261 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
261 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
LIBYA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,759,540 km2; land area: 1,759,540 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
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Land boundaries: 4,383 km total; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km,
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Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
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Coastline: 1,770 km
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Maritime claims:
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Territorial sea: 12 nm;
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Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32o 30' N
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Disputes: claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in
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northern Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about
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19,400 km2 in northern Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in
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southeastern Algeria
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Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
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Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus,
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depressions
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Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, gypsum
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Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
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8%; forest and woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL%
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Environment: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting
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one to four days in spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural
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surface-water resources
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Note: the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water
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development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large
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aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
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PEOPLE
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Population: 4,350,742 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)
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Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Libyan(s); adjective--Libyan
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Ethnic divisions: Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese,
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Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
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Religion: Sunni Muslim 97%
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Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major
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cities
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Literacy: 64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident
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foreigners; industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18%
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Organized labor: National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000
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members; General Union for Oil and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation
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of Petroleum Energy and Allied Workers
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
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Type: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by
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the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
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Capital: Tripoli
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Administrative divisions: 46 municipalities (baladiyat,
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singular--baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al Abyar, Al
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Aziziyah, Al Bayda, Al Jufrah, Al Jumayl, Al Khums, Al
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Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Qarabulli, Al Qubbah, Al Ujaylat, Ash
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Shati, Awbari, Az Zahra, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,
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Bani Walid, Bin Jawwad, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan,
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Ghat, Jadu, Jalu, Janzur, Masallatah, Misratah,
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Mizdah, Murzuq, Nalut, Qaminis, Qasr Bin Ghashir, Sabha,
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Sabratah, Shahhat, Surman, Surt, Tajura,
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Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Tukrah, Yafran, Zlitan,
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Zuwarah; note--the number of municipalities may have been reduced to
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13 named Al Jabal al-Akhdar, Al Jabal al-Gharbi, Al Jabal al-Khums, Al
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Batnam, Al Kufrah, Al Marqab, Al Marzuq, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,
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Khalij Surt, Sabha, Tripoli, Wadi al-Hayat
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Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
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Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
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Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law;
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separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial
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review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
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Executive branch: revolutionary leader, chairman of the General
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People's Committee, General People's Committee (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: unicameral General People's Congress
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
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al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969);
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Head of Government--Chairman of the General People's Committee
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(Premier) Abu Zayd Umar DURDA (since 7 October 1990)
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Political parties and leaders: none
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Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
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Elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
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revolutionary committees
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Political parties: none
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Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
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Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist
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movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with
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almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as
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well as some Islamic elements
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Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO,
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G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
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INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,
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UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: none
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Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the
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state religion)
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ECONOMY
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Overview: The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon
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revenues from the oil sector, which contributes practically all export
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earnings and about one-third of GNP. Since 1980, however, the sharp
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drop in oil prices and the resulting decline in export revenues have
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adversely affected economic development. In 1988 per capita GNP was the
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highest in Africa at $5,410, but it had been $2,000 higher in 1982.
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Severe cutbacks in imports over the past five years have led to shortages
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of basic goods and foodstuffs, although the reopening of the
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Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the Libyan-Egyptian border in
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December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. Austerity budgets and a lack
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of trained technicians have undermined the government's ability to
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implement a number of planned infrastructure development projects.
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Windfall profits from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 improved
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the foreign payments position and may permit Tripoli to ease austerity
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measures. The nonoil industrial and construction sectors, which account
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for about 22% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural
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products to include petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Although
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agriculture accounts for less than 5% of GNP, it employs 18% of the labor
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force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm output,
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requiring Libya to import about 75% of its food requirements.
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GNP: $24 billion, per capita $5,860; real growth rate 3% (1989
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est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1988 est.)
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Unemployment rate: 2% (1988 est.)
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Budget: revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including
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capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
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Exports: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--petroleum, peanuts, hides;
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partners--Italy, USSR, FRG, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg,
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Turkey
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Imports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured
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goods;
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partners--Italy, USSR, FRG, UK, Japan
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External debt: $3.5 billion, excluding military debt (December
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1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 43% of GDP
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(including oil)
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Electricity: 4,705,000 kW capacity; 13,600 million kWh produced,
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3,220 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts,
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cement
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Agriculture: 5% of GNP; cash crops--wheat, barley, olives, dates,
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citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported
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Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
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commitments (1970-87), $242 million; no longer a recipient
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Currency: Libyan dinar (plural--dinars);
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1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
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Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1--0.2669 (January 1991),
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0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987), 0.3139
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(1986), 0.2961 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Highways: 32,500 km total; 24,000 km bituminous and bituminous
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treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth
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Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; refined
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products 443 km (includes 256 km liquid petroleum gas)
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Ports: Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa el Brega
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Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 807,539
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GRT/1,452,847 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4
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roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
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1 chemical tanker
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Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 131 total, 123 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways;
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7 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: modern telecommunications system using radio
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relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite
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stations; 370,000 telephones; stations--18 AM, 3 FM, 13 TV; satellite
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earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and
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14 domestic; submarine cables to France and Italy; radio relay to
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Tunisia; tropospheric scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik
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satellite stations
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahariya (includes
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Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command), National Police
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,023,335; 603,886 fit for
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military service; 52,059 reach military age (17) annually;
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conscription now being implemented
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Defense expenditures: $NA, 11.1% of GNP (1987)
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