812 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
812 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
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PLOT PROGRAM
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Copyright 1993 by Brian Beezley, K6STI
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All Rights Reserved
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PLOT Program..................................1
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Running PLOT..................................1
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Polar Plots...................................2
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Rectangular Plots.............................2
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Overlaying Plots..............................3
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Comparing Plots...............................3
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Pattern Synthesis.............................3
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Screen Colors.................................3
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Printing The Screen...........................4
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Graphics Image Files..........................4
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DOS Environment...............................4
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Plot File Format..............................8
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Index.........................................10
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---- PLOT PROGRAM ----------------------------------------------
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PLOT.EXE displays and prints far-field antenna radiation
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patterns. Patterns can be generated by the MN Antenna Analysis
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program, the AO Antenna Optimizer, the YO Yagi Optimizer, or
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NEC/Yagis. Patterns can be plotted in polar or rectangular
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coordinates. PLOT requires a 386+387 or 486DX and VGA.
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PLOT can synthesize the gain and pattern for an array of
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antennas from the pattern of a single antenna. This feature can
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be used to investigate the performance of large EME arrays
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without having to do a method-of-moments analysis of the entire
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array.
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---- RUNNING PLOT ----------------------------------------------
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The quickest way to start PLOT is to give the name of a
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plot file on the command line, for example, PLOT DIPOLE. If you
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don't know which file you want, just type PLOT and plot files in
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the current directory will be listed.
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Select a file by moving the lightbar with the arrow
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keys, PgUp, PgDn, Home, or End. Press Enter to select the
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highlighted file. Alternatively, you may type a filename. As
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you type, the lightbar moves to the first filename which matches
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the characters entered. Press Enter whenever the desired file
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is highlighted.
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Select the last item ("Other") to enter a file or
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directory name not listed. If you enter a directory containing
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plot files, PLOT lists them and you may select one. See the DOS
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Environment section for information on organizing plot files
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into subdirectories.
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PLOT normally begins by drawing a polar plot of the
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azimuth/E-plane pattern using the log-dB scale. You may start
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PLOT in other modes by supplying up to three option letters
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after the filename as follows:
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E Elevation/H-plane pattern
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R Rectangular plot
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L Linear-dB scale
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For example, PLOT DIPOLE ERL will cause PLOT to draw the
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elevation/H-plane pattern in rectangular coordinates. If a
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polar plot is later selected, it will use the linear-dB scale.
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These options may be entered at Other or on the command line.
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Press F1 or any other nonfunctional key for help. The
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help panel is context-sensitive; keys which aren't currently
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functional are grayed-out. For example, the X and Y keys aren't
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highlighted in polar mode.
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1
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---- POLAR PLOTS -----------------------------------------------
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Select polar plots with the P key. Either of two radial
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scales may be used. The standard ARRL log-dB scale causes
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lower-level sidelobes to be compressed toward the center of the
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pattern. This emphasizes the shape of the major lobe. The ARRL
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log-dB scale is widely used in amateur publications. It
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provides a convenient way to compare the patterns of antennas
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you develop to those of existing designs. It also produces
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patterns having familiar shapes. The center of the plot is
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minus infinity dB (no signal) with this scale, but there is
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little plot area below -40 dB.
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The other polar scale uses linear-dB. This scale cuts
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off at -50 dB at the center of the plot. This scale provides
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much more area between -20 and -50 dB than the log-dB scale. It
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is useful for examining low-level sidelobes which may be hard to
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see in a log-dB plot.
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The dots forming the radial lines (the ones which are
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not multiples of 30 degrees) are spaced every 2 dB. The dots
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forming the circles are spaced at multiples of 1 degree. These
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calibrations allow directivity values to be read from plots with
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good accuracy.
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When the antenna is in free space, PLOT draws a 360-
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degree elevation polar plot. When over ground, only the upper
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180-degree hemisphere is shown.
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The polar plots are perfectly circular on monitors with
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standard 4:3 aspect ratio. If the plots appear elliptical,
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adjust your monitor's vertical height control.
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---- RECTANGULAR PLOTS -----------------------------------------
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You can change to rectangular (X-Y) plots with the P
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key. This coordinate system can reveal small sidelobe detail
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even better than the linear-dB polar plot, but the overall
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pattern shape is not quite as apparent. The X-axis is azimuth
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or elevation angle, and the Y-axis is the antenna response in dB
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using a linear scale. The Y-axis cutoff (lower limit in dB) may
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be changed using the Y key. This parameter is always a negative
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number, but you may enter it without a minus sign for
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convenience. The Y-axis cutoff is constrained between -1 and
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-100 dB. The Y-axis is easiest to interpret when the cutoff
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value is a multiple of 10 degrees, but you may enter any value
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and the scale and grid will be drawn correctly. The X-axis
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cutoff may be changed using the X key. You may enter any value,
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but it will be rounded to the nearest multiple of 10 degrees
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within the range of 10 to 180 degrees.
