259 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
259 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
SUDAN
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 2,505,810 km2; land area: 2,376,000 km2
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Comparative area: slightly more than one quarter the size of US
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Land boundaries: 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km,
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Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya
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383 km, Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 km
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Coastline: 853 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide
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with international boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt
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does not coincide with international boundary
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Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season
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(April to October)
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Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and
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west
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Natural resources: small reserves of crude oil, iron ore,
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copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil
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Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
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pastures 24%; forest and woodland 20%; other 51%; includes irrigated 1%
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Environment: dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust
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storms; desertification
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Note: largest country in Africa
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PEOPLE
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Population: 27,220,088 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)
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Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 85 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 54 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sudanese
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Ethnic divisions: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%,
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other 1%
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Religion: Sunni Muslim (in north) 70%, indigenous beliefs 20%,
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Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum) 5%
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Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects
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of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of
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Arabization in process
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Literacy: 27% (male 43%, female 12%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 6,500,000; agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%,
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government 6%; labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled
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employment (1983 est.); 52% of population of working age (1985)
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Organized labor: trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989
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coup; now in process of being legalized anew
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of the Sudan
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Type: military; civilian government suspended and martial law
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imposed after 30 June 1989 coup
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Capital: Khartoum
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Administrative divisions: 9 states (wilayat,
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singular--wilayat or wilayah*); Aali an Nil,
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Al Wusta*, Al Istiwaiyah*, Al Khartum,
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Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al Ghazal,
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Darfur, Kurdufan
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Independence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly
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Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)
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Constitution: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April
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1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of
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30 June 1989
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Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law;
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as of 20 January 1991, the Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic
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law in the six northern states of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash
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Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and Kurdufan; the
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council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic law; Islamic
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law will apply to all residents of the six northern states regardless of
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their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ
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jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
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Executive branch: executive and legislative authority vested in a
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13-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts
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as prime minister; in July 1989 RCC appointed a predominately civilian
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22-member cabinet to function as advisers
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Legislative branch: none
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts
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Leaders:
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Chief of State and Head of Government--Revolutionary Command
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Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad
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al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989);
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Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister
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Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed (since 9 July 1989)
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Political parties and leaders: none; banned following
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30 June 1989 coup
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Suffrage: none
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Elections: none
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Member of: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO,
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G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
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INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
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UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdallah Ahmad ABDALLAH;
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Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a Sudanese Consulate General in New
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York;
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US--Ambassador James R. CHEEK; Embassy at Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif,
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Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO New York
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09668); telephone 74700 or 74611
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Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
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with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Sudan, one of the world's poorest countries, is buffeted
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by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather, and
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counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated
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by governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new
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investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture
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and trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980. The
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economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force.
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Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic
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performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining
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annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and
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consumption. A high foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause
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difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took the unusual
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step of declaring Sudan noncooperative on account of its nonpayment of
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arrearages to the Fund.
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GDP: $8.5 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate - 7%
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(FY90 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60% (FY90 est.)
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Unemployment rate: NA
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Budget: revenues $514 million; expenditures $1.3 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $183 million (FY89 est.)
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Exports: $465 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.);
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commodities--cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts;
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partners--Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%,
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Japan 9%, US 3% (FY88)
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Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., FY90 est.);
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commodities--petroleum products 28%, manufactured goods, machinery
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and equipment, medicines and chemicals;
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partners--Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%,
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Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)
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External debt: $12.3 billion (December 1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 0.7% (FY89); accounts for
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11% of GDP
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Electricity: 606,000 kW capacity; 900 million kWh produced,
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37 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar,
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soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining
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Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GNP and 80% of labor force;
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water shortages; two-thirds of land area suitable for raising crops and
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livestock; major products--cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat,
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gum arabic, sheep; marginally self-sufficient in most foods
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5
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billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $588 million
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Currency: Sudanese pound (plural--pounds);
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1 Sudanese pound (LSd) = 100 piasters
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Exchange rates: official rate--Sudanese pounds (LSd) per
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US$1--4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987), 2.5000 (1986),
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2.2883 (1985); note--commercial exchange rate 12.2 (May 1990)
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Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km
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1.6096-meter-gauge plantation line
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Highways: 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated,
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3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth
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and track
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Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
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Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
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Ports: Port Sudan, Suakin
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Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277
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GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo
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Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 78 total, 66 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: large, well-equipped system by African
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standards, but barely adequate and poorly maintained; consists of
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radio relay, cables, radio communications, and troposcatter; domestic
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satellite system with 14 stations; 73,400 telephones; stations--4 AM,
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1 FM, 2 TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,917; 3,792,635 fit for
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military service; 306,695 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: $610 million, 7.2% of GDP (1989 est)
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