309 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
309 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
PERU
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,285,220 km2; land area: 1,280,000 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska
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Land boundaries: 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km,
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Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
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Coastline: 2,414 km
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Maritime claims:
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Territorial sea: 200 nm
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Disputes: two sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
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Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
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Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in
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center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
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Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber,
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fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash
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Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
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pastures 21%; forest and woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated
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1%
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Environment: subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild
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volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
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desertification; air pollution in Lima
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Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable
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lake, with Bolivia
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PEOPLE
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Population: 22,361,785 (July 1991), growth rate 2.0% (1991)
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Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Peruvian(s); adjective--Peruvian
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Ethnic divisions: Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European
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ancestry) 37%; white 15%; black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
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Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
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Language: Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara
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Literacy: 85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%,
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agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)
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Organized labor: about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Peru
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Type: republic
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Capital: Lima
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Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos,
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singular--departamento) and 1 constitutional province*
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(provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,
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Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica,
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Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios,
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Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali;
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note--the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to
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1990 mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular--region)
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intended to function eventually as autonomous economic and
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administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted
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from 23 existing departments--Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres
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Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from
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Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca
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(from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad),
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Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui
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(from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from
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Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin),
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Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by
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the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the
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department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central
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government, the regions have yet to assume their reponsibilities and at
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the moment co-exist with the departmental structure
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Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
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Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979
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Constitution because the Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the
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Constitution actually took effect the following year); reestablished
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civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral
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legislature
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Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted
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compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
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Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
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Council of Ministers (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an
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upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
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Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de
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Justicia)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990);
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Vice President Maximo SAN ROMAN (since 28 July 1990);
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Vice President Carlos GARCIA (since 28 July 1990);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Carlos TORRES Y TORRES Lara
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(since 15 February 1991)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI;
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Democratic Front (FREDEMO), a loosely organized three-party
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coalition--Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes;
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Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando BELAUNDE Terry;
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and Liberty Movement;
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American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro;
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National Front of Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger CACERES;
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United Left (IU), run by committee;
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Socialist Left (IS), Enrique BERNALES
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President--last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
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results--Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other
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9.55%;
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Senate--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(60 total) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3,
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FRENATRACA 1;
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Chamber of Deputies--last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April
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1995);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU 16, IS 4,
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FRENATRACA 3, other 10
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Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet,
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2,000; other minor Communist parties
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Other political or pressure groups:
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leftist guerrilla groups--Shining Path, leader Abimael GUZMAN;
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Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor CERPA and Victor POLLAY
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Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT,
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IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
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INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS,
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OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL,
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WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roberto G. MACLEAN; Chancery
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at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202)
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833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in
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Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey),
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San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
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US--Ambassador Anthony C.E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of
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Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing
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address is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 100, or APO Miami 34031); telephone
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51 (14) 338-000
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Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and
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red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
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features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine),
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and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green
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wreath
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ECONOMY
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Overview: The Peruvian economy is basically capitalistic, with a
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large dose of government welfare programs and government management of
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credit. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation,
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declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut
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off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its
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huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the
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Fujimori government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third
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consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but was able to
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generate a small recovery in the last quarter. After a burst of
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inflation as the program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly
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price increases eased to the single-digit level for the first time
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since mid-1988. Lima has restarted current payments to multilateral
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lenders and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its external
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debt, is working toward an accommodation with its creditors.
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GDP: $19.3 billion, per capita $898; real growth rate - 3.9%
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(1990 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7,650% (1990)
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Unemployment rate: 20.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)
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Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
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Exports: $3.01 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
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commodities--fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore,
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refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts;
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partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Latin America 8%, USSR 4%
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Imports: $2.78 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
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commodities--foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and
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steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;
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partners--US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%,
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Switzerland 3%
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External debt: $20.0 billion (December 1990)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 21% (1989); accounts
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for almost 25% of GDP
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Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced,
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710 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles,
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clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding,
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metal fabrication
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Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force;
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commercial crops--coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops--rice, wheat,
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potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products--poultry, red meats, dairy,
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wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of
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4.6 million metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest
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Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about
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121,000 hectares under cultivation; source of supply for most of the
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world's coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for
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illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug
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dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7
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billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $3.95 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
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Currency: inti (plural--intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles
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Exchange rates: intis (I/) per US$1--530,000 (January 1991),
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187,886 (1990), 2,666 (1989), 128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986),
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10.97 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 1,884 km total; 1,584 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
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300 km 0.914-meter gauge
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Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel,
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14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
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Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon
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system and 208 km Lago Titicaca
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Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids,
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64 km
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Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
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Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 321,541
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GRT/516,859 DWT; includes 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1
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roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
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8 bulk; note--in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are
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sometimes used commercially
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Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 222 total, 205 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways;
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2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements;
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nationwide radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations--273 AM, no
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FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12
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domestic antennas
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del
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Peru), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), Peruvian National Police
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,704,684; 3,859,123 fit for
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military service; 241,792 reach military age (20) annually
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Defense expenditures: $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991)
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