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2
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---- OVERLAYING PLOTS ------------------------------------------
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The O key lets you overlay a second pattern. Traces and
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annotations for the patterns use different colors. Filenames
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replace plot titles in the screen annotation.
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---- COMPARING PLOTS -------------------------------------------
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The C key selects a second plot file for pattern
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comparison. The second plot is drawn into a separate screen
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buffer. The buffers may be switched instantly with the
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spacebar. This permits a precise, instantaneous, pattern
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comparison which can reveal differences obscured by screen
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clutter in overlay mode.
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---- PATTERN SYNTHESIS -----------------------------------------
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PLOT can synthesize the pattern and calculate the gain
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for an m by n rectangular array of antennas given the pattern of
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a single antenna. Since m and n can have any value and the
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synthesis is very fast, you can quickly investigate the
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properties of very large arrays.
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Press the + key to add an antenna to the current array.
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The antenna is added in the plane you're viewing. Press the -
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key to remove an antenna.
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Vary array spacing with the up/down arrow keys. Use the
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Home and End keys for finer resolution and PgUp and PgDn for
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coarser. Array spacing varies in the plane you're viewing.
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Spacing can be different in the two planes, but all antennas are
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spaced uniformly within a plane. PLOT uses wavelength units by
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default. Press the U key to change to inches or millimeters.
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You can compare the pattern of a synthesized array with
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another pattern, but you can't normalize patterns or overlay
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them. You can synthesize free-space patterns only.
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PLOT ignores mutual impedances between individual
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antennas when calculating array patterns. This interaction
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usually is small for most antennas at the spacings typical of
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stacked arrays. PLOT uses pattern integration to estimate array
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gain. Calculated gain is generally within a few tenths of a dB
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of true array gain. By varying array spacing and watching the
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gain figure and pattern sidelobes, you can quickly determine the
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best spacing for a desired gain/pattern trade-off.
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---- SCREEN COLORS ---------------------------------------------
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F5 changes screen colors. You can change colors for the
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file-list screen and for the pattern screen. Use the left/right
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arrows to select a screen item. Then use the Home/End, up/down
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arrows, and PgUp/PgDn to cycle through 64 intensities for each
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3
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of the red, green, and blue color components. This yields 256K
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color choices. After selecting colors, save them by pressing S.
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This writes color codes to the PLOT.INI file. PLOT reads
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PLOT.INI whenever it begins execution and sets the colors
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accordingly. If PLOT.INI is not present, PLOT uses a default
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color set (simply delete PLOT.INI to return to the default color
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set).
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---- PRINTING THE SCREEN ---------------------------------------
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PLOT prints text and graphics screens to HP LaserJet/
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DeskJet printers and to Epson-compatible, dot-matrix printers.
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Press F10 to print any screen. See the DOS Environment section
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for details on configuring PLOT for your particular printer.
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Unless you're in LaserJet landscape mode, PLOT does not eject
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the page after printing a screen. This lets you print two
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screens on one page.
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The PSPLOT utility generates gorgeous plots on
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PostScript printers from plot files. PSPLOT can overlay
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patterns and can do multiple plots per page. PSPLOT is
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available for $25 from Paul Terwilliger, NX1H, 11 North Shore
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Rd., Chester, NH 03036, (603) 887-4346.
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---- GRAPHICS IMAGE FILES --------------------------------------
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PLOT can save the image of any graphics screen in the
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.PCX file format. This feature lets you add PLOT graphics to
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desktop-publishing and word-processing documents. If your
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computer has a fax/modem, you can fax PLOT images.
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Press F9 to generate a .PCX file. The output filename
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is the antenna filename with the extension .PCX. Whenever you
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press F9 again, an incrementing digit is appended to the
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filename and another file is created. You can control image
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size and centering with a DOS SET command. See the next section
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for details.
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---- DOS ENVIRONMENT -------------------------------------------
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DOS provides a convenient way to specify configuration
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information to PLOT. The DOS SET command places information
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into the DOS Environment in memory where it can be retrieved
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later by a program. SET commands placed in your AUTOEXEC.BAT
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file will be executed automatically every time the computer
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boots.
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4
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You may view the DOS Environment by typing the
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following:
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SET
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You may eliminate a SET parameter P by typing this:
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SET P=
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It's possible to run out of Environment space. To
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enlarge it to 512 bytes, put a line similar to this one in your
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CONFIG.SYS file:
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SHELL=\COMMAND.COM /E:512 /P
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There are several SET parameters used by PLOT. The
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parameters may be entered in upper or lower case. Don't put a
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space before or after the equal sign in SET commands.
