world. Its economy is burdened by
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the ravages of civil war, conflict with Libya, drought, and food
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shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, with cotton,
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the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80%
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of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing.
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Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural
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products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly
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dependent on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions
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suffering from shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of
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Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in the south.
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GDP: $1,015 million, per capita $205; real growth rate 0.9% (1989
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est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.9% (1989)
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Unemployment rate: NA
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Budget: revenues $78 million; expenditures $127 million, not
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including capital expenditures that are mostly financed by foreign
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aid donors (1989 est.)
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Exports: $174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
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commodities--cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish;
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partners--France, Nigeria, Cameroon
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Imports: $264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
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commodities--machinery and transportation equipment 39%,
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industrial goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%;
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note--excludes military equipment;
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partners--US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon
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External debt: $530 million (December 1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for
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nearly 15% of GDP
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Electricity: 38,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 14 kWh
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per capita (1989)
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Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron
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(sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes
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Agriculture: accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence
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farming; cotton most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum,
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millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats,
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camels; self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfall
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198
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million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $1.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $80 million
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Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
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(plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
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Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
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per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85
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(1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Highways: 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and
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laterite; remainder unimproved
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Inland waterways: 2,000 km navigable
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Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 70 total, 54 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for
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intercity links; 5,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, 1 FM, limited TV
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service; many facilities are inoperative; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
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station
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Patriotic Salvation Force (FPS; Army, Air Force),
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paramilitary Gendarmerie, National Police
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,188,222; 616,932 fit for
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military service; 51,713 reach military age (20) annually
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Defense expenditures: $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988)
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