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1. Subdirectories
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Once you accumulate many plot files, it's nice to
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organize them into subdirectories. You might use the current
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directory for antenna experiments, saving optimized plots
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elsewhere. You can tell PLOT to automatically reference certain
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subdirectories with a SET command.
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Define subdirectories like this:
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SET PLT=. PLOTS1 PLOTS2 PLOTS3
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The period represents the current directory. It may
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appear anywhere (or nowhere) in the list. You may define as
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many subdirectories as you like. You can organize
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subdirectories by antenna type, frequency range, designer, etc.
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Without a SET command, the subdirectory list consists of
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just the current directory.
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PLOT begins by listing files in the first subdirectory
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on the list. Subdirectory names are listed after the files.
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Select a subdirectory to list its files.
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You may specify a plot file from one of the
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subdirectories on the PLOT command line without typing the path.
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PLOT searches the subdirectories in the order given in the
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subdirectory list.
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5
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You may specify any subdirectory (not necessarily from
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the list) on the command line and PLOT will list its plot files.
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2. Gain Reference
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To display gains in dBi rather than dBd, do this:
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SET DB=dBi
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3. Printer Type
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To print graphics screens on many 9-pin, dot-matrix
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printers, no SET command is required. However, some printers do
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not recognize the special line-spacing command PLOT uses to
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print an exact screen image. If your 9-pin printer won't print
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PLOT graphics, try the following:
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SET PINS=9ALT
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For a 24-pin, dot-matrix printer, use:
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SET PINS=24
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For an HP LaserJet or DeskJet printer, use:
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SET PINS=HPLJ
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To try a landscape plot (not available on all laser
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printers), use:
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SET PINS=HPLJ L
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For a bigger landscape plot, use:
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SET PINS=HPLJ LB
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PLOT normally draws LaserJet/DeskJet plots with a
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border. To eliminate the border, add an X like this:
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SET PINS=HPLJ X or LX or LBX
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4. Printer Port
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Graphics screens print on LPT1 by default. To print
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graphics on another port, use one of the following:
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SET LPT=LPT2
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SET LPT=LPT3
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5. .PCX Output
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By default, AO generates .PCX screen images with 640 by
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480 pixels. These images can be directly incorporated in
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documents. However, the images won't be centered on fax pages
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6
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because they have no margins. You can add margins with the
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following command:
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SET PCX=left top bottom
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The three numbers specify margin size in inches. The
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bottom margin is optional. You can use it to pad the image to
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form a complete page if your fax software doesn't do this
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automatically. Try left = .8 and top = 2.35.
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You can create a double-size .PCX image by adding the
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keyword BIG to the line (use upper or lower case). BIG is for
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high-resolution fax mode.
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6. Display Typeface
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You can use the standard serif typeface built into your
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VGA card with the following:
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SET TYPEFACE=Serif
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7. VGA Compatibility
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PLOT can use a dual-paging scheme to provide smoother
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graphics by fully buffering all screen changes. This scheme
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requires a compatible VGA card with 512K video memory. If your
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card is incompatible or has less memory, you'll get extraneous
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graphics images. Dual paging eliminates the blink when you
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change to a new screen. To try it, do the following:
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SET PAGES=2
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PLOT programs the VGA overscan register to extend the
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background color into the overscan region surrounding the active
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screen. This improves the appearance of text at screen edges.
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However, some VGA cards generate the wrong overscan color,
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yielding a distinct, off-color border. To fix this problem, try
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the following:
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SET OVERSCAN=FIX
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8. Screen Bounce
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When switched from graphics to text mode, the screens of
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many monitors bounce or break up during resynchronization. PLOT
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can blank the screen for a short period while the monitor
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7
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settles. To try this, specify a short delay (like 0.1) in
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seconds as follows:
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SET BOUNCE=Delay
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---- PLOT FILE FORMAT ------------------------------------------
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If you have an output device not supported by PLOT (such
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as a pen plotter), a program may be written to read a plot file
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and drive the device directly. Here's a sample plot file with
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comments in brackets:
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W2PV 4-element 12-meter Beam {Title}
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Free Space {Ground description}
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24.900 {Frequency, MHz}
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0 {Elevation angle, degrees}
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1025 {Abs level in dBi*100 of largest azimuth data point}
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91 {Number of azimuth points in the following data block}
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0 2 6 14 25 40 58 79 104 132 163 199 ...
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712 794 883 97810811190130814351571171618722038 ... {20 points
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358337503969429248699999480041553767348832713096 ... per line}
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238223572341233123302335234823692397243524812538 ...
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40384513468742813938370535453434336133193306-2 {Field code}
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0 {Azimuth angle, degrees}
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1025 {Abs level in dBi*100 of largest elevation data point}
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91 {Number of elevation points in the following data block}
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0 1 3 8 14 22 32 44 58 74 92 112 ...
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409 457 510 566 627 693 764 841 923101111051205 ... {20 points
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175917181671162415821544151214871468145514471445 ... per line}
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161516521693173717861838189519572024209821782266 ...
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39664455464242463912368835333427335833193306
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Each data point consists of four digits. Data values
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are relative to the maximum data point in units of dB*100 down
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from maximum. The points are ordered from the smallest angle to
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the largest.
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The number of points must be one of the following:
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Angular Resolution Angular Span Number of Points
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2 deg 0-180 deg 91
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1 0-180 181
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2 0-358 180
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1 0-359 360
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PLOT uses the number of points to determine the angular
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resolution and angular span of the plot.
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When a plot file is generated by MN or AO, the last data
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point in the azimuth data block is followed by a numerical code.
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The code identifies the electromagnetic-field component used to
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generate the plot data. When a nonzero code is present, PLOT
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8
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annotates the plot with the field component. Here are the
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codes:
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Field Code Component
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0 Total
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1 Horizontal
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-1 Vertical
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2 Right-Circular
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-2 Left-Circular
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3 Maximum-Linear
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-3 Minimum-Linear
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4 Axial Ratio
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9
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INDEX
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+ key 3
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- key 3
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.PCX file 4
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24-pin 6
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64 intensities 3
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9-pin 6
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Angular resolution 8
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Angular span 8
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Annotate 8
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Annotations 3
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AO Antenna Optimizer 1
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Array 1, 3
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ARRL log-dB scale 2
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Arrow keys 1, 3
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Aspect ratio 2
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AUTOEXEC.BAT 4
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BIG 7
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Blink 7
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Boot 4
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Border 6
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Calibrations 2
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Circles 2
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Color 3
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Color codes 4
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Command line 1
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Comparing Plots 3
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CONFIG.SYS 5
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Current directory 1, 5
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Data point 8
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DBd 6
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DBi 6
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Default 3
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Default color set 4
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DeskJet 4, 6
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Directivity values 2
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Display Typeface 7
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DOS Environment 4
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Dot-matrix printers 4, 6
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Dots 2
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Dual-paging scheme 7
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Eject 4
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Electromagnetic-field component 8
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Elliptical 2
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EME 1
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End 1, 3
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Enter 1
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Epson-compatible 4
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10
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Estimate array gain 3
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Extraneous graphics images 7
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F10 4
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F5 3
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F9 4
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Fax 4
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Free space 2
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Gain 3
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Gain Reference 6
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Gain/pattern trade-off 3
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Graphics Image Files 4
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Graphics screens 6
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Help panel 1
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Hemisphere 2
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Highlight 1
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Home 1, 3
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HP LaserJet 4, 6
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Inches 3
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Landscape plot 6
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Lightbar 1
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Linear-dB 2
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Linear-dB scale 1
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List 1
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Log-dB scale 1
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Lower-level sidelobes 2
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LPT 6
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Major lobe 2
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Millimeters 3
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MN Antenna Analysis 1
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Mutual impedance 3
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NEC/Yagis 1
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Normalize 3
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NX1H 4
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Option letters 1
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Other 1
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Output device 8
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Over ground 2
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Overlay 3
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Overlaying Plots 3
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Path 5
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Pattern comparison 3
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Pattern integration 3
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Pattern Synthesis 3
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PCX file 4
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PCX Output 6
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Pen plotter 8
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PgDn 1, 3
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11
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PgUp 1, 3
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Plane 3
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Plot File Format 8
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PLOT.INI 4
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Polar Plots 2
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PostScript 4
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Print 4
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Print graphics 6
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Printer Port 6
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Printer Type 6
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Printing The Screen 4
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PSPLOT 4
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Quickest way to start PLOT 1
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Radial lines 2
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Radial scales 2
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Rectangular array 3
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Rectangular coordinates 1
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Rectangular Plots 2
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Resolution 3
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Rounded 2
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Run out of Environment space 5
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Running PLOT 1
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Sample plot file 8
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Save 4
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Screen Bounce 7
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Screen buffer 3
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Screen clutter 3
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Screen Colors 3
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Select a file 1
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Serif typeface 7
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SET BOUNCE 8
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SET command 4
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SET DB 6
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SET LPT 6
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SET OVERSCAN 7
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SET PAGES 7
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SET PINS 6
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SET PLT 5
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SET TYPEFACE 7
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SHELL 5
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Sidelobe detail 2
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Smoother graphics 7
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Spacebar 3
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Subdirectories 5
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Synthesize 1, 3
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12
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Terwilliger 4
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Traces 3
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True array gain 3
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U key 3
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Vertical height control 2
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VGA Compatibility 7
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Video memory 7
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Wavelength 3
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X-axis 2
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X-axis cutoff 2
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Y-axis 2
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Y-axis cutoff 2
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YO Yagi Optimizer 1
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13
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